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Home , Fricative, Palatal stop, Voiced velar fricative

9/9/04

•Don’t forget! Attendance sign-in sheet •Turn in HW1 •HW 2 due Thursday, September 16th •Finish

bikÃz aI kUd n•t st•p f¨` dET / hi kaIndli st•pt f¨` mi D« kE¨IdZ hEld bÃt dZÃst A¨sElvz / æn Im•¨tæl«ti

Other Consonants (1) Bilabial: listen

• voiceless bilabial [ ¸] • voiced bilabial fricative [B] • voiced bilabial trill [ õ]

Examples of bilabial from Ewe: listen

“he polished” [e¸a] ó “Ewe” [EBE]

“he was cold” [efa] ó “two” [EvE]

Examples of bilabial trills from Oro Win: listen Other Consonants (2) Linguo-Labial: touches the upper lip. Coronal nasals, stops, and fricatives can be pronounced in this way.

A linguo-labial articulation is indicated by a seagull- shaped diacritic under the sound, [ Ñ ].

Examples in V’enen Taut: listen

“breadfruit” [ tÑatei ] “stone” [ naDÑat ] Other Consonants (3)

Labiodental: listen

• labiodental nasal [M] • labiodental [V] ð No has labiodental stops or nasals except as meaningless variants of corresponding bilabials. Some examples:

In English: “emphasis” [EMf«sIs] In German: “pfanne” (bowl) [ pfAn« ]

ð Isoko has labiodental : listen Other Consonants (4)

Dental: dental stops, nasals, and laterals occur in English only as a result of coarticulation (e.., before dental fricatives), but in many other these sounds contrast in a meaningful way.

ð Kaititj contrasts dental and alveolar laterals: listen

ðNunggubuyu contrasts dental and alveolar stops: listen

ðMalayalam contrasts dental and alveolar nasals (as well as 4 other places of articulation!):

“pig” [pÃn5n5i] “first” [kÃnni] listen Other Consonants (5)

Alveolar: listen

• voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [Â] • voiced alveolar lateral fricative [L] • voiced alveolar trill [] • voiced alveolar lateral flap [ä]

ð Navajo has voiceless alveolar lateral fricatives: listen ð Bura has both types of lateral fricatives: listen ð Kele and Titan have bilabial and alveolar trills: listen ð Vende has a lateral flap: listen Other Consonants (6)

Retroflex: listen

[ ÿ ] ~ [ ê ] ~ [ ÷ ] ~ [ § ] ~ [ ½ ] ~ [ } ] ~ [ Ó ] ~ [ñ ] The tongue tip curls up and back and the underside touches or approaches the . • contrasts 4 different kinds of stops across 5 different places of articulation: listen • Sindhi contrasts 5 different kinds of stops across 5 different places of articulation: listen • Polish contrasts voiced and voiceless retroflex fricatives: listen • Kaititj has a retroflex lateral approximant: listen Excursis: some terms What does the term post-alveolar refer to? The same as palato- alveolar - and alveo-palatal if you make that distinction.

What’s alveo-palatal then?

ðSome texts use the term alveo-palatal to refer to English palato-alveolar [S] and [Z] (the terms are interchangeable).

ð Other texts (including yours), distinguish between palato-alveolar [S] and [Z] and:

– voiceless alveo- [þ] – voiced alveo-palatal fricative [ü] Polish alveo-palatals (listen) are argued by some to be different from English palato-alveolars; the former are said to involve more raising of the front of the tongue. Excursis: some terms

What do the terms apical and laminal refer to?

ðApical means the tongue tip is used ðLaminal means the tongue blade is used § Listen to the difference in Wangurri § Listen to the difference in Yanyuwa Other Consonants (7)

Palatal: listen

•voiceless [c] ~ fricative [C] • voiced palatal stop [ï] ~ fricative [Æ] • voiced palatal nasal [ø] • voiced palatal lateral approximant [´]

ð Hungarian contrasts palatal stops and nasals: listen ð Italian contrasts palatal and alveolar nasals and lateral approximants: listen ð Greek contrasts voiced and voiceless palatal fricatives: listen Other Consonants (8) Velar: listen

•voiceless velar fricative [x] • [Ä] •voiced velar approximant [ å] •voiced velar lateral approximant [;]

ð Greek has velar fricatives: listen ð Zulu has a velar lateral: listen Other Consonants (9)

Uvular: listen

•voiceless [q] ~ fricative [ X] •voiced uvular stop [ G] ~ fricative [Ò] •voiced uvular nasal [²]

•voiced uvular trill [R]

ð French has uvular fricatives: listen ð Aleut has uvular stops and fricatives: listen Other Consonants (10)

Pharyngeal: listen

• voiceless pharyngeal fricative [ð] • voiced pharyngeal fricative [À]

ð Hebrew has pharyngeal fricatives: listen

Epiglottal: listen

• voiceless epiglottal fricative [ K] • voiced epiglottal fricative [¹] • epiglottal [û]

ð Agul has a pharyngeal and epiglottal sounds: listen Other Consonants (11) Doubly-articulated consonants: sounds that involve the simultaneous use of two articulators. • labio-velars: listen

ð Sometimes represented by one symbol: [] ð Sometimes two symbols with a tie-bar: nasals [Nƒm] and Stops [kp],ƒ [gb]ƒ * Yoruba has labio-velar stops: listen

•voiced labio-palatal approximant [ç]: listen Other Consonants (by manner)

Voiceless Nasals: rare but do occur in some languages. As with other, typically voiced sounds, is indicated with an open-circle diacritic, e.g.: [ m8] voiceless bilabial nasal

ð Burmese has voiceless nasals: listen

Review Ejectives

Stops made with an egressive glottalic airstream mechanism are called ejectives (listen): • bilabial [p’] • dental/alveolar [t’] • velar [k’] • alveolar fricative [s’] • Alveolar [ts’] • palato-alveolar affricate [tS’]

ð Listen to ejectives in Lakhota ð Listen to ejectives in Navajo How Ejectives Are Made

Image from Ladefoged, P. (2001). Course in , 4th Edition. p. 114. Review Implosives Stops made with an ingressive (inward) glottalic airstream mechanism are called implosives (listen).

•bilabial [º] •dental/alveolar [ë ] •palatal [ ×] •velar [© ] •uvular [ý’]

ð Listen to implosives (and ejectives) in Hausa ð Listen to implosives in Sindhi How Implosives Are Made

Image from Ladefoged, P. (2001). Course in Phonetics, 4th Edition. p. 117. Review Clicks Stops made with an ingressive velaric airstream are called clicks (listen).

•bilabial [ ‡] ~ kiss •dental [|] ~ “tsk-tsk” •alveolar [!] ~ tick-tock sound •palato-alveolar [œ] ~ “cluck-cluck” •alveolar : [„] ~ calls a horse

ðListen to clicks in Zulu ðMyriam Makeba’s “The click song” How Clicks Are Made See this

Image from Ladefoged, P. (2001). Course in Phonetics, 4th Edition. p. 120.