A Materialidade Das Práticas Culturais Nas Embalagens De Perfume Do Século XVIII Aos Anos 1920

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A Materialidade Das Práticas Culturais Nas Embalagens De Perfume Do Século XVIII Aos Anos 1920 Fragrâncias visíveis: a materialidade das práticas culturais nas embalagens de perfume do século XVIII aos anos 1920 Maureen Schaefer França* Marilda Lopes Pinheiro Queluz** Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é pontuar historicamente algumas imbricações entre o design de embalagens de perfume, as relações sócio-culturais e a tecnologia, do século XVIII aos anos 1920. A delimitação deste período deve-se à tentativa de pensar a produção dos fragrantes a partir daquilo que Don Slater chama de início da sociedade de consumo, até o período do final da primeira guerra mundial, quando a indústria segue outros rumos. Buscou-se estudar os envoltórios, em sua materialidade, o modo como constituem e são constituídos por discursos sócio-culturais, questionando ou reproduzindo estereótipos, tradições, convenções sociais e relações de poder. cultura material medeia as atividades humanas, sendo capaz também de proporcionar uma herança cultural palpável às sociedades, contextualizada em determinado período e lugar. Palavras Chave: perfumes, design de embalagens, cultura material, história Abstract The aim of this article is to point historically some imbrication between the perfume bottles design, culture and technology, from the XVIIIth to the 1920 decade. The delimitation of this period is the attempt to think the production of fragrant from what Don Slater calls the beginning of the consumer society until the end of World War I, when the industry follows a different course. We sought to study the perfume bottles on its materiality, the way how they dialog with socio-cultural discourse, questioning or reproducing stereotypes, traditions, social conventions and power relationships. Material culture mediates human activities, and may also provide a tangible cultural heritage to societies, contextualized in a given period and place. Keywords: perfume, packaging design, material culture, history Os artefatos funcionam como índices das transformações sócio-culturais, políticas, econômicas e tecnológicas, podendo expressar valores simbólicos de um determinado período e lugar, construídos ao longo da história. A interpretação dos significados possíveis dos artefatos favorece não apenas a sua compreensão, mas também, a do contexto no qual estão inseridos e dos pensamentos que as pessoas têm sobre o mundo. O objetivo desta pesquisa é refletir sobre algumas imbricações constituídas historicamente entre o design de embalagens de perfume, as relações sócio-culturais e a tecnologia. Neste texto, procurou-se estudar especialmente os frascos de perfume projetados no Ocidente a partir do século XVIII, pois, de acordo com Slater (2002), foi neste contexto que se iniciou a cultura do consumo, que ligada à opção, ao individualismo e ao mercado foi capaz de modificar a relação entre os sujeitos sociais e os artigos de consumo. Os exemplos pontuados vão até os anos 1920, quando o * Mestre em Tecnologia pelo Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia (PPGTE) da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), [email protected] * * Doutora em Comunicação e Semiótica, professora do Departamento de Desenho Industrial e do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Tecnologia (PPGTE) da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR), [email protected] final da primeira guerra mundial traz novos rumos para a indústria e a organização do trabalho, novos contornos para a moda e o comportamento, marcando o início do modernismo. Os perfumes ganharam diversos usos ao longo dos anos, sendo utilizados em práticas culinárias e de higiene, rituais místicos e religiosos, tratamentos terapêuticos e medicinais e também como elementos de sedução e beleza. A vida social tornou-se menos cerimoniosa no espaço doméstico durante o século XVIII. Novos espaços de sociabilidade doméstica surgiram (STRICKLAND, 1999). Os sujeitos procuravam demonstrar sua posição social através de móveis, tecidos e objetos decorativos da moda, mas também viver e oferecer momentos prazerosos (BRUNT, 1982). A elite passou a preferir as linhas curvas do rococó, em vez da retangularidade do estilo regência, em voga até então. O rococó parece refletir as frivolidades e ociosidades das classes favorecidas e a sua busca por prazer, conforto e elegância que se refletem nas artes, na arquitetura, na moda e no design. O estilo passa ser visto como uma referência de luxo e delicadeza, ganhando forma através de linhas ondulantes, curvas em “c” e “s”, acabamentos dourados, cores pastéis e coloridas, tecidos estampados com temas da natureza como flores, pássaros, conchas e cenas graciosas da sociedade. A materialização do rococó em objetos do dia-a-dia, como o frasco de perfume, pode