Index

Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables. abduction see Gestalt psychological theory Arc¸towski, Henryk (1871–1958), 1897–99 Antarctic accidents, volcanoes as 117, 124 expedition 388, 389, 390 actualism 86–87 Arenal volcano 127, 128, 129 work of Hugo Kołła˛taj 82, 84–85 eruption 135, 136 aeolian processes 147–148 Observatory 137 Agassiz, Alexander (1835–1910), coral Argentina atoll formation 192 geoscience education 315 Agassiz, Louis (1807–1873) La Plata Museum 1884–1906, 317–324 Glacial Theory 59–60, 191–192 Andes expeditions 321 Brazil 186 Santa Cruz expeditions 318–319 age correlation 97 Patagonian geology Agricola (Georg Bauer) (1494–1555) 141, 143, 172 work of Moreno 1875–1880, 316–317, 319 De Re Metallica (1556) 205 pre-1870 316 Akiyoshi Orogeny 255, 256 work of Frenguelli 240–249 Al-Ghaza¯lı¯ (1058–1111) 73–74 anthropology and archaeology 242–243 Albertus Magnus (1200–80), natural philosophy 74 stratigraphy 243–244 Alfaro, Anastasio (1865–1951), on Costa Rican Argentina Boundary Commission, border with Chile volcanoes 131 320–321, 322, 323 Alpine tectonics 3, 30 Aristotle (384–322 BC) 73, 74 INHIGEO excursions 51 and Christianity 74 work of Arnold Escher 108–113 Armenia, excursions 41 Ambartsumian, A., 1967 Yerevan Constituent arteriodactyls, Central America 157 Assembly 23 asphalt Ameghino, Carlos (1865–1936) La Plata Mexico 413 Museum 317, 318 Western Australia 429, 433 Ameghino, Florentino (1854–1911) La Plata Atwater, Tanya, plate tectonics 212 Museum 317, 318 Aubuisson de Voisins, Jean d’ (1769–1841), sediment amphibians, palaeontology, Central America 156 transport 147 Amundsen, Roald Engelbregt Gravning (1872–1928), Augustine of Hippo (AD 354–430) theory of forms 72 1910–1912 Norwegian Antarctic Expedition Australia 389, 393, 395 influence of Eurocentric geological ideas 65 Anaximander (610–546 BC) 73 INHIGEO excursions 45, 49, 50, 53 Anaximenes (585–525 BC) 73 mining history 64 Andes oil prospecting 425–434 La Plata Museum expeditions 321 oil refineries 434 uplift 149–150 petroleum importation 427–428 andesite 132 women in geology 209, 211, 212 Andrews, Mahala 206 Austria (Habsburg Monarchy) Angelin, Nils Peter (1805–1876) 349 eighteenth and nineteenth century Anker, Mathias Joseph (1771–1843), geognostic geology 263–268 map 266 geognosy 264–266 Anning, Mary (1799–1847) 207 Geologische Reichsanstalt, Vienna 263, 266–267 Antarctica, geological research 1895–1922 387–397 Geological Map 267, 268 Apatosaurus 194 Hofkammer fu¨rMu¨nz- und Bergwesen 264, 265 applied sciences, and geomorphology 148, 149 mineral collections 265–266 Aquinas, Thomas (1225–1274), Aristotelian mineralogy 264–265 philosophy 74 mining 264–265 archaeology, Central America 164–165 Naturaliencabinet 266 Archaeopteryx Auvergne, INHIGEO excursions 58 Eichsta¨tt Seminary 70 Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (c. 980–1037), origin of quarry excursion 35, 45, 52 mountains 141 Arctic Ocean, ‘Arctic Paradox’ 101 Axial Age 73 438 INDEX

Azcona, J.M.L. (1907–1996) 14,17 Born, Ignaz von (1742–1791) 264 1967 Yerevan Constituent Assembly 23 Borysław, oil reserves 404, 405, 406–410 Azuero Peninsula, vertebrate palaeontology 159, 161 Bowen, Norman L. (1887–1956), temperature/pressure measurement 178 Bacon, Roger (1214–1294) 141 Bradshaw, Margaret 206 Baja California, mining 305 Branagan, David 29, 31–32, 36 Bajo Barrantes, vertebrate palaeontology 159, 161 Brazil, glaciation, work of Agassiz 186 balances 171–172 Bridgman, Percy Williams (1882–1961), pressure Ba¨llefors, fieldwork of Murchison 360 apparatus 174 Baltica 97, 98 British Geological Survey 289 Baltzer, Armin (1842–1913), Alpine tectonics Bromell, Magnus von (1679–1731), Swedish mineralogy 112, 113, 114 and palaeontology 343–344 Banska´ Sˇtiavnica mining academy 264, 265 Brongersma-Sanders, Margarethe (1905–1996) 212 Ba´rcena, Mariano (1841–1899), geological education, Brongniart, Alexandre (1770–1847) 327 Mexico 297, 309 Brontosaurus 194 Barszczewski, Leon (1849–1910), work in Bowdich, Mrs T.E. see Lee, Sara Central Asia 380 Bruce, William Speirs (1867–1921), 1902–1904 Scottish Barus, Carl (1856–1935), temperature 173 National Antarctic Expedition 389, 392 Barva volcano 128, 129, 130, 131, 133 Buat, Pierre du (1734–1809), streamflow 146 Basalla’s model, vertebrate palaeontology 162–163 Buch, Leopold von (1774–1853) Central America 163–164, 165–166 andesite 132 Bascom, Florence (1862–1945) 209 elevation craters 106 Beausoleil, Martine de (c.1600-c.1642) 205, 207 Geognostische Karte...(1826) 371 Beaux, Cecilia (1855–1942) 207 Pierre a` Bot 60 Beijing, INHIGEO excursions 50, 53 Russian fossils 219, 222 belemnites, stretched, work of Escher 110, 111 Buckland, Mary (1797–1857) 207, 208 Belize, vertebrate palaeontology 156, 159 Buckland, William (1784–1856) 77 Belyavsky, N.A. (1913–1978) 10, 18 Diluvialism 142, 191 Benett, Etheldred (1776–1845) 207, 208 Buckley, Arabella (1840–1929) 207 Bennett, Floyd (1890–1928), North Pole Buenos Aires Public Museum 315 flight 194–195 Buenos Aires University 315 Berghes, Carl von (1792–1869), Gnostical Map of the Buffon, George-Louis Leclerc, Compte de (1707–1788) State of Mexico 291, 305, 306 86, 87, 142 Bergman, Torbern (1735–1784) 349 natural history 122 Bernoulli, Daniel (1700–1782), streamflow 146 Burckhardt, Carl (1869–1935) 317, 323, 324 Berzelius, Jo¨ns Jacob (1779–1848) 345, 347, 349 Buridan, Jean (1300–1358) 141 meeting with Murchison 361–362 Burkart, Joseph (1798–1874), Mexican geology Bible, world view 83, 142, 183 291–292, 305 Bieliukas, Kazimieras 21 Burmeister, Hermann (1807–1892), La Plata Museum birds, palaeontology, Central America 157 315–316, 317, 318 Bison, Central America 157 Burnet, Thomas (1635–1715), Noah’s Flood 142 bitumen Bustamante, Jose´ Marı´a, Mexican geology 291 Australia 426–427, 429, 433 Byrd, Richard