Les Conditions De Réémergence Du Patriotisme Dans L'éducation

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Les Conditions De Réémergence Du Patriotisme Dans L'éducation UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL LES CONDITIONS DE RÉÉMERGENCE DU PATRIOTISME DANS L’ÉDUCATION JAPONAISE APRÈS LA SECONDE GUERRE MONDIALE MÉMOIRE PRÉSENTÉ COMME EXIGENCE PARTIELLE DE LA MAÎTRISE EN SCIENCE POLITIQUE PAR PAUL-ANTHONY DESAUTELS AOÛT 2018 UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À MONTRÉAL Service des bibliothèques Avertissement La diffusion de ce mémoire se fait dans le respect des droits de son auteur, qui a signé le formulaire Autorisation de reproduire et de diffuser un travail de recherche de cycles supérieurs (SDU-522 – Rév.10-2015). Cette autorisation stipule que «conformément à l’article 11 du Règlement no 8 des études de cycles supérieurs, [l’auteur] concède à l’Université du Québec à Montréal une licence non exclusive d’utilisation et de publication de la totalité ou d’une partie importante de [son] travail de recherche pour des fins pédagogiques et non commerciales. Plus précisément, [l’auteur] autorise l’Université du Québec à Montréal à reproduire, diffuser, prêter, distribuer ou vendre des copies de [son] travail de recherche à des fins non commerciales sur quelque support que ce soit, y compris l’Internet. Cette licence et cette autorisation n’entraînent pas une renonciation de [la] part [de l’auteur] à [ses] droits moraux ni à [ses] droits de propriété intellectuelle. Sauf entente contraire, [l’auteur] conserve la liberté de diffuser et de commercialiser ou non ce travail dont [il] possède un exemplaire.» II III REMERCIEMENTS J’aimerais remercier toutes les personnes ayant joué un rôle dans le façonnement de mon parcours universitaire. Particulièrement, ces politicologues qui osent aborder des sujets politiques, parfois délicats aux yeux de la population générale, dans un cadre pédagogique. J’ai une grande admiration et un respect pour la contribution des politicologues comme diffuseurs de compréhensions critiques de différentes réalités locales, nationales et mondiales. Je veux particulièrement exprimer toute ma gratitude à mon directeur de mémoire Ting-Sheng Lin, pour l’ensemble des connaissances et des interactions partagées permettant de décupler ma compréhension de la région asiatique, mais aussi des sciences politiques. Le choix de sa direction fut une décision éclairante dans mon parcours universitaire, son rôle de mentor réassura ma capacité de mener ce mémoire à terme. Son soutien continu, ses conseils pertinents, sa disponibilité et sa confiance furent essentiels à la réalisation de ce projet. J’aimerais également témoigner ma reconnaissance envers Éric Boulanger, pour sa contribution bénéfique qui améliora remarquablement le mémoire à différents stades. La valeur de ses suggestions découlant de la compatibilité de ses compétences, ainsi que les interactions rassurantes furent grandement appréciées. Sans leur appui combiné, la réalisation de ce mémoire n’aurait pas été possible. Je suis aussi grandement redevable aux évaluateurs de ce mémoire, apportant des recommandations judicieuses qui m’ont permis de relever la qualité générale de la production. Je tiens à mentionner la contribution de l’Observatoire de l'Asie de l'Est (OAE), dans