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Copyright by Adrian Teodor Popan 2015 Copyright by Adrian Teodor Popan 2015 The Dissertation Committee for Adrian Teodor Popan certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: The ABC of Sycophancy. Structural Conditions for the Emergence of Dictators’ Cults of Personality Committee: _________________________________ Michael Young, Supervisor _________________________________ Mounira Charrad _________________________________ Alexander Weinreb _________________________________ Ari Adut __________________________________ Zoltan Barany The ABC of Sycophancy; Structural Conditions for the Emergence of Dictators’ Cults of Personality By Adrian Teodor Popan, B. Philology, M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Texas at Austin August 2015 The ABC of Sycophancy. Structural Conditions for the Emergence of Dictators’ Cults of Personality Abstract Adrian Teodor Popan, Ph.D. The University of Texas at Austin, 2015 Supervisor: Michael Young The purpose of this dissertation is to identify the structural conditions necessary for a cult of personality of state leaders to develop. I define the cult of personality of state leaders as quantitatively exaggerated and qualitatively extravagant public demonstration of praise of the leader. Although the subject has interested several disciplines, which produced a vast literature, bringing valuable insight for the study of the phenomenon, the causal explanations proposed so far are unsatisfactory, either because they cannot be generalized to all known cases, or because they cannot explain the lack of personality cults in otherwise similar dictatorships. Integrating the literature and further exploring the phenomenon from a historical comparative sociology perspective, I outline a causal explanation which avoids both pitfalls identified in the literature. Thus, I am confident that my theory is reliable, explaining all known cases of personality cults, and valid, as I test it against negative cases. The explanation presupposes a combination of necessary, but not sufficient, structural condition, and a path dependent chain of events which, together, lead to the cult formation. As stated, the present dissertation focuses only on the structural conditions. Starting from a thick description of the personality cult of Romanian dictator Nicolae Ceau șescu, and testing the theory by comparing it with other cases of personality cults, I identify three necessary conditions: a particular combination of patrimonialism and clientelism, lack of dissidence, and systematic falsification pervading the society’s culture. Personality cults of state leaders depend on the presence of all three stated conditions. iv Table of Contents Abreviations………………………………………………………………….……….viii 1. Introduction………………………………………………….……………………1 2. The Argument………………………………………………………………...…..5 3. Literature Review………………………………………………………………..11 3.1. What is a cult of personality?..........................................................................11 3.2. A Brief History of the Concept……………………………………………...14 3.3. Psychological, Psychiatric and Psychoanalytical Explanations……………..20 3.4. Psychosocial Explanations…………………………………………….….…23 3.5. The Role of Institutions in Creating Personality Cults…………………...…26 3.6. The Interplay between Patrimonialism and Bureaucracy as Structural Explanation......................................................................................................30 3.7. The Cult of Personality as the Result of Routinization of Charisma……..…37 3.8. Personality Cults as Invented Traditions……………………………………44 3.9. Functionalist Explanations……………………………………………..……50 3.10. Mimetic Explanation……………………………………………....……….…55 3.11. Further clarifications………………………………………..………..…….…60 3.12. Concluding Remarks………………..…………………………………..….…62 4. Methods……………………………………………………………………….…..65 5. A Specific Distribution of Power…………………………………………...……72 v 5.1. Patrimonial Rule in Romania…………………………………………...…...74 5.2. Clientelism in Romania……………………………………………...………83 5.3. Ceau şescu’s Rise to Power………………………………………………….93 5.4. Changes in Clientelism during Ceau şescu Era………………………...…....99 5.5. Comparative Perspective…………….……………………………...……...108 5.6. Concluding Remarks……………………………………………………….113 6. Dissidence………………………………...………………………………..…...115 6.1. Repression and the Instauration of Communism in Romania (1945 – 1963)………………………………………………………………………..117 6.1.1. Political parties and trade unions………….……………………..…117 6.1.2. Intellectuals…………………………………………………………120 6.1.3. Religion……………..……………………………………………...122 6.2. Dissidence during the “Romanian Spring”………………………...………125 6.3. Dissidence after 1974………………………………………………………130 6.4. Comparative Perspective………………………………………...