indicar não apenas a disseminação de uma moda, mas revelar o desejo da sociedade pelas coleções e por sistemas de artefatos que apresentem a mesma linguagem formal, conferindo harmonia e organização visual ao ambiente doméstico. Os envoltórios parecem funcionar como peças decorativas que se combinam com os mobiliários. Os frascos de perfume pareciam vasos em miniaturas, embora existissem exemplos de envoltórios figurativos, na maioria, antropomórficos ou zoomórficos. No século XVIII, há um boom de frascos figurativos, criados a partir de referências históricas e sócio-culturais, um fenômeno que Moles (1971) associou à manifestação do Kitsch. Eles são moldados a partir de formatos variados como gatos, pássaros, palhaços, frutas e flores. A manufatura de Meissen, na Alemanha, fundada em 1709, pelo grão-duque da Saxônia, deu grande acento à pesquisa e a experiência em utensílios de porcelana, tornando-se referência no continente europeu (MORAES, 1999). O gosto pelo exótico permeou a criação de muitos envoltórios de perfume, empregando referências descoladas do seu contexto original. O desenvolvimento do capital e da indústria atingiu uma escala significativa no final do século XVIII. As novas fábricas mudaram o cenário europeu, tornando-se uma das paisagens mais visitadas por viajantes e retratadas por artistas. Simultaneamente a este clima de progresso, aumentava a preferência dos consumidores pelas antiguidades clássicas. O interesse pelo progresso e pelo passado eram fenômenos relacionados. O desejo de ver princípios e designs clássicos aplicados à vida contemporânea vinha, em parte, da vontade de suprimir da consciência a imprevisibilidade da mudança trazida pelos avanços tecnológicos. Isto porque muitas pessoas relacionavam o período clássico a uma época de paz, estabilidade e harmonia, uma referência segura para tempos incertos. O gosto pelas peças clássicas fazia parte do movimento neoclássico, que se desenvolveu nas décadas de 1750 e 1760 e dominou parte da Europa no final do século XVIII e início do XIX. O neoclassicismo pretendia recuperar para a arte, o design e a moda, a pureza de forma e expressão que julgava faltar no estilo rococó. Segundo Forty (2007), não se tratava de reproduções servis da Antiguidade, pois os designers buscavam usar suas formas e imagens para camuflar os avanços, que poderiam causar dúvidas nos consumidores. A douração de produtos, usada na moda rococó, foi deixada de lado. O repertório do neoclassicismo era composto por poucas cores e, em especial, o branco, que lembrava a cor das estátuas clássicas genuínas. Usavam-se também relevos e silhuetas de imagens clássicas, além de adornos, frisos e materiais simulados, que buscavam dar uma aparência antiga convincente aos produtos. A demanda por objetos neoclássicos atingiu as fábricas de cerâmicas, que passaram a produzir uma nova gama de produtos, tais como urnas, vasos e camafeus, para compor coerentemente os ambientes neoclássicos (FORTY, 2007). O estilo neoclássico permeou, inclusive, as criações de frascos de perfume. Alguns destes foram fabricados em jaspe, um material com textura semelhante à do mármore desenvolvido por Josiah Wedgwood (1730-1795). Sob o governo de Luís XV (1710-1774), a indústria francesa de vidro se desenvolveu enormemente. Em 1767, a França parou de importar frascos de cristal da Boêmia, fundando a Verrerie de Saint Louis, precursora da Cristallerie de Bacarrat. Sob os auspícios do ministro Jean- Baptiste Colbert, a vidraria Bacarrat tornou-se famosa pelo seu trabalho de alta qualidade em cristal, inaugurando a fama que muitos frascos de perfume desfrutam até hoje. Mas, ainda assim, os perfumes continuavam acessíveis apenas às classes altas e médias (ASHCAR, 2001). O rol de fragrâncias aumentou com o passar das décadas. Alimentava-se o gosto por fragrâncias mais doces, florais e de frutas, mas também por fragrantes exóticos e fortes, para evocar luxo e prestígio. Grandes nomes foram lançados na perfumaria mundial: Jean-Louis Fargeon (1748- 1806), provedor oficial de perfumes para Maria Antonieta, e Jean-François Houbigant (1752-1807), que desenvolveu fragrâncias especiais para os Bonaparte (ASHCAR, 2001). Durante a Revolução Francesa, o mercado da perfumaria regrediu, mas com a ascensão de Napoleão ao poder, a indústria voltou a prosperar novamente. A aristocracia ganhou destinatários personalizados, ornados com símbolos da realeza e iniciais dos monarcas. Estojos de couro, madeira e pérola eram usados pela realeza para guardar frascos de perfume, sofisticando ainda mais o ato de se perfumar. Há um exemplar que pertenceu à Maria Antonieta (1755-1793), trazendo símbolos gravados em ouro referentes à rainha consorte da França . O estojo, feito de couro marrom, tinha o formato semelhante a de um livro. Para Napoleão Bonaparte (1769-1821) foi desenvolvido um frasco longo e estreito para ser levado dentro da bota durante os períodos de
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