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LATEX Summary \\* terminates a , but disallows a pagebreak. \] —sameas\end{displaymath} or $$. This listing contains short descriptions of the \ˆ makes a circumflex, aso. ˆ control sequences that are likely to be handy for \_ is an , as in hours worked. users of LATEX v2.09 layered on TEX v2.0. Some of these commands are LATEX macros, while oth- \‘ in tabbing environment moves all text which ers belong to plain TEX; no attempt to differen- follows (up to \\) to the right . tiate them is made. Elsewhere, , as `. \{ prints a curly left brace: . { \ — ordinary after period. \| is (math mode). 1 \! —negativethinspace= 6 quad; \} prints a curly right brace: . xx\! yields xxx (math mode).− } \˜ makes a , asn. ˜ \" makes an umlaut, as ¨o. \a’ makes an in tabbing \# prints a : #. environment, aso. ´ \$ prints a dollar sign: $. \a‘ makes a grave accent in tabbing \% prints a : %. environment, aso. ` \& prints an : &. \a= makes a accent in tabbing \’ in tabbing environment moves current environment, aso. ¯ to the right of the previous column. Elsewhere, \aa is ˚a. \AA is A.˚ acute accent, as ´o. \acute makes an acute accent:a ´ (math mode). \( — start math mode. Same as \begin{math} \addcontentsline{toc}{}{name} adds or $. the command \contentsline{section}{name} \) — end math mode. Same as \end{math} or $. to the .toc file. \* is a discretionary sign, which \address{text} declares the return address in a line break is allowed. the document style. \+ moves left margin to the right by one tab stop. \addtocontents{toc}{text} writes text to the Begin tabbed line. .toc file. 1 \, —thinspace=6 quad; xx\,x yields xx x.It \addtocounter{name}{amount} adds amount to is not restricted to math mode. name. \- in tabbing environment, moves left margin to \addtolength{\}{length} adds length to the left by one tab stop. Elsewhere, optional length command \nl.Seealso\setlength, hyphenation. \newlength, \settowidth. \. puts a accent over a letter, aso. ˙ \ae is æ. \AE is Æ. \/ inserts italics adjustment space. \aleph is (math mode). 2 ℵ \: — medium space = 9 quad; xx\:x yields xx x \alph{counter} prints counter as lower-case (math mode). letters. \Alph{counter} prints upper-case 5 \; —thickspace=18 quad; xx\;x yields xx x letters. (math mode). \alpha is α (math mode). \< in tabbing environment, puts text to left of \amalg is (math mode). local left margin. \and separates multiple authors for the \= in tabbing environment, sets a tab stop. \maketitle command. Elsewhere, makes a macron accent, as ¯o. \angle is (math mode). \> in tabbing environment is a forward tab. 6 2 \appendix starts appendices. Otherwise, medium space = 9 quad (math mode). \approx is (math mode). ≈ \@ declares the period that follows is to be a \{counter} prints counter as arabic sentence-ending period. numerals1,2,etc. \[ —sameas\begin{displaymath} or $$. \arccos is arccos (math mode). \\ terminates a line. \arcsin is arcsin (math mode). 2 LATEX Command Summary

\arctan is arctan (math mode). \begin{figure}[pos] begins a floating \arg is arg (math mode). environment, which may be optionally placed at pos (see positions on 8). Document \arraycolsep — width of the space between styles report and article use the default tbp. columns in an array environment. \begin{figure*}[pos] begins a \arrayrulewidth — width of the rule created in two-column-wide figure. See \begin{figure}. tabular or array environment by |, \hline, or \vline. \begin{flushleft} starts environment with ragged right-hand margin. Separate lines with \arraystretch — scale factor for interrow \\.See\raggedright. spacing in array and tabular environments. \begin{flushright} starts environment with \ast is (math mode). ∗ ragged left-hand margin. Separate lines with \asymp is (math mode).  \\.See\raggedleft. \author{names} declares author() for the \begin{itemize} starts a “bulleted” ( ) list. \maketitle command. Start each item with \item. • \ is a “-under” accent, as o. ¯ \begin{list}{labeling}{spacing} starts a \ is (math mode). general list environment. labeling specifies \ \bar puts a macron over a letter:a ¯ (math mode). how items are labeled when \item has no \baselineskip — distance from bottom of one argument. spacing is an optional list of line of a to bottom of the next line. spacing parameters. \begin{math} starts a math display like this: \baselinestretch —factorbywhich 2 2 \baselineskip is multiplied each a x + , within text. Same as $ or \(. size changing command is executed. \begin{minipage}[pos]{vsize} starts a box of \begin{environment} — always paired with height vsize. Text will be positioned according \end{environment}. Following are the assorted to pos (see positions on page 8). environments. \begin{picture}(x, y)(xl,yl) starts a picture \begin{abstract} starts an environment for environment whose width is x units, height is y producing an abstract. units, and lower-left corner is the (xl,yl). units with \unitlength. \begin{array}{lrc} starts array environment with 3 columns, left-justified, right-justified, \begin{quotation} starts an environment with and centered. Separate columns with &,and wider margins, normal paragraph indenting, end lines with \\. @{text} between , or and offset from the text at top and bottom. arguments puts text between columns. \begin{quote} starts an environment with wider \begin{center} starts an environment in which margins, no paragraph indenting, and offset every line is centered. End lines with \\. from the text at top and bottom. \begin{description} starts a labeled list. Items \begin{tabbing} starts a columnar environment. are indicated by \item[label]. Use commands \= (set tab), \> (tab), \< (backtab), \+ (indent one tab stop), \- \begin{displaymath} sets on lines (outdent one tab stop), \‘ (flush right), \’ of its own. Same as \[ or $$. (flush left), \pushtabs, \poptabs, \, \\. \begin{document} starts the actual text of a \begin{table}[pos] begins a floating document. Required. environment, which may be optionally placed \begin{enumerate} starts a numbered list. at pos (see positions on page 8). Document \begin{eqnarray} starts a displaymath styles report and article use the default tbp. environment in which than one equation \begin{table*}[pos] begins a two-column-wide can be accommodated. Separate equations with table. See \begin{table}. \\ or \\*;use\nonumber to suppress \begin{tabular}{arg} starts an array numbering a particular equation. environment which can be used in or out of \begin{eqnarray*} begins an environment like math mode. arg contains column text the eqnarray environment except that the positioning commands r, l, c, @{...}, equations aren’ numbered. p{length} (see positions on page 8). \begin{equation} starts a displaymath | produces vertical line between columns. environment and adds an equation . *{7}{r|l|} repeats that entry 7 times. December 28, 1999 3