leurs efforts soutenus contribuant à inspirer des chercheurs s’intéressant à IV l’importance de cette région dans la balance politique mondiale. Sans oublier l’apport de l’ensemble des professeurs et membres du département de science politique, en plus des autres chercheurs et étudiants dont j’ai eu la chance de côtoyer, pour leurs contributions parsemées d’interactions formatrices échangées lors de mon passage. Je voudrais aussi remercier Misa Hirai, du département des langues de l’UQÀM, pour sa contribution significative dans mon parcours universitaire, me permettant ultimement de réaliser ce mémoire. Finalement, je veux exprimer toute mon appréciation et ma gratitude aux auteurs des ouvrages cités dans ce mémoire, sans lesquels il aurait été impossible de concevoir, encore moins réaliser un travail de cette ampleur. Je vous prie de les consulter, si vous en avez la possibilité. Je prends la responsabilité de toute erreur de traduction, factuelle ou interprétative, présente dans le mémoire qui suit; les propos avancés n’engagent que leur auteur… V TABLE DES MATIÈRES LISTE DES FIGURES ET APPENDICES………………..………………. VIII LISTES DES ABRÉVIATIONS, SIGLES ET ACRONYMES…………… IX RÉSUMÉ……………………………………………………………….................. X INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………….. 1 CHAPITRE I PROBLÉMATISATION 1.1 INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………. 4 1.2 CONTEXTUALISATION…………………………………………. 5 1.3 QUESTION DE RECHERCHE ET HYPOTHÈSE………………... 8 1.4 PERTINENCE……………………………………………………... 9 CHAPITRE II CADRE THÉORIQUE 2.1 THÉORIES DU NATIONALISME ………………………………. 14 2.2 THÉORIES DU PATRIOTISME….…..……………….…………… 16 2.3 PERCEPTION POLITIQUE DE L’ÉDUCATION………………... 20 2.4 INTERPRÉTATION JAPONAISE ………..………………………. 27 CHAPITRE III PREMIER CYCLE DU NATIONALISME DANS L’ÉDUCATION 3.1 INFLUENCE CHINOISE ET REPLI INSULAIRE………………... 30 3.2 LA RESTAURATION MEIJI……………………………………... 40 3.3 ULTRANATIONALISME…………………………………………. 50 3.4 L’ENSEIGNEMENT COLONIAL…………………………………. 56 CHAPITRE IV LES CONDITIONS DE RÉÉMERGENCE INTERNES DU PATRIOTISME EN ÉDUCATION 4.1 L’OCCUPATION AMÉRICAINE……………………………….. 61 VI 4.1.1 PURGE ULTRANATIONALISTE ET OUVERTURE IDÉOLOGIQUE INITIALE………………………………. 61 4.1.2 PURGE ROUGE…………………………………………... 68 4.2 CONFRONTATION IDÉOLOGIQUE DANS LE SYSTÈME D’ÉDUCATION ………………….……………… 72 4.3 DÉCLIN DU PARADIGME DE L’ÉDUCATION PACIFIQUE : AUTOCRITIQUE ET PROBLÉMATISATION DES VALEURS DU SYSTÈME D’ÉDUCATION.......................... 81 4.3.1 INTERNATIONALISATION DANS L’ÉDUCATION....... 84 4.3.2 L’ENJEU DU CONTRÔLE DES MANUELS SCOLAIRES……………………………. 93 4.3.3 PANACÉE PATRIOTIQUE DANS L’ÉDUCATION MORALE JAPONAISE……………………………………. 97 4.4 SOUS L’INFLUENCE DES DOCTRINES NÉOLIBÉRALES ET NÉOCONSERVATRICES…………………. 103 4.5 ABE ET WATASHITACHI NO DŌTOKU…………………………... 110 CHAPITRE V LES CONDITIONS DE RÉÉMERGENCE EXTERNES DU PATRIOTISME EN ÉDUCATION 5.1 LES PRESSIONS EXTERNES SUR LE SYSTÈME D’ÉDUCATION AVANT 1945………………………………………… 115 5.2 LES PRESSIONS EXTERNES SUR LE SYSTÈME D’ÉDUCATION ENTRE 1945 ET 1989……………………………….. 119 5.2.1 LA RELATION AMÉRICAINE ENTRE 1945 ET 1989……….. 119 5.2.2 L’INFLUENCE CHINOISE ENTRE 1945 ET 1989…………..... 123 5.3 LES PRESSIONS EXTERNES SUR LE SYSTÈME D’ÉDUCATION APRÈS 1989…………………………………..…….... 125 5.4 RETOUR SUR LES CONDITIONS EXTERNES DE LA RÉÉMERGENCE DE L’ÉDUCATION PATRIOTIQUE JAPONAISE……………………….