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Crusadesmilitary expeditions, beginning in the late 11th centurythat were organized by western European Christians in response to centuries of Muslim wars of expansion. Their objectives were to check the spread of Islamto retake control of the Holy Land in the eastern Mediterraneanto conquer pagan areas, and to recapture formerly Christian territories; they were seen by many of their participants as a means of redemption and expiation for sins. Betweenwhen the First Crusade was launched, andwhen the Latin Christians were finally expelled from their kingdom in Syriathere were numerous expeditions to the Holy Land, to Spainand even to the Baltic ; the Crusades continued for several centuries after Crusading declined rapidly during the Crusade: Qadj v. 2 century with the advent of the Protestant Reformation Crusade: Qadj v. 2 the decline of papal authority. There were at least eight Crusades. The First Crusade lasted from to The Second Crusade began in and ended in The Third Crusade started in and was concluded in The Fourth Crusade got Crusade: Qadj v. 2 in and ended in The Fifth Crusade: Qadj v. 2 lasted from until The Sixth Crusade occurred in — The Seventh Crusade began in and ended in And the Eighth Crusade took place in There were also smaller Crusades against dissident Christian sects within Europe, including the Albigensian Crusade — The Crusades were organized by western European Christians after centuries of Muslim wars of expansion. Their primary objectives were to stop the expansion of Muslim states, to reclaim for Christianity the Holy Land in the Middle East, and to recapture territories that had formerly been Christian. Many participants also believed that undertaking what they saw as holy war was a means of redemption and Crusade: Qadj v. 2 way of achieving expiation of sins. Louis led the last two Crusades. The First Crusade, called in response to a request for help from the Byzantine emperor Alexius Comnenuswas astonishingly successful. The Crusaders conquered Nicaea in Turkey and Antioch and then went on to seize Jerusalemand they established a string of Crusader-ruled states. Richard signed Crusade: Qadj v. 2 peace treaty with Saladin allowing Christians access to Jerusalem. The Fourth Crusade—rather than attacking Egyptthen the centre of Muslim power—sacked the Byzantine Christian city of Constantinople. None of the following Crusades were successful. The Crusades slowed the advance of Islamic Crusade: Qadj v. 2 and may have prevented western Europe from falling under Muslim suzerainty. The Crusader states extended trade with the Crusade: Qadj v. 2 world, bringing new tastes and foods to Europe. Crusade: Qadj v. 2 Crusades had a marked impact on the development of Western historical literature, bringing a plethora of chronicles and eyewitness accounts. However, Constantinople never returned to its former glory after being sacked by the Fourth Crusade, and the schism between Eastern and Roman Catholic Christianity was Crusade: Qadj v. 2 entrenched. The Islamic world saw the Crusaders as cruel invaders, which helped engender distrust and resentment toward the Christian world. Approximately two-thirds of the ancient Christian world had been conquered by Muslims by the end of the 11th century, including the important regions of PalestineSyriaEgyptand Anatolia. The Crusades, attempting to check this advance, initially enjoyed success, founding a Christian state in Palestine and Syria, but the continued growth of Islamic states ultimately reversed those gains. By the 14th century the Ottoman Turks had established themselves in the Balkans and would penetrate deeper into Europe despite repeated efforts to repulse them. The Crusades constitute a controversial chapter in the history of Christianityand their excesses have been the subject of centuries of historiography. The Crusades also played an integral role in the expansion Crusade: Qadj v. 2 medieval Europe. Crusades Article Media Additional Info. Article Contents. Print print Print. Table Of Contents. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Thomas F. See Article History. Crusaders departing for the Holy Land, chromolithograph of a 15th-century illuminated manuscript. Top Questions. Read more below: The First Crusade and the establishment of the Latin states. Read more below: The results of the Crusades. Load Next Page. Second Crusade - Wikipedia