\begin{theorem} —see\newtheorem. \cap is (math mode). ∩ \begin{titlepage} is an environment with no \caption[loftitle]{text} creates a numbered page number, and causes following page to be caption in a figure or table environment. numbered “1”. Optional loftitle contains entry for the list of \begin{verbatim} starts an environment which figures if different from text. will be typeset exactly as you type it, carriage \cc{text} declares list of copy recipients for returns and all, usually in . letter document style. \begin{verse} starts an environment for \cdot is (math mode). with wider margins, no paragraph indenting, · \cdots makes three dots centered on the line: and ragged right margin. (cf. \ldots) (math mode). ··· \beta is β (math mode). \centering declares that all text following is to \bf switches to bold face type. be centered (cf. \begin{center}). \bibitem{ref} text creates a bibliography entry \chapter[toctitle]{text} begins a new text, it, and labels it with reference section, automatically headed and numbered. label ref. Optional toctitle contains entry for the table \bibliography{} — insert bibliography of contents if different from text. from file name.bib at this point in text. \chapter*{title} is like \chapter{title}, but \bibliographystyle{style} — a format adds no chapter number or table of contents specifier, like \documentstyle. entry. \bigcap is (math mode). \check makes a ´aˇcek, asa ˇ (math mode). \bigcirc is (math mode). is χ (math mode). T \chi \bigcup is (math mode). \circ is (math mode). is (math mode). ◦ \bigodot S \circle{} as a valid argument for \put \bigoplus is (math mode). in a picture environment, draws a circle. \bigotimes is (math mode). L \circle*{diameter} is like \circle, but draws \bigtriangledown is (math mode). a solid circle. 5 \bigtriangleup is (math mode). \cite[subcit]{ref} produces a reference, in 4 \bigskip — standard “big” vertical skip. square , to a bibliographic item created with \bibitem{ref}. Optional sub- \bigskipamount — default length for \bigskip. subcit can be inserted in the entry. \bigsqcup is (math mode). \cleardoublepage forces next page to be a is (math mode). \biguplus right-hand, odd-numbered page. is (math mode). \bigvee U \clearpage ends a page where it is, and puts \bigwedge is (math mode). pending figures or tables on separate float \bmod is binary modulo expression u mod pages with no text. (math mode). \cline{i-j} draws a horizontal line across \boldmath changes math italics and math columns i through j inclusive in array or symbols to boldface. Should be used outside of tabular environments. math mode. \closing{text} declares the closing in letter \bot is (math mode). document style. ⊥ \bottomfraction — maximum of page \clubsuit is (math mode). ♣ occupied by floats at the bottom. \columnsep — distance between columns in \bowtie is ./ (math mode). two-column text. \Box is 2 (math mode). \columnseprule — width of the rule between \ makes a breve accent:a ˘ (math mode). columns on two-column pages. \ is (math mode). \columnwidth — width of the current column. • \c is a , as ¸c. Equals \textwidth in single-column text. \ produces calligraphic letters, as (math \cong is ∼= (math mode). mode). B \coprod is (math mode). ` 4 LATEX Command Summary