…………..……… 132 CHAPITRE VI ANALYSE RÉTROSPECTIVE 6.1 LA RÉFORME PATRIOTIQUE COMME SOLUTION D’UN MODÈLE « GARBAGE CAN »………………...………………. 139 VII … 6.2 NORMALISATION DES POLITIQUES PATRIOTIQUES EN ÉDUCATION AU JAPON…………………………………....…… .142 6.3 INSTRUMENTALISATION AUTOUR DU SECTEUR DE L’ÉDUCATION NATIONALE………………………………..…… 145 6.4 LE CAS DE L’ÉDUCATION DE LA POPULATION AÏNOU........... 151 6.5 TYPOLOGIE DU PATRIOTISME DANS L’ÉDUCATION JAPONAISE………………………………………..…...160 CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………..…...167 BIBLIOGRAPHIE…………………………………………………………..……..178 VIII LISTE DES FIGURES ET APPENDICE Figure 1.1 Structure générale du milieu éducationnel et Politique en matière de distance interactionnelle selon Rohlen (1984)……………………………………. 173 Figure 2.1 Stabilité politique à la tête du Japon, de la Chine et des États-Unis (1945-1989) : De la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale à la fin de l’ère Shōwa…....... 174 Figure 2.2 Stabilité politique à la tête du Japon, de la Chine et des États-Unis (1989-2018) : La période Heisei ………………….………………….. 175 Appendice A Schisme final du Nikkyōso…………………………….……176 IX LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS, SIGLES ET ACRONYMES ANASE Association des Nations de l'Asie du Sud-Est Dōmei Alliance syndicale du Japon (zen nihon rōdō sōdōmei) FMI Fonds monétaire international Nikkyōso Syndicat d’enseignants japonais (nihon kyōshokuin kumiai) OAE Observatoire de l’Asie de l’Est OCDE Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques OMC Organisation mondiale du commerce ONU Organisation des Nations unies PCC Parti communiste chinois (zhōngguó gòngchǎndǎng) PLD Parti libéral-démocrate (jiyū minshutō) Rengō Confédération syndicale du Japon (nihon rōdōkumiai sōrengōkai) Rinkyōshin Conseil ad hoc sur l’éducation (rinji kyōiku shingikai) Sōhyō Conseil général des syndicats japonais (nihon rōdōkumiai sōhyōgikai) Tsukurukai Société japonaise pour une réforme des manuels scolaires sur l’histoire (atarashii rekishi kyōkasho wo tsukurukai) UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Zenkyō Conseil des enseignants et du personnel syndical du Japon (zenkoku kokudo chōsa kyōkai) X RÉSUMÉ Ce mémoire aborde les conditions de réémergence du patriotisme dans l’éducation japonaise après la Seconde Guerre mondiale. À l’aide d’une analyse historique, nous tenterons de comprendre l’influence d’une vision patriotique sur le système d’éducation, ainsi que la logique employée quant au processus de légitimation du discours patriotique en éducation suivant la défaite japonaise. Les limites temporelles de cette recherche se situent principalement entre le décret de loi fondamentale sur l’éducation en 1947 et sa révision en 2006. Or, les origines de la valorisation du patriotisme dans l’éducation étaient une réponse à un contexte externe menaçant l’autonomie de prise de décisions de l’archipel. Le Japon a pu expérimenter plus librement avec l’utilisation du patriotisme dans l’éducation entre la restauration Meiji de 1868 et la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale en 1945. Cependant, la défaite de l’empire japonais transforma brusquement l’orientation de l’éducation, l’occupation américaine allait embrouiller l’avenir de l’éducation
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