Nevertheless, the religious fervour it excited helped to initiate the Fifth Crusade It was arguably the first European youth movement. Reports in the chronicles often amount to no more than a line or two, and other sources are fragmentary and at times unreliably embellished. For example, scholars of the period have debated whether the movement was really a Crusade and whether the participants were really young people. Crusades could come into existence only with papal approval, and Pope Innocent III — never summoned it. Moreover, the Crusade: Qadj v. 2 recognized their vow as valid. Were the pueri really young people? Yet, this by no means rules out their youthfulness. In addition, several chroniclers noted that some parents imprisoned their children in their homes to prevent them from joining. Preaching aroused collective enthusiasm, particularly in areas with a long tradition of Crusading, as in the town of Chartres and its surrounding region the Chartrain in north-central France. Beginning at the time of Crusade: Qadj v. 2 First Crusade in the late 11th century and continuing into the 13th century, successive waves of Crusading fervour swept over this region. During the winter of and the spring Crusade: Qadj v. 2 the Albigensian Crusade was preached against the heretical Cathars of southern France, resulting in strong military recruitment from the Chartrain. A Muslim invasion from North Africa in led to the fall of the castle of Salvatierra in A climactic battle was expected by Pentecost in Pope Innocent III anxiously attempted to mobilize the prayers of Christians on behalf of the threatened Spanish church by holding processions in Rome on May 16, It is likely that similar processions were held at Chartres on May In all probability, a shepherd boy, Stephen of Cloyesand some of his fellow workers took part in them. The anonymous chronicler of Laon says that Stephen was instructed by a poor pilgrim—who was actually Jesus—to deliver letters to King Philip II of France. Nothing is revealed about the contents of these letters, if indeed they existed, nor of any meeting with the king. The king, however, ordered the pueri to disperse. Although nothing further is known of Stephen, bands of French pueri may have then headed north and east to the town of Saint-Quentin. At this point the French pueri disappear from the historical record, their whereabouts Crusade: Qadj v. 2, but it is possible that some of them arrived in Crusade: Qadj v. 2 German city of Cologne about July 14— There is reason to suppose that there Crusade: Qadj v. 2 French puerias well as pueri from the region between France and Germany, among them. Little is known about Nicholas except that he originated from the countryside near Cologne and carried a cross shaped like a T the tau crosswhich was his charismatic emblem. Invoking the biblical Exodus from Egypt and the parting of the Red Seathey proclaimed that the Mediterranean Sea would part for them, a motif of divine election that implies some degree of identification with the Israelites. Nicholas then led the pueri across the Alps to the Italian Crusade: Qadj v. 2 of Piacenza and Genoawhere, however, they failed to find a ship to take them to the Holy Land. Their ultimate fate remains uncertain; some of them might have traveled by ship to Marseillewhile others apparently journeyed to Rome to ask papal officials to nullify or defer their Crusade vows. Of the more than 7, pueri who arrived in Genoa, many remained— cheap labour was needed there and in other thriving Italian cities. Thus, what began as a popular Crusade probably ended as a massive labour migration. Few of the Crusaders returned from their journey; most died of hunger or thirst or were drowned at sea, while others were sold as slaves. Less than one year later he summoned the Fifth Crusade. Its evocative themes still delight the Crusade: Qadj v. 2 imagination. Children's Crusade Article Additional Info. Article Contents. Print print Print. Table Of Contents. Facebook Twitter. Give Feedback External Websites. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article requires login. External Websites. See Article History. Britannica Quiz. Get exclusive access to content from our First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe Crusade: Qadj v. 2. Learn More in these related Britannica articles:. The same strong feelings of piety and righteousness that led knights to take Crusade: Qadj v. 2 cross and march to war also affected Crusade: Qadj v. 2 common people, who lacked the wealth or training to do Crusade: Qadj v. 2 same. The repeated failure of the organized Crusades to reclaim…. Jerusalemancient city of the Middle East that since has been wholly under the rule of the State of Israel. Long an object of veneration and conflict, the holy city of Jerusalem has been governed, both as a provincial town and…. Islammajor world religion promulgated by the Prophet Muhammad in Arabia in the 7th century ce. History at your fingertips. Sign up here to see what happened On This Dayevery day in your inbox! Email address. By signing up, you agree to our Privacy Notice. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. List of 9 Crusades to the Holy Land - History Lists

