Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2017 with funding from University of Alberta Libraries https://archive.org/details/ukrainiansofeastOOnaul OF THE EASTERN DIASPORA AN ATLAS VSEVOLOD NAULKO IHOR VYNNYCHENKO ROSTYSLAV SOSSA Ttranslated by Serge Cipko and Myroslav Yurkevich Mapa Ltd. and Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies Press Kyiv -Edmonton - Toronto 1993 Vsevolod Naulko FOREWORD The atlas Ukrainians of the Eastern Diaspora is the first such publication Thereafter, waves of resettlement were more frequently due to political concerning Ukrainians living outside their ethnic territory and scattered through- repression. Ukrainians were now deported, as happened during the period of out the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union during the course of the last century. collectivization, when more than a million so-called kulaks (i.e., peasants Since time immemorial, most Ukrainians have resided on their ethnic accused of exploiting hired labour), were exiled. Others were fugitives from territory. Here they formed one of Europe’s largest nations and created the state the artificially induced famine of 1932-33, or were banished from their homes known as Ukraine. It is therefore appropriate that the atlas should begin with a as a result of political persecution during the 1930s and the postwar period. map of the basic Ukrainian ethnic concentration at the end of the nineteenth Deportations continued during World War II, along with the evacuation of century and the beginning of the twentieth. It was precisely in this period that enterprises and their staff. There was also resettlement by “organized recruit- Ukrainian ethnic territory reached its apogee, encompassing the territory from ment” of cadres, and other similar measures. The resettlement of most the Sian River to Subcaucasia. This was also the period of the greatest mass Ukrainian migrants to places outside their ethnic territory in the former Soviet emigration from the Ukrainian lands. Union had occurred by the end of the first quarter of the twentieth century. By Many researchers, tapping diverse sources and employing various meth- that time they numbered some 8,344,400, or approximately 22.4% of all odological principles, have sought to determine the territorial distribution of the Ukrainians. Their “decline” in subsequent years can be explained by defects in Ukrainian people and its ethnic borders. These scholars, whose names and works the official enumerations, and most of all by the continuing state policy of are only now justly being restored to the Ukrainian nation, include: Oleksander denationalization, which was conducted not only in tsarist times, but also, in Rusov, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Fedir Maksymenko and, among Ukrainian no lesser degree, during the Soviet period. In the early 1930s, all educational diaspora scholars, Stepan Rudnytsky, Myron Korduba, Tymish Olesevych, institutions for Ukrainians in the eastern diaspora employing Ukrainian as their Volodymyr Kubijovyc, and Arkadii Zhukovsky. language of instruction, numbering in the hundreds, were liquidated, along The problem of defining the ethnic frontiers of the Ukrainian people has with scores of Ukrainian publishing houses, national theatres, and mass media. constantly attracted the attention of scholars. One school of thought (comprising As a result of imperfect and tendentious national-territorial demarcations, Stepan Rudnytsky, Myron Korduba, and Vasyl Koshovy) argued tha J the area of millions of Ukrainians found themselves beyond the borders of the Ukrainian compact ethnic settlement should be defined as the territory where Ukrainians SSR in regions that constituted extensions of Ukrainian ethnic territory. These formed an absolute or relative majority among the rural population (less than included parts of the Brest region in Belarus, as well as parts of the Kursk, 50%, but more than any other nationality). Others, such as A. T. Bilimovych, Voronezh, Kuban and other regions in the Russian Federation. Thus there was added localities with an absolute or relative majority of Ukrainians vis-a-vis the a concerted drive to assimilate Ukrainians not only in the Eastern diaspora, but total urban and rural population combined. Oleksander Rusov considered that also in their areas of historical settlement adjoining Russia and Belarus. The only regions with an absolute Ukrainian majority constituted Ukrainian ethnic Ukrainian ethnos also decreased as aresult of natural assimilative processes in territory. areas settled by peoples closely related by ethnicity and language (Russians The last Soviet census of 1989 enumerated more than 6.8 million Ukrai- and Belarusians), as well as through urbanization and reemigration (of two nians outside Ukraine in the republics of the former Soviet Union alone. In million Ukrainian settlers in the Asiatic portion of the USSR, nearly a quarter addition, at least two million Ukrainians, according to official statistical data, returned to Ukraine). reside in various countries of Europe, the Americas and even in Australia. They At the same time, this atlas shows that the geographic distribution of constitute the so-called “diaspora,” a term which has become ever more current Ukrainian settlement expanded considerably in many regions'^ the territory lately to denote the dispersal of Ukrainians beyond their historical homeland, in under consideration. Despite the aforementioned unfavourable conditions, the territories detached from it. The “Eastern Ukrainian diaspora” refers to the Ukrainian ethnos in the diaspora remains vital, as demonstrated by the contem- dispersion of Ukrainians on the territory of the former USSR outside Ukraine. porary research of Ukrainian ethnologists. The first Ukrainian diaspora settlements in the Russian Empire took shape The maps of the atlas are based on the official censuses of 1897, 1926, long before the twentieth century. For instance, according to data furnished by 1 959, 1970, 1979 and 1 989. The principle of defining nationality in terms of self- Volodymyr Kabuzan, who studied the “revisions,” as early as 1719 448,900 identification was the one used by Soviet census-takers. However, under the Ukrainians (or 7.8% of the total Ukrainian population) were calculated as living conditions of a totalitarian regime, these censuses did not always establish the outside Ukraine. From the seventeenth century, these Ukrainians were repre- true numbers of national groups. Still, the data of these censuses so far constitute sented in considerable numbers among manufacturers, army personnel, exiles of the only source of simultaneous large-scale research on ethnic composition. The various social origin (especially representatives of the clergy) and, later, revolu- task of refining these data through multi-faceted programmes of research and tionary and political activists. They played anotable role in the economic, socio- analysis awaits a more propitious time. political and cultural development of the new lands. It should be stressed that in researching problems of the historical popula- Waves ofmass migration from Ukraine were induced, in the first instance, tion and territorial settlement of the Ukrainian people, we in no way intend to by economic factors. Peasants from overpopulated Ukrainian guberniias settled suggest a review of current political boundaries, nor do we wish to advance any in regions of Southern Siberia, Kazakhstan, and the Far East. Some 725,600 geopolitical claims on the lands of neighbouring peoples. This research is Ukrainians from Left-Bank Ukraine alone settled in these regions during the necessary to establish historical fact, which incontrovcrtibly attests to the period 1871-96, according to the findings of Solomon Bruk and Volodymyr erroneous nationality policies of the countries of which Ukraine was a constitu- Kabuzan. In subsequent years the number of settlers grew still further: in the ent. These include the former USSR, which followed a policy of denationaliza- period 1897-1916, the initial colonists were joined by 572,300 individuals from tion with respect to many peoples, among whom Ukrainians were no exception. Left-Bank Ukraine and 340,500 more from the Right-Bank territories. Until the This research, which should be continued and deepened, will serve to raise the Second World War, most of them (close to 60%) were permanent settlers in the national dignity and self-identification of the Ukrainian ethnos, and will foster Asiatic portion of the USSR. 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