Evelyn Jr (1888–1957), North Pole Mexico 414 flight 194–195 Black, Joseph (1728–1799), balances 171, 172 Blasius, Johann Heinrich (1809–1870), Moscow Basin Caledonian orogeny 98 expedition 222–223 California, INHIGEO excursions 45, 53 Bogdanov, Alexey A. (1907–1971) 9, 10, 18 Camerosaurus 194 Bogdanov, Anatoly Petrovich (1834–1896) 217 Campi Flegrei, Monte Nuovo 120 Bohdanowicz, Karol (1864–1947), work in Central Asia Canada, INHIGEO excursions 52 381–382 Carpathian Mountains, oil 402, 403, 404–406 Bonifa´cio de Andrada e Silva, Jose´ (1763–1838), Carpenter, Nathanael (1589–1628), Creationism 142 University of Coimbra 280 Castelli, Benedetto (1577–1644), streamflow 146 Borchgrevink, Carsten Egebert (1864–1934), 1898–1900 Castillo, Antonio del (1820–1895) Southern Cross Antarctic expedition 387, geological map of Mexico 298, 299, 310 389,390 Mexican geology 292–293, 294, 297, 298, 307–308 Bork, Kennard, INHIGEO Secretary-General 30, 31, work with Humboldt 305 32–35 Catastrophism 142, 148 INDEX 439

Central America Cold War, and INHIGEO 57–58 instability and economic hardship 165 Columbia supercontinent 98 Spanish colonialism 165 Commission on Geological Exploration of the USSR vertebrate palaeontology 155–166 (KOGI) 21–27 1858–1936 discoveries 159–160 V.V.Tikhomirov 21–26 1937–1980 discoveries 160–161 continental crust 93 1980–present discoveries 161–162 continental drift, work of Alfred Wegener 93, 96, 394 and archaeology 164–165 continental margins 149, 150 Basalla’s model 163–164, 165–166 controversies, in history of geoscience 4, 190–196 hindrances to 165 convection currents 95, 97 land bridge 157–158 Cooper, Barry see also Costa Rica history of geoscience 63–66 Central American seaway 155, 156 INHIGEO Secretary-General 30, 35–39 Central Asia, work of Polish geologists 379–385 Coorongite 427 Central University, China, geology 199 Cope, Edward Drinker (1840–1897), ‘Bone Wars’ Chamberlin, Thomas C. (1843–1928), 192–194 multiple hypotheses 186–187 Cope, John Lachan (1893–1947), 1920–1922 British chance 76 Imperial Antarctic Expedition 389, 396–397 Chang, H.T. (1877–1951) 334, 337 Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543) 141, 143 A Brief History of the Development of Chinese Geology coral atoll formation 192 (1937) 334 Cordier, Pierre-Louis-Antoine (1777–1861), history of geology in China 199, 333, 334–335 microscopes 172, 176 Changchun College of Geology 200 cosmogony, work of Hugo Kołła˛taj 84 Charcot, Jean-Baptiste Etienne Auguste (1867–1936), cosmology, early, and volcanoes 119 French Antarctic Expeditions 389, 392 Costa Rica Charleston 1886 earthquake, work of Dutton 234 Electricity Institute 136, 137 Charpentier, Jean de (1786–1855), glaciation 59–60 geothermal potential 136 Chengdu College of Geology 200 National Institute of Physical Geography 133 Che´zy, Antoine de (1718–1798), streamflow 146, 148 National Meteorological Institute 133 Chichibu Geosyncline 255 National Museum 133, 164 Chigaku, work of Kobayashi 259–261 research and training 137–138 China seismological networks 137 higher education in geology 199–202 universities/colleges 132, 133, 135, 136–137, 165 history of geology 200–202, 333–338 vertebrate palaeontology 155, 156, 157, 159, 160–161, 1922–1949 333–335 162, 164 1949–1976 335–336 volcanology 127–138 1980s to present 336–338 10,000BC–AD1502 127–129 Cultural Revolution 335–336 1502–1718 129 INHIGEO excursions 50, 53 1719–1887 129–132 women in geology 212 1888–1925 132–134 China University of Geosciences 200 1926–1962 134–135 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Science in the 1963–present 135–138 Past Decade (1959) 335 Coulomb, Charles Augustin (1736–1806), Chinese Geological Society 333, 337 slope behaviour 147, 148 Chinese Geological Survey 333, 338 Council of Nicaea AD 787 71 Choffat, Le´on Paul (1849–1919), Geological Survey of Council of Trent 1563 69 Portugal 282 Creationism 142, 182–183 Chongqing University, China, geology 199 crocodylians, palaeontology, Central America 156 Chorley, Richard (1927–2002) 145 Cronstedt, Axel Fredrik (1722–1765) 346, 349 Chrysophycean stomatocycts, work of crustal behaviour 145, 149–150 Frenguelli 246, 247 crystalline rocks, nappes 108, 110, 111 coal, Russia 222, 223 Cultural Revolution, impact on Chinese geological coastal processes 147 education 200, 202, 335–336 Cobbold, Elizabeth (1765–1824) 207 Cuvier, Cle´mentine (1809–1827) 208 Coen Paris, Elliott (1921–1997), on Costa Cuvier, Georges (1769–1832) 55, 56 Rican volcanoes 135 Earth history 75, 142 COFRHIGEO 328–330 history of natural sciences 327 Cohen, Fanny (1887–1975) 211 vertebrate palaeontology 162 440 INDEX

Cuvieronius hyodon 157, 158, 164 Dolomieu, De´odat Gratet de (1750–1801) 121, 124 cyclicity 144–145, 148–149 Domeyko, Ignacy (1802–1889), Lithuania 371, 374 Czarniecki, S., Yerevan Constituent Assembly 23 Do´ndoli, Ce´sar (1913–1994), on Costa Rican volcanoes Czekanowski, Aleksander Piotr (1833–1876), 134, 135 work in Siberia 377–378 Drummond Smith, Catherine 211 Czerski, Jan (1845–1892), work in Siberia 378–379 Drygalski, Erich Dagober von (1865–1949), 1901–1903 German National Antarctic expedition 389, 390 Dana, James Dwight (1813–1895) Dubois de Montpereaux, Frederik (1798–1850), map of coral atoll formation 192 Lithuania (1830) 373, 374 mountain building 107, 144 Durand-Delga, Michel (1923–2012), history of geology on sedimentation 233, 236 329–330 D’Arcy, William Knox (1849–1917), Dutton, Clarence Edward (1841–1912) 229–237, 230 Australian oil exploration 429, 432, 434 Charleston 1886 earthquake 234 Darwin, Charles (1809–1882) on Colorado Plateau 230, 231–234 America 131 on isostasy 150, 234–235 coral atoll formation 192 on orogeny 235–236 evolution 75, 188 Powell Survey 230–231 INHIGEO excursion 61 Tertiary History of the Grand Can˜on District 230 Patagonia 316 on volcanism 233–234 Daubre´e, Gabriel Auguste (1814–1896) 176–177 Davis, William Morris (1850–1934) 144–145, 148, 150 Earth De la Beche, Henry (1796–1855) age of 2–3, 75 mountain building 107 contraction of 93 Pierre a` Bot 60 expansion of 3, 96–97, 99–102 deformation, work of Arnold Escher 110–114 earthquakes, and volcanism 133, 134 DeGolyer, Everette Lee (1886–1956) Eaton, Amos (1776–1842), INHIGEO Mexican oil industry 415, 416 excursion 46, 50 Mexican Eagle company 417 edentates, palaeontology, Central America 157 manager 420–421 Edgeworth David, T.W. (1858–1934) Potrero no.4 well 417–419 1907–1909 British Antarctic Expedition 389, 393 The Oil Fields of Mexico...