Northern Crusades — The Second Crusade — was the second major crusade launched from Europe. The Second Crusade was started in response to the fall of the County of Edessa in to the forces of Zengi. While it was the first Crusader state to be founded, it was also the first to fall. The armies of the two kings marched separately across Europe. After crossing Byzantine territory into Anatoliaboth armies were separately defeated by the Seljuk Turks. The main Western Christian source, Odo of Deuiland Syriac Christian sources claim that the Byzantine Emperor Manuel I Komnenos secretly hindered the crusaders' progress, particularly in Anatolia, where he is alleged to have deliberately ordered Turks to attack them. Louis and Conrad and the remnants of their armies reached Jerusalem Crusade: Qadj v. 2 participated in in an ill-advised attack on Damascus. The crusade in the east was a failure for the crusaders and a great victory for the Muslims. It would ultimately have a key influence on the fall of Jerusalem and give rise to the Third Crusade at the end of the 12th century. The only significant Christian success of the Second Crusade came to a combined force of 13, Flemish, Frisian, Crusade: Qadj v. 2, English, Scottish, and German crusaders in Travelling from England, by ship, to the Holy Landthe army stopped and helped the smaller 7, Portuguese army in the capture of Lisbonexpelling its Moorish occupants. After the First Crusade and the minor Crusade ofthere were three crusader states established in the east: the Kingdom of Jerusalemthe Principality of Antioch and the County of Edessa. A fourth, the County of Tripoliwas established in Edessa was the most northerly of these, and also the weakest and least populated; as such, it was subject to frequent attacks from the surrounding Muslim states ruled by the OrtoqidsDanishmends and Seljuq Turks. Baldwin and Joscelin were both captured a second time inand although Edessa recovered somewhat after the Battle of Azaz inJoscelin was killed in battle in Joscelin had also quarreled with the Count of Tripoli and the Prince of Antioch, leaving Edessa with no powerful allies. Meanwhile, the Seljuq ZengiAtabeg of Mosulhad added to his rule in Aleppothe key to power in Syria, contested between the rulers of Mosul and Damascus. In lateJoscelin II allied with the Ortoqids and marched out of Crusade: Qadj v. 2 with almost his entire army to support the Ortoqid army against Aleppo. Zengi, already seeking to take advantage of Fulk's death inhurried north to besiege Crusade: Qadj v. 2which fell to him after a month on 24 December Manasses of HiergesPhilip of Milly and others were sent from Jerusalem to assist, but arrived too late. Joscelin II continued to rule the remnants of the Crusade: Qadj v. 2 from Turbesselbut little by little the rest of the Crusade: Qadj v. 2 was captured by Muslims or sold to the Byzantines. Zengi himself was praised throughout Islam as "defender of the faith" and Crusade: Qadj v. 2 al-Mansur"the victorious king". He did not pursue an attack on the remaining territory of Edessa, or the Principality of Antioch, as was feared. Events in Mosul compelled him to return home, and he once again set his sights on Damascus. However, he was assassinated by a slave in and was succeeded in Aleppo by his son Nur ad-Din. The news of the fall of Edessa Crusade: Qadj v. 2 brought back to Europe first by pilgrims early inand then by embassies from Antioch, Jerusalem and Armenia. The initial response to the new crusade bull was poor, and it in fact had to be reissued when it was clear that Louis VII of France would be taking part in the expedition. Louis VII had also been considering a new expedition independently of the Pope, which he announced to his Christmas court at Bourges in It is debatable whether Louis was planning a crusade of his own or in fact a pilgrimage, as he wanted to fulfil a vow made by his dead brother Philip to go to the Holy Land. It Crusade: Qadj v. 2 probable that Louis had made this decision independently of hearing about Quantum Praedecessores. In any case, Abbot Suger and other nobles were not in favour of Louis's plans, as he would be gone from the kingdom for several years. Louis consulted Bernard of