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Volontariato Per I Bambini Di Fukushima Il Caso “Orto Dei Sogni” in Sardegna

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Volontariato Per I Bambini Di Fukushima Il Caso “Orto Dei Sogni” in Sardegna Corso di Laurea magistrale in Lingue e istituzioni giuridiche ed economiche dell’Asia e dell’Africa Mediterranea Tesi di Laurea Volontariato per i bambini di Fukushima Il caso “Orto dei sogni” in Sardegna Relatore Ch. Prof. Miyake Toshio Laureando Nicolò Beccerica Matricola 835862 Anno Accademico 2015 / 2016 要旨 2011 年 3 月 11 日の午後 2 時 46 分ごろ、東北地方でマグニチュード(M)は 9.0 に達する大地震が発生して、日本はおろか世界にも大変影響を与えた。地震 後、巨大な津波を引き起こしており、死者だの行方不明者だの数千人に登っ たばかりか、福島県の海岸に打ち破り福島第一原子力発電所の放射能汚染を 引き起こした。このような悲惨な状況にもかかわらず、こういう風な残酷な 実態を乗り越えるべく、日本人も世界中からのボランティアが越して街づく りを熱心に再建しつつ心身の怪我を癒しながら福島っ子を返還してみた。東 北に衝突した地震や津波より、むしろ福島第一原子力発電所の件に関する厄 介や複雑な状況が生まれてきて、対処に住んでいる人々の中にパニックや恐 怖が拡大していった。マスメディアは主に地震と津波の問題に関しまして衆 目を向け、核および有毒な放射線を無視しており、しかも政府は地域が安全 であると言いつつ、大部安心しかねる人々がいなく、信じがたい曖昧な実態 になっていた。企業や伝統工業ばかりか、地元に立ち入り禁止された人々も 出身地が福島第一原子力発電所の近いところの家族も心底に穴が掘り、もは やあの 3 月 11 日の前のような日常生活に戻れないとみられている。確かに、 復興作業は着実に進んではいるものの、被災者や災害に当たった庶民は様々 な助けを必要としており、非常に重要な結果が必要だとなっている。福島第 一原子力発電所事故はチェルノブイリ原子力発電所事故は同様比較されて最 悪の深刻な事故にレベル 7 に分類され、世界で最大の原子力発電所事故の糸 津である。 最も心配があるのは、子供向けの放射線の悪影響や子供の未来がどうなるの かと言う疑問は健康的な重要性があり、日本に無視されていた状態のことで ある原子力発電所事故が起こってからというもの、時に子供の甲状腺の癌の 確立が高まり、健康体も精神も非常に損害を受けているそうである。様々な ボランティア協会が子供の健康や精神向けのプロジェクトを開催して、新し く未来と世界の感覚を感じ直すための取り組みが盛んでいる。 この文章には「オルト・デイ・ソーニ」というイタリア発完全なるボランテ ィアスタッフで構成される非営利協会の福島の子供たちの元気と夢を育むプ ロジェクトについて紹介掏る目的がある。2011 年 3 月 11 日の東日本大震災 後に、イタリア在住の日本人と日本に興味があるイタリア人によって設立さ れており、「イタリアで日本の被災地の子どもたちのためにできることは何 か？」と言う疑問を踏まえて、福島の子どもたちの健康とグローバルな成長 を応援する転地保養プログラムを実施している。豊かな食と自然環境に恵ま れたイタリアでの保養プログラムの間、オルト・デイ・ソニーはは１ヶ月間、 子どもたちを放射能被曝の不安から解放し、自然の中でのびのびと過ごす時 間を提供しながら、よく笑い、よく食べ、よく遊ぶことで、免疫力の向上と 1 健康の維持を促すことを目的としている。イタリアと日本の交流を向かって、 国際成長や二つの国が持つ豊かな文化や精神に触れ合い、異なる価値観を感 受し合う貴重な経験を通し、子どもたちが視野を広げ、好奇心をもって成長 し、自立してゆくことを努力している協会である。 福島の、日本の、世界の未来そのものである子どもたちが、好奇心と前向き なエネルギーをみなぎらせ、自らの可能性と将来への夢を膨らませることが、 「活きる力」に繋がる長所がある。2013 年以来、日本在の公式パートナーと して被災地での活動を続ける NPO 法人「ピース・プロジェクト」と提携しつ つ、保養参加者の募集から選抜、オリエンテーションの開催、イタリア滞在 後に続く参加者との交流企画など、プロジェクトの充実を図るための日本で の活動に取り組んでいる。ボランティアスタッフが用意するのは、「自然と の共生」、「健康的な食」、「異文化に触れ視野を広げる」をテーマとした 豊富なアクティビティプログラムを通して、もっと大人になれるように応援 している。 最終的な目的はこのプロジェクトはどんな心身的な影響があったのか、どの ように結果が出したのか、そして子供がどのように感覚したか、どの処置で この活動は効果的だったのかという目標である。 2 Indice Introduzione ....................................................................................................................................................... 5 Ringraziamenti .................................................................................................................................................. 9 1.1 COMPRENDERE LA SOCIETÁ CIVILE ............................................................................................... 12 1.1 Specificità e confini ............................................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Assi della società civile e indagini storiche ........................................................................................... 14 1.2.1 Primo asse: individualismo- collettivismo...................................................................................... 14 1.2.2 Secondo asse: comunicazione-relazione ......................................................................................... 20 1.3 Nove modi di esprimere la società civile ............................................................................................... 25 1.3.1 Collettivismo .................................................................................................................................. 25 1.3.2. Movimentismo ............................................................................................................................... 27 1.3.3. Sfera pubblica ................................................................................................................................ 29 1.3.4. Democrazia deliberativa ................................................................................................................ 30 1.3.5. Individualismo ............................................................................................................................... 32 1.3.6. Comunitarismo .............................................................................................................................. 33 1.3.7. Terzo settore .................................................................................................................................. 34 1.3.8. Democrazia associativa ................................................................................................................. 35 1.3.9. Comunità societaria ....................................................................................................................... 