(1916) 421–422 support for women in geology 209, 210 Delgado, Joaquim Filipe Nery da Encarnac¸a˜o (1835– Edinburgh, INHIGEO excursions 49 1908), Geological Survey of Portugal 281, 282, education 283 geosciences 183–185 Delisle de Sales, J.B.C. (1741–1816), cosmogony 85 Argentina 315 denudation 145, 148–149, 150, 233 China 199–202 Deprat, Jacques (1880–1935) 329 fieldwork 184, 186 design 76–77 Japan, work of Kobayashi 259–261 intelligent 77 Lithuania 371–372 Desmarest, Nicolas (1725–1815) 143 Mexico 292, 296, 297 INHIGEO excursion 58 Portugal 279, 280, 285–286 volcanism 121, 124 women 209–211 Devonian, ‘great’ controversy 56, 57 history of science 4, 181–183, 185–187, 190 diamond synthesis 174 Egloffstein, Frederick Wilhelm von (1824–1885), diatoms, work of Frenguelli 245–247 Mexican geology 307 diluvial theory 60, 142, 144 Eichsta¨tt work of Kołła˛taj 83, 84, 85, 88–89 Bishop’s Seminary 69–70 work of Swedenborg 344 natural history collection 70 dinosaurs INHIGEO excursions 34, 45, 52 Argentina 318–319 Jura-Museum 70 Honduras 156, 158 Eichwald, Eduard (1795–1876) Doheny, Edward (1856–1935) Lithuanian palaeontology 373, 374 Huasteca Oil Co. 414, 416 Silurian in Russia 222, 223 Mexican Petroleum Co. 415 El Ebano oilfield 414, 415 Doktorowicz-Hrebnicki, Stanisław (1888–1974) 384 El Hormiguero, vertebrate palaeontology 159, 161 mineralogy in Siberia 385 El Salvador, vertebrate palaeontology 155, 156, 157, 159, Dollfus, Auguste (1840–1869) 308 161, 162 Mexican volcanoes 294–295 Elasmosaurus 194 INDEX 441

Elephant Island, 1914–1917 British Imperial anthropology and archaeology 242–243 Trans-Antarctic (Endurance) Expedition 396 fossils 245–247 elevation craters 106 diatoms 245–247 Elie de Beaumont, Jean-Baptiste (1798–1874), geography and geomorphology 244–245 mountain-building 107, 211, 218 stratigraphy 243–244 Ellenberger, Franc¸ois, COFRHIGEO 328 Upper Palaeozoic 247–249 Elles, Gertrude (1872–1960) 210 Furber, Percy Norman, Mexican oil 414, 415 engineering 148, 149 Enlightenment 142, 143 Gabb, William M. (1839–1878), Mexican Poland 81, 83, 85–86, 401 geology 293, 305 erosion Galeotti, Henri de (1814–1858), Mexican geology 292 cyclicity 144, 149 Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) 141, 143 and sedimentation 233 Geikie, Alice 208 Escher von der Linth, Arnold (1807–1872), Geikie, Archibald (1835–1924) 148, 210, 233 Alpine tectonics 105, 108, 110–113, 266 geodesy, cosmic 102 etchplanation 145, 149 geognosy 264–266 Etna, 1669 eruption 120 Geological History Society of China 336–338 Evolutionism 183 Geological Society of London 2 extinction, end-Permian 56, 57 History of Geology Group (HOGG) 37 Eyles, Victor Ambrose (1895–1978) 13, 14, 15–16, 18 The Age of the Earth Special Publication 190 31 1967 Yerevan Constituent Assembly 23 Geological Society of Western Australia 429, 430, 431 geological surveying 4, 289 Ferguson, David (c. 1857–1936), 1913–14 South Shetland Austria 266–267 Islands Expedition 389, 395–396 France 289 Ferna´ndez de Castro, Manuel (1825–95), Commission Great Britain 289 for the Geological Map of Spain 272, 275–276 Mexico 289–300 Ferrar, Hartley Travers (1879–1932), 1901–1904 British Portugal 280–286 National Antarctic Expedition 391–392 Spain 271–277 fieldwork, in geological education 184, 186 USA 289 Figueiroˆa, Silvia de M. 30, 31, 35 geology Filchner, Wilhelm (1877–1957), 1911–1912 German higher education, China 199–202 South Polar Expedition 389, 395 in art and literature, INHIGEO excursion 45 Fischer, Grigory (1771–1853) 219, 221, 224, 225 and religion 69–78 fish, palaeontology, Central America 155–156 INHIGEO excursion 34, 45 ‘fixism’ 94 and world view 75 Flood, Noachian 60, 142 geomapping, Lithuania 367–371, 374 work of Hugo Kołła˛taj 83, 84, 85, 88–89 geomorphology 3, 141–151, 143 work of Swedenborg 344 and dynamism 148–150 fluid dynamics 146–147, 148, 149, 150 work of Frenguelli 244–245 flysch, work of Zuber 404, 406 ‘geotumours’ 95 folding 95 Gerlache de Gomery, Adrien Victor Joseph de forms, theory of, and Christianity 71, 72, 73 (1866–1934), 1897–99 Antarctic expedition fossil collecting, women 207, 208 388, 389, 390 fossils, and world view 75 Germany France INHIGEO excursions 44, 49, 50, 51, 52 history of geology 327–330 women in geology 208–209, 211 INHIGEO excursions 44, 49, 51, 58, 59 Gerolt, Friedrich von (1797–1879), Gnostical Map Frantzius, Alexander von (1821–1879), on Costa Rican of the State of Mexico 291, 305, 306 volcanoes 131 Gestalt psychological theory 183, 184, 185, 186 Frears, Henry, on Moscow Basin 224, 225 Gibb Maitland, Andrew (1864–1951), Freiberg, INHIGEO excursions 45, 48, 51 Australian oil prospecting 430–433 Freiberg Mining Academy 280, 303, 305, 379 Giedroyc´, Antoni (1848–1909), work in Siberia 379–380 Freiberg School of Mines 209, 265, 266, 290 Gillibert, Jean Emanuel (1741–1814), Frenguelli, Joaquı´n (1883–1958) 239–249, 240 mineralogy of Lithuania 371–372 honours 241–242 glaciation, Brazil 186 Museo de la Plata, Argentina 240–241 Glarus Double Fold model 105–106, 107, 111–113 Triassic and Jurassic stratigraphy 247–248 Glarus flysch 112 Upper Cenozoic 242–247 Glarus Thrust 105, 112 442 INDEX