………...135 6.5. Concluding Remarks………………………………………………..……..140 7. Tukhta ………………………………………………………………..…………142 7.1. What Is Tukhta ?............................................................................................143 7.2. Tukhta in Socialist Romania…………………………………..…………..156 7.3. Beyond Economy…………………………………………………………..162 7.4. Stepping Stones toward Personality Cults…………………………...…….166 7.4.1. First Stepping Stone: Adhesion…………………………………….167 7.4.2. Second Stepping Stone: Beatification………………………………173 vi 7.4.3. Third Stepping Stone: Consensus…………………………………..181 7.5. Concluding Remarks……………………………………………………….187 8. Conclusions……………………………………………………………………..191 Appendix…………………………………………..……………………..…………195 Bibliography…………………………………………………………..………...….196 vii Abbreviations ARLUS – Asociatia Român ă pentru Strângerea Leg ăturilor cu Uniunea Sovietica (Romanian Association for Strengthening the Ties with Soviet Union), cultural and propagandistic pro-communist association founded on 20 October 1944, and active until 1964. CC – The Central Committee of any communist party, its highest collective ruling echelon Cominform – Communist Information Bureau, the information agency of the Communist and Worker’s Parties, an international communist organization created in the aftermath of the dissolution of Comintern, with the purpose of coordinating the activities between communist parties, under Soviet direction. The headquarters were in Belgrade between its foundation, in 1947, and 1948, then in Bucharest until it dissolved in 1956. Comintern – The Third Communist International, an international communist organization with headquarters in Moscow, with the stated goal to fight against the international bourgeoisie, and the instauration of worldwide socialism; active between 1919 and 1943. CPSU – Communist Party of the Soviet Union GDR – German Democratic Republic (1949 – 1990) GNP – Gross National Product, an economic statistic measuring the net income of a country’s residents in a given year viii Gulag – acronym for Главное Управление Исправительно -трудовых Лагерей (Russian for Chief Administration of Corrective Labor Camps), designating the system of labor camps and political prisons in the Soviet Union Komsomol – the youth division of the CPSU, active between 1918 and 1991. Komsomolist – member of the Komsomol MGB – Ministry of State Security, the Soviet Intelligence Agency (see NKVD) NEP – New Economic Policy, an economic policy instituted by V. I. Lenin in 1921, allowing small private enterprises, while the state controlled the banks, foreign trade, and large industries. It was halted by Stalin and substituted with the Five-Year Plans in 1928 NKVD – People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs, the Soviet Secret Police (1934- 1943). Throughout history, it is known under the following abbreviations, marking various changes in its institutional form: VCHEKA (or CHEKA) 1917-1922, GPU (1922- 1926), OGPU1926-1934, NKVD (1934-1943), NKGB (1941-1946), MGB (1943-1954), and KGB (1954-1991) NSDAP - Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, the German Nazi Party (1920 – 1945), led by Adolf Hitler between 1921 and 1945 RCP – Romanian Communist Party; I use the same abbreviation throughout the dissertation to emphasize the de facto continuity, despite the following changes in denomination: Communist Party of Romania (1921-1948), Romanian Workers’ Party (1948-1965), Romanian Communist Party (1965-1989) ix SA – Sturmabteilung, the paramilitary wing of the NSDAP, played an important role in Hitler’s rise to power between 1921 and 1934, when it was superseded by SS, formerly a faction of SA UTC – Uniunea Tineretului Comunist (The Union of the Communist Youth): the youth organization of the RCP, active between 1922 and 1989. Between 1949 and 1965 it functioned under the title Union of Working Youth; Zek – political prisoner in Soviet Union; originally as з/к, an abbreviation for заключённый каналоармеец , meaning inmate worker at the White Sea – Baltic Canal x 1. Introduction In his famous Secret Speech held in February 25, 1956 at the 20 th congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, Nikita Khrushchev denounced the cult of personality that surrounded Stalin, placing the blame solely on the dictator himself: “the cult of the individual acquired such monstrous size chiefly because Stalin himself, using all conceivable methods, supported the glorification of his own person” (Khrushchev 1976:67). Khrushchev’s interpretation is symptomatic not only of the view of the cult of personality in popular culture, but also in academic literature. I argue that, on the contrary, the dictator is not the most important actor; rather, the creation of a cult of personality is a bottom-up process,
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