\copyright is c . \documentstyle[substy]{sty} determines

\cos is cos (math mode). default font, headings, etc., for document of style sty (and optional substyle substy). \cosh is cosh (math mode). Styles: article, book, letter, report, \cot is cot (math mode). slides. Substyles: 11pt, 12pt, acm, draft, \coth is coth (math mode). fleqn, leqno, twocolumn, twoside. \csc is csc (math mode). \dot makes a dot over a letter:a ˙ (math mode). . \cup is (math mode). \doteq is = (math mode). ∪ \ is a “dot under” accent, as o.. \dotfill expands to fill horizontal space with \dag is . row of dots. † \ is (math mode). \doublerulesep — horizontal distance between † vertical rules created by || in tabular or \dashbox{dwid}(width,height)[pos]{text} array environment. creates a dashed rectangle around text in a \downarrow is . \Downarrow is (math mode). picture environment. are dwid units ↓ ⇓ wide; dimensions of rectangle are width and \ell is ` (math mode). height; text is positioned at optional pos (see \ toggles between roman and italic for positions on page 8). . \dashv is (math mode). \emptyset is (math mode). a ∅ \date{adate} declares the date for the \encl{text} declares a list of enclosures for \maketitle command. The default is \today. letter document style. \day — current day of the month. \end{environment} ends an environment begun \dblfloatpagefraction — minimum fraction of by \begin{environment} (q.v.). a float page that must be occupied by floats, for \ is  (math mode). two-column float pages. \equiv is (math mode). \dblfloatsep — distance between floats at the ≡ top or bottom of a two-column float page. \eta is η (math mode). \dbltextfloatsep — distance between \evensidemargin — distance between left side of double-width floats at the top or bottom of a page and text’s normal left margin, for two-column page and the text on that page. even-numbered pages in two-sided printing. \exists is (math mode). \dbltopfraction — maximum fraction at the ∃ top of a two-column page that may be occupied \exp is exp (math mode). by floats. \fbox{text} makes a framed box around text. \ddag is . ‡ \fboxrule — thickness of ruled frame for \fbox \ddagger is (math mode). ‡ and \framebox. \ddot makes a dieresis over a letter:a ¨ (math \fboxsep — space between frame and text for mode). \fbox and \framebox. . \ddots produces a diagonal .. (math \fill — rubber length (glue) that can stretch to mode). arbitrary length. Usually used to justify text a particular way. \deg is deg (math mode). \flat is [ (math mode). \delta is δ. \Delta is ∆ (math mode). \floatpagefraction — minimum fraction of a \det is det (math mode). float page occupied by floats. \diamond is . \Diamond is 3 (both math mode).  \floatsep — distance between floats that appear \diamondsuit is (math mode). ♦ at the top or bottom of a text page. \dim is dim (math mode). \flushbottom causes pages to be stretched to \displaystyle switches to displaymath or \textheight. equation environment (math \fnsymbol{counter} prints counter as one of mode). the set of “footnote symbols”. counter must \div is (math mode). be less than 10. ÷ December 28, 1999 5

\footheight — height of box at bottom of page \headsep — vertical distance between bottom of that holds page number. and top of text. \footnote{text} creates a footnote of text. \heartsuit is (math mode). ♥ \footnotemark puts a footnote number into the \hfill is \hspace{\fill} (cf. \fill). text. \hline draws a horizontal line across all columns \footnotesep — height of strut placed at of a tabular or array environment. beginning of footnote. \hom is hom (math mode). \footnotesize switches to footnote-sized type. \hookleftarrow is - (math mode). ← \footskip — vertical distance between bottom of \hookrightarrow is , (math mode). → last line of text and bottom of page footing. \hrulefill expands to fill horizontal space with \footnotetext{text} specifies the text for a horizontal rule. footnote which was indicated by a \hspace{len} leaves a horizontal space of \footnotemark. dimension len. \forall is (math mode). ∀ \hspace*{len} is like \hspace{len} but space is \frac{numerator}{denominator} produces a not removed at the beginning or end of a line. fraction in math environments. \huge switches to a very large . \Huge is \frame{text} makes a framed (outlined) box even bigger. around text, with no margin between the text \hyphenation{wordlist} declares hyphenation and the frame. as indicated; wordlist contains \framebox[size][pos]{text} produces a separated by spaces, with indicated framed box of dimension size containing (.. “aard-vark cal-i-bra-tion”). text, optionally positioned l or r. \i is ı. In picture environment, \iff is (math mode). \framebox(width,height)[pos]{text} ⇐⇒ \Im is (math mode). creates a rectangle around text; dimensions of = rectangle are width and height; text is \imath is ı (math mode). positioned at optional pos (see positions on \in is (math mode). ∈ page 8). \include{} brings in filename text at \frown is _ (math mode). that point. \fussy is the default declaration for the \includeonly{file1,file2,...} limits line-breaking algorithm (cf. \sloppy). recognition of \include files. \ is γ. \Gamma is Γ (math mode). \{text} appends text to the .idx file by \gcd is gcd (math mode). an \indexentry command. \ge is (math mode). \indexentry{text}{ref} is written to the .idx ≥ file for \index{text} occurring at reference \geq is (math mode). ≥ ref. \gets is (math mode). ← \indexspace puts blank space before first index \gg is (math mode). entry starting with a new letter.  \glossary{text} appends text to the .glo file \inf is inf (math mode). by writing a \glossaryentry command. \infty is (math mode). ∞ \glossaryentry{text}{ref} is written to the \input{file} brings in text from file. at .glo file for \glossary{text} occurring at that point. reference ref. \int is (math mode). \grave makes a grave accent:a ` (math mode). \intextsepR — vertical space placed above and \H prints a long Hungarian umlaut, aso. ˝ below float in middle of text. \hat makes a circumflex:a ˆ (math mode). \iota is ι (math mode). \hbar ish ¯ (math mode). \it switches to . \headheight — height of box at top of page that \item[text] indicates a list entry. text is holds running head. optional, used in description environment. 6 LATEX Command Summary