Glarus Verrucano 112 Helmersen, Gregory Petrovich (1803–1885) 218, 222, Glossopteris 394 223–224 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832), Hendricks, Eileen Mary Lind (1887–1978) 211 excursion 45 Hermelin, Samuel Gustaf (1744–1820) geological maps Golden Age of Islam (c. AD 750–1050) 73 346, 347, 349 gomphotheres, Central America 157, 158, 164 Hia¨rne, Urban (1641–1724), Swedish mineralogy and Gondwana 97, 98, 101 geology 342–343, 349 Gonza´lez Vı´quez, Cleto (1858–1937), on Costa Rican Hildegard von Bingen (1098–1179) 205 volcanoes 132–133, 134 Hill, Dorothy (1907–1997) 212 Gorlice, oil industry 403, 404 Hisinger, Wilhelm (1766–1852), geological maps 346, Gorsky, Ivan I. (1893–1975) 10, 11–12, 14, 18, 26 348, 349, 356 Gra˛bczewski, General Bronisław (1855–1926), work in history Central Asia 380–381 community appreciation of 64 Gracias Formation, vertebrate palaeontology 159, 161 importance of 64 Graells, Mariano de la Paz (1809–1898) 272, 273 understanding of the world 64–65 Graham, Maria (1785–1842) 208 history of geology Grand Canyon, work of Clarence Dutton 230, 232, 233 China 200–202, 333–338 Gravesalvas Group 109 France 327–330 Graz, Natural History Museum Joanneum 266 Lithuania 23, 27, 367–374 Greece, natural philosophy 72–73 Portugal 279–286 Greenly, Annie (1852–1927) 206, 207 Sweden 341–350 Greenough, George (1778–1855) 56 History of Geology Committee of China 200, 202 Grenville orogeny 98 history of geoscience Grochowski, Kazimierz (1873–1937), work in Siberia controversies 4, 190–196 and Asia 383–384 experience of Martin Rudwick 55–62 Guatemala, vertebrate palaeontology 156, 159, 162, 164 Japan, work of Kobayashi 258–259 Guettard, Jean-Ettiene (1715–1786), mineralogical map role of women 4, 31, 205–213 of Poland 368–369 teaching see education, geosciences Guglielmini, Domenico (1655–1710), streamflow 146 what can we learn? 65–66 Guillemin-Tarayre, Edmond (1832–1920), why study it? 63–65 Mexican mineralogy 295, 308 written accounts 2 Guntau, Martin 12, 13, 14,18 history and philosophy of science, education 4, 181–183, Guppy, Eileen M. (1903–1980) 211 185–187, 190 Hitchcock, Edward (1793–1864), INHIGEO Haarmann, A. (1840–1913), geotumours 95 excursion 46, 50 Habsburg Monarchy, geology 263–268 Hitchcock, Orra (1796–1863) 208 Hacquet, Baltazar (1739–1815), on oil seeps 402 Hoffmann, Karl (1823–1859), on Costa Rican Hadrosaurus foulkii 193 volcanoes 131 Hakewill, George (1579–1649), on erosion 143 Hoffmann, Philipp (1817–1888), Eichsta¨tt Seminary 70 Hall, Sir James (1762–1831), pressure apparatus 173, Honduras, vertebrate palaeontology 155, 174–175 156, 159, 161 Halley, Edmund (1656–1742), hydrologic cycle 146 Hooykaas, Reijer (1906–1994) 12, 13, 14, 15, 18 Hare, Robert (1781–1858), blowpipe 176 horses, palaeontology, Central America 157 harmattan 147 hot springs, Costa Rica 131–132, 134 Harmsen, Freda 206 House of Knowledge, Baghdad 73 Hartt, Charles Frederick (1840–1878), Hoyermann, Tekla 211 Brazilian glaciation 186 Hoynigen von Huene, Erika 206 Hastings, Barbara (1817–1858) 207, 208 Hsieh, C.Y. (1898–1966), history of geology Hauthal, Rudolph (1854–1928) 323 in China 199 La Plata Museum 317, 319, 321, 324 Huang, T.K. (1904–1995), history of geology in Haya Ferna´ndez, Diego de la (1675–1740?), China 200, 337 on Costa Rican volcanoes 129–130 huangtu 147 Hayes, Charles Willard (1859–1916), Hudsonian orogeny 98 Mexican oil potential 414–415, 417–419 Humboldt, Alexander von (1769–1859) 219 heating devices 174 Lithuania 372 Heim, Albert (1849–1937), ‘Glarus Double Fold’ Mexico 290–291, 303–304 105–106, 107, 112–114 work with del Castillo 305 Heintz, Natasha 206, 211 South America 131, 132 INDEX 443

Hungary, INHIGEO excursions 49 Toyohashi review 37 Hutton, James (1726–1797) 87 website 35–36 excursion 45, 49 INHIGEO excursions 2, 41–53 Theory of the Earth (1785) 75 during meetings 42–44 Uniformitarianism 143–144 field guidebooks 46 on volcanoes 117 geoscience/historical perspectives 46–48 hydrological cycle 146 ‘re-treading’ 47, 56, 58–61 hypothetical-deductive method 185 themes and locales 43–45 Institute of Geology, China 199, 200, 201 Iapetus Ocean 97 Institute for the History of Geology, China 336 ichthyofauna, Central America 155–156 Instituto Geolo´gico de Me´xico 297, 298, 300, 413 icons 71 instrumentation 1750–1950, 4, 171–179 Iddings, Joseph Paxson (1857–1920), microscopes 177 and laboratories 174–179 ignimbrites 134 International Academy of the History of Science 11 images, in religious use 71 International Commission on the History of Geological Imperial Russian Geographical Society, Polish geologists Sciences see INHIGEO in Siberia 378, 379 International Union of Geological Sciences Industrial Revolution 143, 207 (IUGS) 12, 13 INHIGEO Episodes 31, 35, 37 1991 Dresden meeting 29, 44, 50 foundation 11 1996 Beijing meeting 29–30, 39 Toyohashi review of INHIGEO 37 1997 Lie`ge meeting 30, 39 International Union for the History and Philosophy of 1998 Neuchaˆtel meeting 30, 39, 44, 59 Science (IUHPS) 13, 58 1999 Freiberg meeting 30, 39 Internet, INHIGEO 35–36 2000 Rio de Janiero meeting 30–31, 39,45 Irazu´ volcano 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134 2001 Paris meeting 31, 39,44 eruption 135–136 2001 Portugal meeting 31, 39 Ireland, excursions 51 2003 Dublin meeting 32, 39,45 Irkutsk, work of Czekanowski 378 2004 Florence meeting 32–33, 39,51–52 Islam, Golden Age (c. AD 750–1050) 73 2005 Prague meeting 33, 39, 45, 52 Isle of Wight, ‘re-treading’ excursion 60–61 2006 Vilnius meeting 33–34, 39 isostasy 2007 Eichsta¨tt meeting 34–35, 39,45 and geomorphology 150 2008 Norway meeting 35, 39,46 and land bridge hypothesis 95 2009 Calgary meeting 36, 39 work of Dutton 234–235 2010 Madrid meeting 36, 39 Isthmus of Tehuantepec 292, 296, 305 2011 Toyohashi meeting 36, 39, 44–45, 53 oil 415 2012 Brisbane