36 1.4 Comprendere il volontariato .................................................................................................................. 38 1.4.1 Le prospettive del volontariato ....................................................................................................... 38 1.4.2 I valori del volontariato .................................................................................................................. 41 1.4.3 Tipologie di volontariato: una prospettiva globale ......................................................................... 47 2.1 SOCIETÁ CIVILE E VOLONTARIATO IN GIAPPONE ...................................................................... 50 2.1.1 La società civile in Giappone ............................................................................................................. 51 2.2 Accenni storici della società civile in Giappone .................................................................................... 55 2.2.1 Dalle origini alla riforma Meiji ....................................................................................................... 55 2.2.2 La riforma Meiji ............................................................................................................................. 57 2.2.3 La democrazia Taishō ..................................................................................................................... 60 2.2.4 Il secondo Dopoguerra e Regime dal 1955..................................................................................... 63 2.2.5 Dal 1980 ai giorni nostri ................................................................................................................. 68 2.3 Punti di rottura ....................................................................................................................................... 69 2.3.1 Il Grande Terremoto Hanshin-Awaji (1995) .................................................................................. 71 2.3.2 La legge del 1998 e la nascita di una nuova società civile giapponese .......................................... 77 2.4 Il settore del no profit in Giappone e tipologie di organizzazioni ......................................................... 81 2.4.1 Kōeki hōjin 公益法人 (Corporate public-interest legal person) ................................................. 83 2.4.2 Shakai Fukushi hōjin 社会福祉法人 (Social Welfare legal person) ....................................... 84 3 2.4.3 Gakkō hōjin 学校法人 (Education legal person) ....................................................................... 86 2.4.4 Shūkyō hōjin 宗教法人 (Religious legal person) ...................................................................... 87 2.4.5 Iryō hōjin 医療法人 (Medical legal person) ............................................................................... 89 2.4.6 Tokushu hōjin 特殊法人 (Special legal person) ......................................................................... 90 2.4.7 Kōeki shintaku 公益信託 (Public Trust) ..................................................................................... 90 2.4.8 Kyōdō kumiai 共同組合 (Cooperatives)..................................................................................... 91 2.4.9 Nin-i dantai (Jinkaku nani shadan) 任意団体（人格何社団）(Unincorporated legal person) 92 2.5 Quadro della situazione ............................................................................................................................. 93 3.1 LA SOCIETÀ CIVILE PER IL DISASTRO .......................................................................................... 102 3.1.1. Disastri e vulnerabilità ..................................................................................................................... 102 3.1.2 Caso studio: il triplice disastro di Fukushima .................................................................................. 111 3.1.2.1 Le attività di volontariato per Fukushima .................................................................................. 113 3.2 Caso studio “Orto dei Sogni” ............................................................................................................ 123 3.2.1 Cos’è “Orto dei Sogni” .............................................................................................................. 125 3.2.2 Come lo fa “Orto dei Sogni” ..................................................................................................... 127 3.2.3 Perché “Orto dei Sogni” ............................................................................................................ 133 3.2.4 Perché i bambini di Fukushima ................................................................................................. 136 3.2.5 Le attività di “Orto dei Sogni” ................................................................................................... 140 3.2.5.1 Attività
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