\itemindent — extra indentation before label in \leftrightarrow is . \Leftrightarrow is list item. Default is 0mm. (math mode). ↔ ⇔ \itemsep — vertical space between successive list \leq is (math mode). ≤ items. \lfloor is (math mode). b \j is . \lg is lg (math mode). \jmath is  (math mode). \lhd is ¡ (math mode). \ is 1 (math mode). \lim is lim (math mode). \kappa is κ (math mode). \liminf is lim inf (math mode). \ker is ker (math mode). \limsup is lim sup (math mode). \kill —ina\tabbing environment, deletes \line(x,y){len} in picture environment, in previous line so tabs can be set without \put command, draws line from \put argument outputting text. with length len and slope (x,y). \l isl. \L isL. \linebreak[n] forces a line to break exactly at \label{text} provides a reference point that is this point, and adjusts line just terminated (cf. accessed with \ref{text} or \pageref{text}. ). n is optional: 0 is an optional break, \labelwidth — width of box containing list item 4 is a mandatory break, 1, 2 and 3 are label. intermediate levels of insistence. \labelsep — space between box containing list \linethickness{dimen} sets the thickness for all item label and text of the item. lines in a picture. \ is λ. \Lambda is Λ (math mode). \linewidth is the width of the current line in a \land is (math mode). paragraph. ∧ \langle is (math mode). \listoffigures begins a list of figures with h heading. \large, \Large,and\LARGE switch to successively larger than \normalsize type \listoftables begins a list of tables with sizes. heading. \LaTeX produces the LATEX logo. \listparindent — extra indentation added to first line of every paragraph of an item after the \lbrace is (math mode). { first, in list environment. \lbrack is [ (math mode). \ is (math mode). \lceil is (math mode).  d \ is ln (math mode). \ldots makes three dots at the base of the line: \lnot is (math mode). ...(cf. \cdots). ¬ \le is (math mode). \log is log (math mode). ≤ \leadsto is ; (math mode). \longleftarrow is . \Longleftarrow is = (math mode). ←− ⇐ \left* (where * is a ) must be paired with \right* (not necessarily using the same \longleftrightarrow is . \Longleftrightarrow ←→is (math mode). delimiter). ‘.’ acts as a null delimiter (math ⇐⇒ mode). \longmapsto is (math mode). 7−→ \leftarrow is . \Leftarrow is (math \longrightarrow is . \Longrightarrow is −→ mode). ← ⇐ = (math mode). ⇒ \lefteqn{formula} is used in the eqnarray \lor is (math mode). ∨ environment to break a long formula across \lq is a left-quote: ‘. lines. \makebox[size][pos]{text} creates a box of \leftharpoondown is ) (math mode). dimension size containing text at optional \leftharpoonup is ( (math mode). pos. \makebox(width,height)[pos]{text} \leftmargin,inlist environment, horizontal puts text in a box; dimensions of box are distance between left margin of enclosing width and height; text is positioned at environment and left margin of list. Settable optional pos (see positions on page 8). for nesting levels 1 through 6, as \leftmargini \makeglossary enables writing of through \leftmarginvi. \glossaryentry commands to a .glo file. December 28, 1999 7