meeting 36, 39, 45, 53 Italy, excursions 44, 45, 50, 51 2013 Manchester meeting 37, 39, 45, 53, 61 2014 Asilomar meeting 38, 39, 45, 53 Jaczewski, Leonard Felix Stefan (1858–1916), work in 2015 Beijing meeting 38, 39,53 Central Asia 381 2016 Cape Town meeting 38 Japan 2017 Yerevan meeting 38–39 history of geoscience, work of Kobayashi 258–259 Affiliated Associations 37 INHIGEO excursions 44–45, 50, 53 Annual Record 37 Sakawa orogenic cycle 254, 255–257 Circular 37 Jeffrey, Geoffrey, Mexican oil industry 417 and the Cold War 57–58 Joly, John (1857–1933), meldometer 173, 177–178 foundation 1, 9, 11–18, 24, 26 Josephine Ford, North Pole flight 194–195 1968 Prague resolutions 15–16, 48, 58 1970 Freiberg symposium 16–17, 45, 48 Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630) 141, 143 affiliation 13 kerogen 427 Constituent Assembly 12–13, 23–25, 26–27, 57 kerosene, Australia 427, 428, 429 controversies 13–17 Keyserling, Alexander Andreevich (1815–1891) General History of Geology 16 Moscow Basin expeditions 222–223, 223–224 letterhead 14, 15 Palaeozoic of Lithuania 374 membership 13–14, 14, 30, 31, 32, 37 Kinnekulle geoscientists/historians 46–48 fieldwork of Murchison 357–360, 362 Newsletters 30, 31, 32, 34, 35, 36–37 map of Hermelin 346, 347 recent times 29–39 map of Hisinger 346, 348, 357 444 INDEX

Kircher, Athanasius (1602–1680) Limoncito, vertebrate palaeontology 159, 164 hydrological cycle 146 Linnaeus, Carl von (1707–1778) 345–346, 357 on volcanoes 122 Lithuania k.k. Geologische Reichsanstalt, Vienna 263, 266–267 education 371–372 Geological Map of the Monarchy 267, 268 geological maps 367–371, 374 Kluk, Krzysztof (1739–1796), on oil seeps 401 history of geology 23, 27, 367–374 Kobayashi, Teiichi (1901–1996) 14,16,18,253–261,254 mineralogical surveying 372–374 earth science (Chigaku) education 259–261 Little Ice Age 143, 144 geological reconnaissance in East Asia 257–258 Lochsitenkalk 112 history of geosciences in Japan 258–259 Loeblich, Helen Tappan (1917–2004) 211 international activities 255 loess 147 Palaeozoic of East Asia 257 Pampa, work of Frenguelli 243 Sakawa orogenic cycle 254, 255–257 Lomonosov, Mikail (1711–1765) 142, 219 Koksharov, Nikolay Ivanovich (1818–1892) Moscow Love´n, Sven Ludvig (1809–1895) 345 Basin expeditions 222, 223 travels with Murchison 354, 356, 360, 361 Ko¨lbl-Ebert, Martina 31, 34 Lowry, Delvalle (1800–1860) 207 Kołła˛taj, Hugo (1750–1812) 81–89, 82 Lu¨decke, Cornelia 31, 34 A Critical Analysis...(1842) 82–83, 87 Lugna¨s, fieldwork of Murchison 360 hypothetico-deductive method 84 Łukasiewicz, Ignacy (1822–1882), On floods discovered by the evidence found in nature... distillation of kerosene 402 83–84, 88–89 Lyell, Mary (1808–1873) 207, 208 Kos´ciusko Insurrection 1794 82 Lyell, Sir Charles (1797–1875) Kuhn, Thomas, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions INHIGEO excursions 44, 49, 56, 58 (1962) 56, 185 Principles of Geology (1830–33) 289 Kurtze, Francisco, on Costa Rican volcanoes 131 uniformitarianism 144, 148

La Plata Museum 315 McInerny, Katherine 211 expeditions 1884–1906 317–324 Macquart, L.C.H. (1745–1808), on Moscow Basin 220 work of Frenguelli 240–241 Madrid, INHIGEO excursions 49, 52 laboratories, and instrumentation, 1750–1950 174–179 Malkhasian, E., 1967 Yerevan Constituent Assembly 23 Laboratorium Chymicum 341, 346, 349 Mallada, Lucas (1841–1921), Commission for the Lake Baikal, work of Czerski 379 Geological Map of Spain 272, 275–276 land bridges 95, 156, 157–158 mammals, palaeontology, Central America 157 see also Central American Seaway; migration mammoths, Central America 157 landforms see geomorphology Mammut americanum, Honduras 157 Laplace, Pierre-Simon (1749–1827) 87, 147 Mantell, Mary (1799–1847) 207, 208 Larmarck, Jean-Baptiste (1744–1829), Marcet, Jane (1769–1858) 207 uniformitarianism 144 Mariotte, Edme´ (1620–1684), hydrologic cycle 146 Laur, Pierre, Mexican metallurgy 294, 295 Marr, Wilhelm (1819–1904), on Costa Rican Laurasia 97, 98, 101 volcanoes 131 Laurentia 98 Marsh, Othniel Charles (1831–1899), Laurussia 97 ‘Bone Wars’ 192–194 Lavoisier, Antoine (1743–1794), mass relations 171 Marvin, Ursula B. 2, 31, 32 Le Conte, Joseph (1823–1902), cyclicity 144 INHIGEO Secretary-General 29 Leckwijck, Willy P. van (1902–1975) 12, 13, 14,18 Mas´lankiewicz, Kazimierz (1902–1981) 14, 18, 26 1967 Yerevan Constituent Assembly 23 mastodon, Central America 157, 160 Lee, C.Y. (1904–1988), history of geology China 200 Maury, Carlotta Joaquina (1874–1938) 209–210 Lee, J.S. (1889–1971) Mawson, Douglas (1882–1958) history of geology in China 200 1907–1909 British Antarctic Expedition 389, 393 hostility towards Western geologists 335–336 1911–14 Australian Antarctic Expedition 389, 395 Lee, Sara Bowdich (1791–1856) 208 Mayer, Wolf, Newsletter Editor 36–37 Lehmann, Inge (1888–1993) 211 Mayr, Franz Xaver (1887–1974), Eichsta¨tt Seminary 70 Leidy, Joseph (1823–1891), Hadrosaurus foulkii 193 Meagher, Thomas Francis (1823–1867), on Costa Rican Leighly, John (1895–1986), on cyclicity 145 volcanoes 132 Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) 141, 142, 143, 146 mechanics, classical 145–146, 148, 149, 150 Leopold, Luna Bergere (1915–2006), Median Tectonic Line, excursion 45 fluvial processes 149 Mediterranean Basin, evolution 101 liminal experience 186 Mercerat, Alcide, Argentina 317, 318, 319 INDEX 445 metamorphism 110, 113 Morlot, Adolphe (1820–1867) 267–268 meteorology, and volcanoes 119–120 Morozewicz, Jo´sef (1865–1941), Siberia 382–383 Meudell, George (b.1860), oil swindler 432–433 Moscow Basin, work of Shchurovsky 217, 219, 220–226 Mexican Geological Society 310–311 Motala, fieldwork of Murchison 361 Mexico multiple hypotheses 186–187 Geological Commission 289, 308, 309–311, 413 Murchison, Charlotte (1788–1869) 207, 208 geological surveys letters from