Clairvauxwho referred him back to Eugene. By now Louis would have definitely heard about the papal bull, and Eugene enthusiastically supported Louis's crusade. The bull was reissued on 1 Marchand Eugene authorized Bernard to preach the news throughout France. Louis VII of Francehis wife, Eleanor of Aquitaineand the princes and lords present prostrated themselves at the feet of Bernard to receive the pilgrims' cross. Bernard then passed into Germany, and the reported miracles which multiplied almost at his every step undoubtedly contributed to the success of his mission. For all his overmastering zeal, Bernard was by nature neither a bigot nor a persecutor. As in the First Crusade, the preaching inadvertently led to attacks on Jews ; a fanatical French monk named Rudolf Crusade: Qadj v. 2 apparently inspiring massacres of Jews in the RhinelandCologneMainzWorms and Speyerwith Crusade: Qadj v. 2 claiming Jews were not contributing financially to the rescue of the Holy Land. Bernard, the Archbishop of Cologne and the Archbishop of Mainz were vehemently opposed to these attacks, and so Bernard traveled from Flanders to Germany to deal with the problem and quiet the mobs. Bernard then found Rudolf in Mainz and was able to silence him, returning him to his monastery. The north German Saxons were reluctant. Approving of the Saxons' plan, Eugenius issued a papal bull known as the Divina dispensatione on 13 April. This bull stated that there was to be no difference between the spiritual rewards of the different crusaders. Those who volunteered to crusade against the pagan Slavs were primarily DanesSaxons and Poles[15] although there were also some Bohemians. The campaign itself was led by Saxon families such Crusade: Qadj v. 2 the AscaniansWettin and Schauenburgers. Upset by German participation in the crusade, the Obotrites Crusade: Qadj v. 2 invaded Wagria in Holstein in Juneleading to the march of the crusaders in late summer After expelling the Obodrites from Christian territory, the crusaders targeted the Obodrite fort at Dobin and the Liutizian fort at Demmin. When some crusaders advocated ravaging the countryside, others objected by asking, "Is not the land we are devastating our land, and the people we are fighting our people? After an unsuccessful siege of Demmin, a contingent of crusaders was diverted by the margraves to attack Pomerania instead. According to Bernard of Clairvaux, the goal of the crusade was to battle the pagan Slavs "until such a time as, by God's help, they shall either be converted or deleted". However, the crusade failed to achieve the conversion of most of the Wends. The Saxons achieved largely token conversions at Dobin, as the Slavs resorted to their pagan beliefs once the Christian armies dispersed. Albert of Pomerania explained, "If they had come to strengthen the Christian faith By the end of the crusade, the countryside of Mecklenburg and Pomerania was plundered and depopulated with much bloodshed, especially by the troops of Henry the Lion. The Slavic inhabitants also lost much of their methods of production, limiting their resistance in the future. In the spring ofthe Pope authorized the expansion of the crusade into the Iberian peninsulain the context of the Reconquista. Bad weather forced the ships to stop on the Portuguese coast, at the northern city of Porto on 16 June There they were convinced to meet with King Afonso I of Portugal. The crusaders agreed to help the King attack Lisbonwith a solemn agreement that offered to them the pillage of the city's goods and the Crusade: Qadj v. 2 money for expected prisoners. The Siege of Lisbon lasted from 1 July to 25 October when, after four months, the Moorish rulers agreed to surrender, primarily due to hunger within the city. Most of the crusaders settled in the Crusade: Qadj v. 2 captured city, but some of them set sail and continued to the Holy Land. With support from a Genoese — Pisan navy, the city was occupied in October Ramon Berenguer then invaded the lands of the Almoravid taifa kingdom of Valencia and Murcia. In Decemberhe captured Tortosa after a five-month siege again with the help of French, Anglo-Normans and Genoese crusaders. The professional soldiers of the Muslim states, who were usually ethnic Turkstended to be very well-trained and equipped. The basis of the military system in the Islamic Middle East was the iqta' system of fiefs, which supported a certain number of troops in every district. The ahdath militia, though less well trained than the Turkish professional troops, were often very strongly motivated by religion, especially the concept of jihad. Further support