\makeindex enables writing of \indexentry \newcounter{counter}[name] defines a counter commands to a .idx file. optionally to be zeroed whenever the name \maketitle produces a title with \title, counter is incremented. \author, and, optionally, \date. \newenvironment{envname}[narg]{def1}{def2} \mapsto is (math mode). defines a new environment, optionally with 7→ some number of arguments narg. def1 is \marginpar{text} puts text in the margin as a executed when the environment in entered and . def2 is executed when it is exited. \marginparpush — minimum amount of vertical space between two marginal notes. \newfont{}{name} defines a control sequence \cs that chooses the font name. \marginparsep — horizontal space between margin and marginal note. \newlength{\nl} sets up \nl as a length of 0in. See also \setlength, \addtolength, \marginparwidth — width of a marginal note. \settowidth. \markboth{lhd}{rhd} defines the left-hand \newline breaks a line right where it is, with no heading lhd and the right-hand heading rhd for stretching of terminated line (cf. \linebreak). the headings and myheadings page styles. \newpage ends a page where it appears. (cf. \markright{rhd} defines the right-hand heading \clearpage). rhd for the headings and myheadings page styles. \newsavebox{\binname} declares a new bin to hold a \savebox. \max is max (math mode). \newtheorem{env}[env2]{label}[sectyp] \mbox{text} places text into a horizontal box. defines a new theorem environment env \medskip — standard “medium” vertical skip. (optionally with the same numbering scheme as \medskipamount — default length for \medskip. environment env2) with labels label. \mho is 0 (math mode). Optionally, theorem numbers can be related to document section sectyp. \mid is (math mode). | \ni is (math mode). \min is min (math mode). 3 \mit is “math italic” as in Π (math mode). \nofiles suppresses writing of auxiliary files .idx, .toc,etc. \models is = (math mode). | \noindent suppresses indentation of first line of — current month of the year. \month paragraph. \mp is (math mode). ∓ \nolinebreak[n] prevents a line break at that \mu is µ (math mode). point (cf. \linebreak on page 6). \multicolumn{noc}{fmt}{text} in tabular \nonumber is used in an eqnarray environment to environment puts text across noc columns suppress equation numbering. using positioning format fmt (c, r, l, and/or |). \nopagebreak[n] prevents a page break at that \multiput(x, y)(∆x, ∆y){n}{obj} is point (cf. \linebreak on page 6). \put(x, y){obj} \put(x +∆x, y +∆y){obj} \normalmarginpar is default declaration for placement of marginal notes (cf. \put(··· x +(n 1)∆x, y +(n 1)∆y){obj}. \reversemarginpar). − − \nabla is (math mode). \normalsize is the default type size for the ∇ document. \natural is \ (math mode). \not puts a through a relational operator: \ne is = (math mode). 6 \not= is = (math mode). \nearrow is (math mode). 6 % \notin is / (math mode). \neg is (math mode). ∈ ¬ \nu is ν (math mode). \neq is = (math mode). 6 \nwarrow is (math mode). \newcommand{\cs}[narg]{def} defines a new - control sequence \cs with definition def. \o is ø. \O is Ø. Optionally, narg is the number of arguments, \obeycr makes embedded carriage returns act indicated in def as #1, #2,etc. like line terminators. 8 LATEX Command Summary

\oddsidemargin — distance between left side of \parskip — extra vertical space between page and text’s normal left margin. , normally. \odot is (math mode). \part[toctitle]{text} begins a new part,

\oe is œ. \OE is Œ. automatically headed and numbered. Optional toctitle contains entry for the table of is (math mode). \oint contents if different from text. \omega isHω. \Omega is Ω (math mode). \part*{text} begins a part and prints a title, \ominus is (math mode). but doesn’t include a number or a table

\onecolumn sets text in single column (default) of contents entry. (cf. \twocolumn. \partial is ∂ (math mode). \opening{text} declares an opening for letter \partopsep — extra vertical space added before document style. first list item if environment starts a new \oplus is (math mode). paragraph. ⊕ \oslash is (math mode). \perp is (math mode). ⊥ \otimes is (math mode). \phi is φ. \Phi is Φ (math mode). ⊗ \oval(x,y) as an argument to \put draws an \pi is π. \Pi is Π (math mode). oval x units wide and y units high. \pm is (math mode). ± \pmod{modulus} is “parenthesized” modulo \overbrace{text} gives text (math mode). expression u (mod 2ej 1) (math mode). \{text} gives text (math mode). − }|{ \poptabs undoes the previous \pushtabs \owns is (math mode). 3 command (restore prior tab settings). \P is . , for boxing commands: =top, ¶ positions t \pagebreak[n] forces a page break at that point b=bottom, h=here, l=left, c=center, r=right, (cf. \linebreak on page 6). p=new page (figure environment), p=parbox \pagenumbering{style} determines page (tabular environment). number style; style may be arabic (3), roman \pounds is £. (iii), Roman (III), alph (c), Alph (C). \Pr is Pr (math mode). \pageref{text} is the page number on which \prec is (math mode). ≺ \label{text} occurs. \preceq is (math mode).  \pagestyle{sty} determines characteristics of a \ is (math mode). page’s head and foot. sty may be plain (page 0 number only), empty (no page number), \prod is (math mode). headings (running headings on each page), \propto is (math mode). Q∝ myheadings (user headings). \protect permits the use of “dangerous” \paragraph[toctitle]{text} begins a new commands in @-expressions, or in sectioning paragraph, automatically headed and command and \caption arguments. numbered. Optional toctitle contains entry \ in letter document style permits additional for the table of contents if different from text. text after \closing. \paragraph*{text} begins a paragraph and \psi is ψ. \Psi is Ψ (math mode). prints a title, but doesn’t include a number or \pushtabs in tabbing environment lets you stack make a table of contents entry. tab stop definitions. Undo with \poptabs. \parallel is (math mode). k \put(x,y){stuff} is the picture-drawing \parbox[pos]{size}{text} is a box created in command. (x,y) is the reference point,whose paragraph mode. text is positioned optionally meaning varies for different stuff. stuff may at pos (see positions on page 8). Width is be anything that goes in an \mbox. size. \raggedbottom causes pages to assume natural \parindent — horizontal indentation added at height. beginning of paragraph. \raggedleft declares all text that follows is to be \parsep — extra vertical space between flush against the right margin (cf. paragraphs within a list item. \begin{flushright}). December 28, 1999 9