Roderick Murchison 353, 354, 362 Commission Scientifique 293–295, 308 Murchison, Roderick Impey (1792–1871) early nineteenth century 290–292 Geology of Russia (1845) 353, 354, 355, 357–360, 361 French geology 293–296, 308 on glaciation 191–192 nineteenth century 289–300 INHIGEO excursion 45, 61 Restored Republic 296–300, 308 Lithuanian geology 374 Gnostic Map of the Main Mining District of the State of ‘Lower Silurian’ system in Scandinavia 353–365 Mexico (1827) 291, 305, 306 Norway 354 mining 303–311 Sweden 354–365 Ministry of Development (1853–1888) 307–309 Moscow Basin expedition 223–224 National College of Mines 303 Murray, John (1841–1914), coral atoll formation 192 National Geological Institute 297, 298, 300, 413 oil industry 413–422 Nalivkin, Dimitry V. (1889–1982) 10, 18, 26, 210 Dos Bocas explosion 415, 417 nappe tectonics revolution 105, 107 Mexican Eagle company 415, 416, 420–421 nappes, Switzerland 108–114 Mexican Fuel Co. 415 National College of Mines, Mexico 303 Potrero del Llano no.4 well 416, 417–419 natural history work of DeGolyer 415, 416, 417–422 eighteenth-nineteenth centuries 75, 122 Royal Seminary of Mining 303 Renaissance 74–75 School of Mines/Engineers 290, 291, 292, 293, 296, nature of science 189–190 297, 305 analysing controversies 190–196 Meyendorff,BaronAlexander Kazimirovich (1798–1865), teacher perceptions 195 Moscow Basin expedition 222–223 Neo-Aristotelianism 74, 75 microscopes 172 Neocatastrophism 148 Mid-Atlantic Ridge 101–102 Neoplatonism 72, 75 mid-ocean ridges 95, 101–102 Neptunism 123–124, 142 migration, ‘great American interchange’ 155, 156, 157–158 work of Hugo Kołła˛taj 85 Miner, Luella (1861–1935) 212 New England, INHIGEO excursions 45–46, 50 mineralogy Newton, Sir Isaac (1642–1727) 146, 147, 183 eighteenth century Austria 264–265 Nicaragua, vertebrate palaeontology 156, 159, 162 Lithuania 372–373 Nicol, William (1768–1851), microscopes 172 mining Nilsson, Sven (1787–1883) 349 Australia Nochistongo Drainage Canal 290 exploration and development 65 Nordenskjo¨ld, Nils Otto Gustaf (1869–1928), 1901–1904 history 64 Swedish South Polar Expedition 389,390 Austria (Habsburg Monarchy) 264–265 No¨rdlingen Ries crater, excursion 35, 45, 52 Mexico 291, 303–311 Norway, ‘Lower Silurian’ work of Murchison 354 Spain 272–273 Miravalles volcano 128, 134, 136, 137 Obruchev, Vladimir A. (1863–1956) 9, 18, 210 Mkrtchan, S., 1967 Yerevan Constituent Assembly 23 ocean floor spreading 95–96, 101–102 mobilistic theory 94, 95 oceanic crust 93 Mohs, Friedrich (1773–1839) 265, 266 oceans, in geological evolution of Earth 99–102 moldavite, Museum Vysocing Trˇebı´c45 Oersted, Anders Sandoe (1816–1872), on Costa Rican Montgomery, Alexander (1862–1933), W. Australian oil volcanoes 131 potential 431–432 Ogilvie Gordon, Maria Mathilda (1864–1939) 205, 211 Montserrat, Eugene de 308 oil industry Mexican volcanoes 294–295 Mexico 413–422 Moreno, Francisco P. (1852–1919) 323 Poland 401–411 Argentina Boundary Commission 320–321 oil prospecting explorations in Patagonia 316–317, 324 Poland 402–404, 406 La Plata Museum 315, 317–318 Western Australia 425–434 Morland, Mary see Buckland, Mary swindlers 432–433 446 INDEX oil seeps, Poland 401 peneplains 145, 149 oil shale, Australia 426–427, 428 perception 183, 184, 186 Oldroyd, David (1936–2014) 2, 18, 22 Pereira da Costa, Francisco Anto´nio (1809–1888), INHIGEO Secretary-General 29–32 Geological Survey of Portugal 281, 282 Thinking about the Earth (1996) 31, 34 perissodactyls, Central America 157 Olivieri, Alexander Ivanovich (1801–1854) Russian coal Permian, end, extinctions 56, 57 deposits 222, 224 Perrault, Pierre (1611–1680), hydrologic cycle 146 Omberg, fieldwork of Murchison 361 petroleum exploration and production 5 Orbigny, Alcide d’ (1802–1857) Mexico 413–422 INHIGEO excursion 44 Poland 401–411 Patagonia 316 philosophy 3 Russia 224, 225 Aristotelian 73 Ordnance Survey of Great Britain 289 and Christianity 74 orogenesis 108 Neo-Aristotelian in Europe 74, 75 orogeny Islamic Golden Age 73–74 and supercontinents 98–99 Milesian 72–73 vertical 95, 106–107, 110 natural 72–74 work of Dutton 235–236 Neoplatonic 72, 75 Orosı´ volcano 128, 133 Platonic 71, 72 oryctognosy, work of Werner 290 Philpot, Elizabeth (1780–1857) 207 Oslo, INHIGEO excursions 46, 52 Pierre a` Bot 59, 60 Ouro Preto, excursion 42,50 Pierre des Marmettes 59, 60 Pinto, Manuel, INHIGEO President 30, 31, 32 Pacific Ocean 99–101 Pittier, Henri (1857–1950), on Costa Rican volcanoes 133 ‘Pacific Paradox’ 101 plate tectonics 3, 95–102 spreading 102 and geomorphology 149–150 palaeobiogeography 97, 98 Platense, work of Frenguelli 243 Pacific Ocean 100–101 Plato (428–348? BC), theory of forms 71–72 palaeogeography 98 Playfair, John (1747–1819), on erosion 144 Central America 157–158 Pliohippus hondurensis 157 palaeolongitude 97 Plotinus (c.204/5–270AD) 71 palaeomagnetic studies 95, 97 Plumstead, Edna (1903–1989) 212 palaeontology Poa´s volcano 127, 128, 130–131, 132, 133, 134, 137 nineteenth century 75 eruption 135 role of women 210 Poland vertebrate history of the oil industry until 1939 401–411 Argentina 245–247 January Uprising 1863, geologists exiled to Siberia Central America 3, 155–166 377–385 and archaeology 164–165 mineralogical map of Guettard 368–369 Palaeozoic Era, terminology of Murchison 354, 359 Polhem, Christopher (1661–1751) 344 Paley, William (1743–1805) 77 Portugal Palissy, Bernard (1510–1589), on river erosion 143, 146 history of geology 279–286 Panama Canal Zone, vertebrate palaeontology 156, 159, eighteenth century 279–280, 285 161, 162, 164 nineteenth century, Geological Survey 280–282, 283 Pangaea 93, 94, 97, 99 twentieth century, Geological Survey 282, 284–286 Panthalassa Ocean 93, 94, 97, 99–100 positivism 31 Papin, Denis (1647–1712), pressure cooker 174 Potrero del Llano no.4 oil well, Mexico 416, paradigm change 185 417–419, 418 Parallel Roads, Glen Roy, INHIGEO excursion 61 Prado, Casiano de (1797–1866) 272–273, 274 Parmenides of Elea (c.515–460 BC) 71, 72 Prague, INHIGEO excursions 45, 52 Patagonia, geology ‘presentism’ 59 explorations of Moreno (1875–1880) 316–317 pressure devices 174 pre-1870 316 Priestley, Raymond Edward (1886–1974), Pearson , Weetman, 1st Viscount Cowdray (1856–1927), Antarctic Expeditions 389, 393, 394, 395 Mexican oil industry 414–415, 417 pyrometers 173 Peking College of Geology 200 Peking University, Department of Geology 199, 201 Raisin, Catherine (1855–1945) 210 Penck, Walther (1888–1923), crustal mobility 145 Ramı´rez, Santiago, Mexican mineral resources 308–309 INDEX 447