came from Turkoman and Kurdish Crusade: Qadj v. 2, who could be called upon in times of war, though these forces were prone to indiscipline. Damascus was supposedly ruled by the Burid amirs Crusade: Qadj v. 2 Damascus, but Anur, who commanded the military, was the real ruler of the city. The historian David Nicolle described Anur as an able general and diplomat, also well known as a patron of the arts. Because the Burid dynasty was displaced in by the Zangid dynasty, Anur's role in repulsing the Second Crusade has been largely erased with historians and chroniclers loyal to the Crusade: Qadj v. 2 giving the credit to Anur's rival, Nur ad-Din Zangi, the amir of Aleppo. The German contingent comprised about 20, knights; the French contingent had about knights from the king's lands while the nobility raised smaller numbers of knights; and the Kingdom of Jerusalem had about knights and 6, infantrymen. The French knights Crusade: Qadj v. 2 to fight on horseback, while the German knights liked to fight on foot. The Byzantine Greek chronicler John Kinnamos wrote "the French are particularly capable of riding horseback in good order and attacking with the spear, and their cavalry surpasses that of the Germans in speed. The Germans, however, are able to fight on foot better than the French and excel in using the great sword". Conrad III was considered to be a brave knight, though often described as indecisive in moments of crisis. Stephen, King of England did not participate in the second Crusade: Qadj v. 2 due to internal conflicts. The Germans had already decided to travel overland through Hungary; they regarded the sea route as politically impractical because Roger II of Sicily was Crusade: Qadj v. 2 enemy of Conrad. Crusade: Qadj v. 2 of the French nobles distrusted the land route, which would take them through the Byzantine Empirethe reputation of which still Crusade: Qadj v. 2 from the accounts of the First Crusaders. Nevertheless, the French decided to follow Conrad, and to set out on 15 June. Roger II took offence and refused to participate any longer. The Germans planned to set out at Easterbut did not leave until May. The German crusaders, accompanied by the papal legate and cardinal Theodwinintended to meet the French in Constantinople. When the German army of 20, men arrived in Byzantine territory, Emperor Manuel I Komnenos feared they were going to attack him, and had Byzantine troops posted to ensure against trouble. A brief skirmish with some Crusade: Qadj v. 2 the more unruly Germans occurred near Philippopolis and in Adrianoplewhere the Byzantine general Prosouch fought with Conrad's nephew, the future emperor Frederick I Barbarossa. To make matters worse, some of the German soldiers were killed in a flood at the beginning of September. On 10 September, however, they arrived at Constantinople, where relations with Manuel were poor, resulting in a battleafter which the Germans became convinced that they should cross into Asia Minor as quickly as possible. Conrad split his army into two divisions. Much of the authority of the Byzantine Empire in the western provinces of Asia Minor was more nominal than real, with much of the provinces being a no-man's land controlled by Turkish nomads. In battle, the Turks used their typical tactic of pretending to retreat, and then returning to attack the small force of German cavalry which had separated from the main army to chase them. Conrad began a slow retreat back to Constantinople, his army harassed daily by the Turks, who attacked stragglers and defeated the rearguard. The other division of the German force, led by the King's half-brother, Bishop Otto of Freisinghad marched south to the Mediterranean coast and was similarly defeated early in The majority of Otto's force were either killed in battle or captured and sold into slavery. A force from Provenceled by Alphonse of Toulouse, chose to wait until August, and to cross by sea. At WormsLouis joined with crusaders from Normandy and England. Relations within Byzantine territory were also grim, and the Lorrainers, who had marched ahead of the rest of the French, also came into conflict with the slower Germans whom they met on the way. Manuel did this to Crusade: Qadj v. 2 himself a free hand Crusade: Qadj v. 2 concentrate on defending his empire from the Crusaders, who had gained a reputation for theft and treachery since the First Crusade and were widely suspected of harbouring sinister designs on Constantinople. Nevertheless, Manuel's relations with the French army were somewhat better than with the Germans, and Louis was entertained lavishly in Constantinople.