\raggedright declares all text that follows is to \rule[height]{length}{width} makes a be flush against the left margin (cf. rectangular blob of ink length long, width \begin{flushleft}). wide, with optional height above . \raisebox{dim}[d2][d3]{text} moves text up \S is . § by dim (which may be negative). Optional d2 \savebox{\binname}[width][pos]{text} is makes system think that text extends d2 above exactly like \makebox (q.v.), but saves box the baseline (and optionally d3 below it). definition in bin \binname. Access with \rangle is (math mode). \usebox{\binname}. i \rbrace is (math mode). \sbox{\binname}{text} saves text in box } \binname (see \savebox,above). \rbrack is ] (math mode). \sc switches to caps and font. \rceil is (math mode). e \scriptsize switches subscript size type. \Re is (math mode). < \scriptstyle switches to sub- or \ref{text} is the section number in which superscript-sized typesetting. occurs. \label{text} \scriptscriptstyle switches to second-level \renewcommand{\cs}[narg]{def} redefines an (very small) sub- or superscript-sized existing control sequence \cs with definition typesetting (math mode). def. Optionally, narg is the number of \searrow is (math mode). arguments, indicated in def as #1, #2,etc. & \sec is sec (math mode). \renewenvironment{envname}[narg]{def1}{def2} redefines an existing environment. See \section[toctitle]{text} begins a new section, automatically headed and numbered. \newenvironment. Optional toctitle contains entry for the table \restorecr undoes the \obeycr command of contents if different from text. (makes carriage return a space-producing \section*{text} begins a section, prints a title, ). but doesn’t include a number or make a table \reversemarginpar causes opposite margin to be of contents entry. used for marginal notes (e.g., left margin on \setcounter{counter}{value} resets the value odd-numbered pages). of counter. \rfloor is (math mode). c \setlength{\nl}{length} sets value of length \rhd is £ (math mode). command \nl to length.Seealso \rho is ρ (math mode). \addtolength, \newlength, \settowidth. \setminus is (math mode). \right* (where * is a delimiter) must be paired \ with \left* (not necessarily using the same \settowidth{\nl}{text} sets value of length delimiter). ‘.’ acts as a null delimiter (math command \nl to the width of text.Seealso mode). \setlength, \newlength, \addtolength. \rightarrow is . \Rightarrow is (math \sf switches to sans font. → ⇒ mode). \sharp is ] (math mode). \rightharpoondown is + (math mode). x yy \rightharpoonup is * (math mode). \shortstack[pos]{x\\yy\\zzz} yields zzz, a one-column tabular arrangement of its \rightleftharpoons is )* (math mode). arguments. Optional pos can be l or r for text \rightmargin —inlist environment, horizontal position. distance between right margin of enclosing is σ. is Σ (math mode). environment and right margin of list. Default \sigma \Sigma 0in. \signature{text} declares a signature for letter document style. \ switches to . \sim is (math mode). \roman{counter} prints counter in lower-case ∼ \simeq is (math mode). . \Roman{counter} prints ' upper-case roman numerals. \sin is sin (math mode). \rq is a right-quote: ’. \sinh is sinh (math mode). 10 LATEX Command Summary

\sl switches to slanted typeface. \supseteq is (math mode). ⊇ \sloppy relaxes the line-breaking algorithm to \surd is √ (math mode). allow more or less distance between words. \swarrow is (math mode). Default is \fussy. . \{cc} produces the symbol () \small switches to smaller than normalsize character code cc in the current font. typeface. \t prints a “-after” accent, as oo. \smallint is (math mode). ∫ \tabbingsep — distance to left of a tab stop \smallskip — standard “small” vertical skip. moved by \’. \smallskipamount — default length for \tabcolsep — half the width of the space \smallskip. between columns in tabular environment. \smile is ^ (math mode). \tableofcontents produces a table of contents. \spadesuit is (math mode). A .toc file must have been generated during a ♠ \sqcap is (math mode). previous LATEX run. u \sqcup is (math mode). \tan is tan (math mode). t \tanh is tanh (math mode). \sqrt[3]{arg} is √3 arg. 3 (root) is optional. \sqsubset is < (math mode). \tau is τ (math mode). \sqsubseteq is (math mode). \TeX produces the TEX logo. v \sqsupset is = (math mode). \textfloatsep — distance between floats at the top or bottom of a single-column page and the \sqsupseteq is (math mode). w text on that page. \ is ß. \textfraction — minimum fraction of a text \stackrel{stuff}{delim} puts stuff above the page that must contain text. delimiter; \stackrel{f}{\longrightarrow} \textheight is the normal vertical dimension of f yields (math mode). thebodyofthepage. −→ \ is ? (math mode). \textstyle switches to math environment \stop —typethisifTEX stops with a * and no typesetting (math mode). error message. \textwidth is the normal horizontal dimension of \subparagraph[toctitle]{text} begins a thebodyofthepage. subparagraphs, automatically headed and \thanks{footnote} adds an acknowledgement numbered. Optional toctitle contains entry footnote to an author’s name used in a for the table of contents if different from text. \maketitle command. \subparagraph*{text} begins a subparagraph \theta is θ. \Theta is Θ (math mode). and prints a title, but doesn’t include a number \thicklines is an alternate line thickness for or make a table of contents entry. lines in a picture environment. See also \subsection[toctitle]{text}, linethickness. \subsubsection[toctitle]{text} begin new \thinlines is the default declaration for line subsections, automatically headed and thicknesses in a picture environment. See numbered. Optional toctitle contains entry \thicklines. for the table of contents if different from text. \thinspace is the proper space between single \subsection*{text}, \subsubsection*{text} and double quotes, as in ’ ”. begin subsections, but suppress section number \thispagestyle{sty} determines characteristics and table of contents entry. of head and foot for the current page only. Used \ is (math mode). ⊂ to override \pagestyle (q.v.) temporarily. \subseteq is (math mode). ⊆ \tilde makes a tilde, as:a ˜ (math mode). \succ is (math mode). \times is (math mode). \succeq is (math mode). ×  \tiny switches to a very small typeface. \sum is (math mode). \title{text} declares a document title for the is sup (math mode). \sup P \maketitle command. \supset is (math mode). \to is (math mode). ⊃ → December 28, 1999 11