‘re-treading’ excursions 47, 56, 58–61 1910–13 British Antarctic (Terra Nova) expedition Regnell,G. 14 389, 393–395 1967 Yerevan Constituent Assembly 23 Scrope, George Poulett (1797–1876), INHIGEO reptiles, palaeontology, Central America 156 excursion 58 Ribeiro, Carlos (1813–1882), Geological Survey of Sedgwick, Adam (1785–1873), INHIGEO excursion 45 Portugal 281, 282, 283 sedimentation 231, 233 Ries impact crater 35, 45, 52 work of Hugo Kołła˛taj 84 Rinco´n de la Vieja volcano 127, 128, 132, 137 Seebach, Karl von (1839–1888), on Costa Rican Rı´o, Andre´s Manuel del (1764–1849) 290, 293 volcanoes 132 Royal Seminary of Mining 303 Seebeck, T.J. (1770–1831), thermocouples 173 Robert, Eugene (1806–1879), on Moscow Basin 221 Seger, Hermann August (1839–1893), temperature Rodinia 97, 98 measurement 173 Romanes, James, ignimbrites 134 Segura Paguaga, Alfonso (1913–2003), Costa Rican Romanowsky, Gennady Danilovich (1830–1906), vertebrate palaeontology 160–161 Carboniferous in Russia 224, 225 Shackleton, Ernest Henry (1874–1922) Rosenbusch, Karl Heinrich (Harry) (1836–1914), 1901–1904 British National Antarctic (Discovery) petrography 172, 177 Expedition 391 Roth, Santiago (1850–1924) 323 1907–1909 British Antarctic (Nimrod) Expedition La Plata Museum 317, 319–320, 324 389, 392–393 Rouillier, Charles (1814–1858), Moscow Basin 224, 225 1914–1917 British Imperial Trans-Antarctic Roy, B.C. (1907–1984) 11, 14,18 (Endurance) Expedition 389, 396 Royal Academy of Sciences, Lisbon 279 1921–1922 Quest Expedition 389, 396 Royal Seminary of Mining, Mexico 303 Shatsky, Nickolay S. (1895–1960) 9, 11, 18 Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 346 Shchurovsky, Grigory Efimovich (1803–1884) 217, 218 Rudwick, Martin geological excursions 219 history of geosciences 55–62 Geological Tour across Altai...(1846) 219 INHIGEO 57–58 History of Geology of the Moscow Basin (1866–1867) Russia, Society of Amateurs of Natural History 217 217, 220–226 Russian Geological Society 379 Moscow University Mineralogical Cabinet Catalogue Russian Geographical Society 378, 379 219, 226 popularizer of natural science 219 Sainte-Claire Deville, Charles (1814–1876), Society of Amateurs of Natural History 217, 220 Mexican geology 294 The Ural Range...(1841) 218 Sakawa orogenic cycle, work of Kobayashi 254, 255–257 Shimanto Geosyncline 255 salt, Lithuania 372, 373 Siberia, work of Polish geologists 377–385 Santorini, 1707 eruption 120 Sigurdsson, Haraldur, history of ideas on volcanoes Sapper, Karl (1866–1945), on Costa Rican volcanoes 121, 127 133, 134, 135 silicoflagellates, work of Frenguelli 246, 247 Sarjeant, William 29 Silliman, Benjamin (1779–1864), Diluvialism 142 Saussure, Henri de (1829–1905), Mexico 293 ‘Silurian, Lower’ Saussure, Horace-Be´ne´dict de (1740–1799), instrumen- Scandinavia, fieldwork of Murchison 1844 353–365 tation 175–176 terminology of Murchison 354, 359 Scandinavia, ‘Lower Silurian’, work of Murchison Silurian of Siluria, INHIGEO excursion 45, 46, 53, 61 353–365 Simpson, George G. (1902–1984), vertebrate Schaufelberger, Paul (b.1894), on Costa Rican palaeontology 158, 162 volcanoes 134 Sino-Japanese War, impact on Chinese geological Scherzer, Karl Ritter von (1821–1903), on Costa Rican education 200, 201 volcanoes 131 Skeat, Ethel (1865–1939) 211 Schwertschlager, Joseph (1853–1924), Eichsta¨tt slope behaviour 147 Seminary 70 Smithson, James (c.1765–1829), volcanism 124 science see history of geoscience; history and philosophy Snell’s Law 147 of science; nature of science S´niadecki, Jan (1756–1830) 82, 83,86 science v. religious belief 2–3, 34, 69–78, 141, Society of Amateurs of Natural History, 142, 183 work of Shchurovsky 217, 220 Scientific Revolution, advances in Earth science 141, 143 soil mechanics 149, 150 Scott, Robert Falcon (1868–1912) Solnhofen Limestone 69, 70 1901–1904 British National Antarctic (Discovery) INHIGEO excursion 34–35, 45, 52 Expedition 389, 390–392 Somerville, Mary (1780–1872) 207 448 INDEX

Sorby, Henry Clifton (1826–1908), microscopes 172 Taquet, Philippe, INHIGEO president 33 South Orkney Islands, 1902–1904 Scottish National teaching see education Antarctic Expedition 392 tectonic research South Pole, 1910–1912 conquest 393–395 mid-nineteenth century 106–108 Soviet Union, INHIGEO excursions 49 Switzerland 105, 108–114 Spain tectonics Commission for the Geological Map of Spain mechanical 110–111 271–277, 276 vertical 95, 106–107, 110 Sexenio Democra´tico 274 temperature measurement 173 General Statistics Board 273–274, 277 Tenorio volcano 128, 132 INHIGEO excursions 4, 52 terranes 98, 100 Spallanzani, Lazzaro (1729–1799) 173 Tethys Ocean 97, 101 INHIGEO excursion 44 Thales (624–547 BC) 73 Spear, John Crawford (1838–1908), Tharp, Marie (1920–2006) 211, 212 Mexican geology 296, 305 theology 3, 76–77 specialization 65 thermocouples 173 Squier, Ephraim George (1821–1888) 159, 160, 163 thermometers 173 stabilistic theory 93–95, 96 tides 147 Staszic, Stanisław (1755–1826) 81, 82 Tikhomirov, Vladimir V. (1915–1994) 1, 9–17, 10, 12, 16 Carta geologica...