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(, mammalia) in Early of Roman Croitor

To cite this version:

Roman Croitor. Genus Bison (Bovidae, mammalia) in Early Pleistocene of Moldova. Materialele conferinței naționale cu participarea internațională ”Mediul și dezvoltarea durabilă”, Ediția a III-a / 3rd National Scientific Conference with international participation ”Environment and sustainable development”, Oct 2016, Chisinau, Moldova. ￿hal-01766112￿

HAL Id: hal-01766112 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01766112 Submitted on 13 Apr 2018

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. *(186BISON %29,'$(0$00$/,$ ,1($5/<3/(,672&(1(2) 02/'29$ 'U&52,725520$1 0DLVRQPpGLWHUUDQpHQQHGHVVFLHQFHVGHO KRPPH/DERUDWRLUHPpGLWHUUDQpHQGHSUpKLVWRLUH(XURSH $IULTXH)UDQFH,QVWLWXWHRI=RRORJ\$FDGHP\RI6FLHQFHVRI0ROGRYDHPDLO URPDQFURLWRU#HXURSHFRP  Abstract. Remains of Bison (Eobison) sp. from Salcia and Ursoaia, and Bison cf. menneri from CiЮmichioi-III and Hadjimus are briefly described and discussed. The paper also proposes an overview of most important Early Pleistocene bison findings from Eastern and Southern and a discussion of their and paleobiogeography.

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