\today generates today’s date. \varphi is ϕ (math mode). \top is (math mode). \varpi is $ (math mode). > \topfraction — maximum fraction at the top of \varrho is % (math mode). a single-column page that may be occupied by \varsigma is ς (math mode). floats. \vartheta is ϑ (math mode). \topmargin — space between top of T X page (1 E \vdash is (math mode). inch from top of paper) and top of header. ` . \topsep — extra vertical space added before first \vdots is . (math mode). list item and after last list item. \vec puts a vector over a letter: ~a (math mode). — minimum distance between top of \topskip \vector(x,y){len} in picture environment, in page body to bottom of first line of text. \put command, draws vector from \put \triangle is (math mode). argument with length len and slope (x,y), 4 \triangleleft is / (math mode). with arrowhead. \triangleright is . (math mode). \vee is (math mode). ∨ \tt switches to typewriter type. \verb/text/ creates a local verbatim \twocolumn[text] declares a two-column page, environment for text,printedintypewriter with optional full-page width heading text. font. Note that text is not in curly braces; it is between two identical , neither of \typein[\cs]{text} displays text on the screen which appears in text. and waits for you to enter stuff which will be put in the document at that point. Optional \verb*/text/ is like \verb/text/, but spaces control sequence \cs can be assigned the value print out as . of your input, to be used later. \vert is . \Vert is (math mode). | k \typeout{text} displays text on the screen and \vfill is \vspace{\fill} (cf. \fill). writes it to the .lis file. \vspace{len} leaves a vertical space of \u prints a breve accent, aso. ˘ dimension len. \unboldmath unemboldens math italics and math \vspace*{len} is like \vspace{len} but space is symbols. Should be used outside of math mode. not removed at the beginning or end of a page. \underbrace{text} gives text (math mode). \ is (math mode). ∧ \underline{text} gives text (math mode or \widehat{arg} is arg (math mode). not). |{z} \widetilde{arg} is arg (math mode). \unitlength — length of coordinate units for \wp is ℘ (math mode).d picture environment. \wr is (math mode).g o \unlhd is ¢ (math mode). \xi is ξ. \Xi is Ξ (math mode). \unrhd is ¤ (math mode). \year — current year (A.D.). \uparrow is . \Uparrow is (math mode). ↑ ⇑ \zeta is ζ (math mode). \updownarrow is . \Updownarrow is (math mode). l m \uplus is (math mode). ] \ is υ. \Upsilon is Υ (math mode). \usebox{\binname} recalls box definition saved in box \binname. \usecounter{counter} is used in a list environment to cause counter to be used to number the items. \v prints a h´aˇcek, aso. ˇ \value{counter} produces the numeric value of counter. \varepsilon is ε (math mode). 12 LATEX Command Summary

LATEX

\rm Roman \it Italic \bf Boldface \sl Slanted \dag \S c \copyright \sf Sans serif † \ddag § \P £ \pounds \sc Small Caps ‡ ¶ \tt Typewriter

Dimensions or lengths

pt point (72.27 pt/in) Math-mode accents pc (12 pt/pc) in inch aˆ \hat{a} a˙ \dot{a} bp big point (72 bp/in) aˇ \check{a} a¨ \ddot{a} cm centimeter (2.54 cm/in) a˜ \tilde{a} a˘ \breve{a} mm millimeter (10 mm/cm) a´ \acute{a} a¯ \bar{a} didˆot point (1157 dd = 1238 pt) a` \grave{a} ~a \vec{a} cc (12 dd/cc) sp scaled point (65536 sp/pt) em font-dependent; “quad” width font-dependent; “x”-height