(1806) 369–371, 370, 371, 374 first proposal for international commission 10–11 on oil seeps 401–402 INHIGEO creation 11–12 Steinmann, Gustav (1856–1929), INHIGEO excursion 44 Constituent Assembly, 1967 Yerevan 12–13 Steno, Nicolaus (1638–1686), superposition 142, 345 controversies 13–17 Stevin, Simon (1548–1620), streamflow 146 IUGS History of Geology Award 17, 36 Stockholm, fieldwork of Murchison 361–362 KOGI 21–26 Stopes, Marie (1880–1958) 206, 210 Tilas, Daniel (1712–1772), geological maps 346 Glossopteris 394 Ting, V.K. (1887–1936), Institute of Geology 201, 337 Streber, Fernando, on Costa Rican volcanoes 131 Torrens, Hugh S. 18, 29, 31, 32 Studer, Bernhard (1794–1879) 108–110 V.V.Tikhomirov History of Geology Award 17,36 subduction zones 96, 97, 100 Torricelli, Evangelista (1608–1647), streamflow 146 Suess, Eduard (1831–1914) 268 tortoise, palaeontology, Central America 156 Alpine tectonics 107, 113, 268 trachyte 132 Das Antlitz der Erde (1892) 268 Trans-Siberian Railway, work of Polish Die Entstehung der Alpen (1875) 268 geologists 381, 382 geognosy 265, 266 transgressions, work of Hugo Kołła˛taj 82, 83, 84, 85, Sun Yat-sen University, China, geology 199 88–89 supercontinent cycles 96, 97, 98 Trautschold, Herman (1817–1902), on Moscow reconstruction 98–99 Basin 224, 225 surveying, mineral, Lithuania 372–374 Trista´n, Jose´ Fidel (1874–1932), on Costa Rican Svecokarelian orogeny 98 volcanoes 131, 134 Sweden Trollha¨ttan waterfall, fieldwork of Board of Mines 341, 342, 346 Murchison 355–357 history of geology 341–350 Tsinghua University, China early- and mid-nineteenth century 349 geology 199 mid- and late-eighteenth century 345–349 petroleum engineering 212 seventeenth-early eighteenth centuries 342–345 Turrialba volcano 127, 128, 129, 132, 133, 134 School of Mining 349 turtles, palaeontology, Central America 156 work of Murchison 353–365 Swedenborg, Emanuel (1688–1772), on sea level Uddevalla raised beaches, fieldwork of Murchison change 344–345 354–355 Switzerland unconformities, work of Hugo Kołła˛taj 85 INHIGEO excursions 44, 51, 59 Uniformitarianism 3, 142–144, 148 tectonic research, mid-nineteenth century 105, work of Hugo Kołła˛taj 85, 87 108–114 uplift 149–150 Symonowicz, Roman (1763–1813), Lithuanian Upper Engadine Valley 106, 108, 109 geology 372 US Geological Survey 289 Szajnocha, Władisław (1858–1928), USA, women in geology 209–210 oil exploration 405, 406 Ussher, James (1581–1656), date of Creation 142, 183 INDEX 449

Val de Bagnes 60 Wedgwood, Josiah (1730–1795), Vallance, Thomas G. (1928–1993) 14, 16, 18, 65 temperature measurement 173, 175 Vernadsky, Vladimir I. (1863–1945) 9, 18 Wegener, Alfred (1880–1930) Verneuil, Edouard de (1805–1873) continental drift 93, 96, 394 geological map of Spain 274 Die Entstehung der Kontinente und on Moscow Basin 221–222, 223–224 Ozeane (1915) 93 vertebrate palaeontology, Central America 155–166 Pangaea 93, 94, 97, 99 and archaeology 164–165 Werner, Abraham Gottlob (1749–1817) 142 Basalla’s model 162, 163–164, 165–166 geognosy 265 higher vertebrates 157 INHIGEO excursion 44, 50, 51 lower vertebrates 155–156 oryctognosy 290 Vesuvius Western Australia, oil prospecting 429–434 1631 eruption 120 Westralian Mining and Oil Corporation Ltd. 430 excursions 44, 50 whales, palaeontology, Central America 157 Vilnius, INHIGEO excursion 34,52 White, George W. (1903–1985) 12, 13, 14,18 Vilnius Academy 367 1967 Yerevan Constituent Assembly 23 Vilnius Imperial University 372, 373 Wild, Frank (1892–1958), 1921–1922 Quest Expedition Vilnius Principal School 372 389, 396 Vinogradov, Alexander P. (1895–1975) 11, 18, 23 Wilson, Alice (1881–1964) 212 Vogelsang, Hermann (1838–1874), microscopes 172 Wilson cycle 97, 98 volcanism 3 women, in geoscience 4, 31, 205–213 work of Hugo Kołła˛taj 84, 85 nineteenth century 207–210 volcanoes professionalism 209 in antiquity 118 twentieth century 210–213 in eighteenth century science 117–125 Wong, W.H. (1889–1971) 201 as ‘accidentals’ 117, 124 history of geology in China 199, 202 description and explanation of 121–122 Wood, Ethel M.R. (1871–1946) 210 fire and water 122–123 Woodward, Alice (1862–1951) 208 public interest in 120–121 Woodward, Gertrude (1854–1939) 208 history of ideas on 121–122 Wordie, James Mann (1889–1962), 1914–1917 British Italy, excursions 44, 50 Imperial Trans-Antarctic (Endurance) Mexico 290, 291, 294–295 Expedition 396 words for 118–119 world view volcanology, Costa Rica 127–138 Bible 83, 142, 183 10,000BC–AD1502 127–129 eighteenth century 75, 118 1502–1718 129 and fossils 75 1719–1887 129–132 1888–1925 132–134 Yagi, Kenzo 29 1926–1962 134–135 Yang, Yi 206, 211, 212 1963–present 135–138 Yerevan Vulcano, excursion 42, 44, 50 1967 INHIGEO Constituent Assembly 12–13, 23, 24–25,26–27 Wagner, Moritz Friedrich (1813–1887), on Costa Rican INHIGEO excursions 41–42, 48 volcanoes 131 Yih, L.F. (1894–1949), A Brief History of Geology Wallerius, Johan Gottschalk (1709–1785), (1934) 334 Mineralogia eller Mineralriket 347, 349 Young, C.C. (1897–1979), history of geology in Walter, Filip Neriusz (1810–1847), distillation of China 200 kerosene 402 Wang, Yang Zhi, A Brief History of Chinese Geology Zech, Jan (1817–1897), distillation of kerosene 402 (1994) 201, 336, 337 Zejszner, Ludwik (1805–1871), on oil seeps 402 Warren Blackwood Basin, petroleum prospecting Zeledo´n, Jose´ Ca´stulo (1846–1923), on Costa Rican 429–430, 431 volcanoes 131 Watanabe, T. 14 Zhang, Meemann 206, 212 Yerevan Constituent Assembly 23 Zhang, J.C., Geology and Society (2005) 201 Watson, Janet, first woman President of the Geological Zippe, Franz Xaver (1791–1863), mineralogy 265 Society of London 206, 210 Zirkel, Ferdinand (1838–1812), microscopes 172, 177 waves 147 Zittel, Karl von (1839–1904), support for women in Webster, Thomas (1772–1844), INHIGEO Isle of Wight geology 211 excursion 61 Zuber, Rudolf (1858–1920), oil prospecting 404–406