LAT X environments E Greek letters (math mode) abstract figure quote α \alpha ν \nu array flushleft tabbing β \beta ξ \xi center flushright table γ \gamma o o description itemize tabular δ \delta π \pi displaymath list theorem  \epsilon ρ \rho enumerate math titlepage ζ \zeta σ \sigma eqnarray minipage verbatim η \eta τ \tau equation picture verse θ \theta υ \upsilon quotation ι \iota φ \phi κ \kappa χ \chi λ \lambda ψ \psi Text-mode accents µ \mu ω \omega

`o \‘{o} ¯o \={o} oo \t{oo} ε \varepsilon ς \varsigma ´o \’{o} o˙ \.{o} o¸ \c{o} ϑ \vartheta ϕ \varphi ˆo \ˆ{o} ˘o \u{o} o. \d{o} % \varrho ¨o \"{o} ˇo \v{o} o \b{o} ¯ ˜o \˜{o} ˝o \H{o} Γ \Gamma Σ \Sigma ∆ \Delta Υ \Upsilon National symbols Θ \Theta Φ \Phi Λ \Lambda Ψ \Psi œ \oe ˚a \aa l \l Ξ \Xi Ω \Omega Œ \OE A˚ \AA L \L Π \Pi æ \ae ø \o ß \ss Æ \AE Ø \O December 28, 1999 13

Binary operations (math mode) Variable-sized symbols (math mode)

\pm \cap \sum \bigcap ± \mp ∩ \cup \prod \bigcup ∓ \setminus ∪ \uplus P X T \ \ ] \cdot \sqcap Q Y \coprod S [ \bigsqcup · \times u \sqcup a G × \ast t/ \triangleleft ` \int F \bigvee ∗? \star . \triangleright Z R \oint W _ \bigwedge \diamond \wr  o I \circ \bigcirc H \bigodot V ^ \bigotimes ◦ \bullet \bigtriangleup \bigoplus \biguplus • \div 4 \bigtriangledown J K N O ÷ 5 ¡ \lhd £ \rhd L M U ] \vee \odot ∨ \wedge \dagger ∧ \oplus † \ddagger ⊕ \ominus ‡ \amalg \otimes ¢q \unlhd ⊗ \oslash ¤ \unrhd Delimiters (math mode) ( ( ) ) [ [ ] ] \{ \} { \lfloor } \rfloor b \lceil c \rceil d \langle e \rangle Relations (math mode) h/ / i \backslash \vert \ \Vert | \uparrow k \Uparrow \leq \geq ↑ ⇑ ≤ \prec ≥ \succ \downarrow \Downarrow ≺ ↓ \updownarrow ⇓ \Updownarrow \preceq \succeq l m  \ll  \gg  \subset  \supset ⊂ \subseteq ⊃ \supseteq <⊆ \sqsubset =⊇ \sqsupset \sqsubseteq \sqsupseteq v \in w \ni ∈ \vdash 3 \dashv “Log-like” functions (math mode) ^` \smile a \mid | _ \frown \parallel \arccos \csc \ker \min = \neq k \perp 6 ⊥ \arcsin \deg \lg \Pr \equiv ∼= \cong \arctan \det \lim \sec ≡ \sim ./ \bowtie ∼ \arg \dim \liminf \sin \simeq \propto \cos \exp \limsup \sinh ' \asymp ∝= \models . \cosh \gcd \ln \sup  \approx |= \doteq ≈ \cot \hom \log \tan 1 \Join \coth \inf \max \tanh 14 LATEX Command Summary

Arrows (math mode)

\leftarrow \longleftarrow ← \Leftarrow ←−= \Longleftarrow ⇐ \rightarrow ⇐ \longrightarrow → \Rightarrow =−→ \Longrightarrow ⇒ \leftrightarrow ⇒ \longleftrightarrow ↔ \Leftrightarrow ←→ \Longleftrightarrow ⇔ \mapsto ⇐⇒ \longmapsto 7→- \hookleftarrow 7−→, \hookrightarrow ←( \leftharpoonup *→ \rightharpoonup ) \leftharpoondown + \rightharpoondown )* \rightleftharpoons ; \leadsto \uparrow \Updownarrow ↑ \Uparrow m \nearrow ⇑ \downarrow % \searrow ↓ \Downarrow & \swarrow ⇓ \updownarrow . \nwarrow l -

Miscellaneous symbols (math mode)

\aleph \prime ℵ¯h \hbar 0 \emptyset ı \imath ∅ \nabla  \jmath ∇√ \surd ` \ell \top ℘ \wp > \bot \Re ⊥ \| < k \Im 6 \angle =∂ \partial \triangle \infty 4 \backslash ∞2 \Box 3\ \Diamond \forall ] \sharp ∀ \exists \clubsuit ∃ \neg ♣ \diamondsuit ¬[ \flat ♦ \heartsuit \ \natural ♥ \spadesuit 0 \mho ♠