Index Page numbers in italic denote figures. Page numbers in bold denote tables. abduction see Gestalt psychological theory Arc¸towski, Henryk (1871–1958), 1897–99 Antarctic accidents, volcanoes as 117, 124 expedition 388, 389, 390 actualism 86–87 Arenal volcano 127, 128, 129 work of Hugo Kołła˛taj 82, 84–85 eruption 135, 136 aeolian processes 147–148 Observatory 137 Agassiz, Alexander (1835–1910), coral Argentina atoll formation 192 geoscience education 315 Agassiz, Louis (1807–1873) La Plata Museum 1884–1906, 317–324 Glacial Theory 59–60, 191–192 Andes expeditions 321 Brazil 186 Santa Cruz expeditions 318–319 age correlation 97 Patagonian geology Agricola (Georg Bauer) (1494–1555) 141, 143, 172 work of Moreno 1875–1880, 316–317, 319 De Re Metallica (1556) 205 pre-1870 316 Akiyoshi Orogeny 255, 256 work of Frenguelli 240–249 Al-Ghaza¯lı¯ (1058–1111) 73–74 anthropology and archaeology 242–243 Albertus Magnus (1200–80), natural philosophy 74 stratigraphy 243–244 Alfaro, Anastasio (1865–1951), on Costa Rican Argentina Boundary Commission, border with Chile volcanoes 131 320–321, 322, 323 Alpine tectonics 3, 30 Aristotle (384–322 BC) 73, 74 INHIGEO excursions 51 and Christianity 74 work of Arnold Escher 108–113 Armenia, excursions 41 Ambartsumian, A., 1967 Yerevan Constituent arteriodactyls, Central America 157 Assembly 23 asphalt Ameghino, Carlos (1865–1936) La Plata Mexico 413 Museum 317, 318 Western Australia 429, 433 Ameghino, Florentino (1854–1911) La Plata Atwater, Tanya, plate tectonics 212 Museum 317, 318 Aubuisson de Voisins, Jean d’ (1769–1841), sediment amphibians, palaeontology, Central America 156 transport 147 Amundsen, Roald Engelbregt Gravning (1872–1928), Augustine of Hippo (AD 354–430) theory of forms 72 1910–1912 Norwegian Antarctic Expedition Australia 389, 393, 395 influence of Eurocentric geological ideas 65 Anaximander (610–546 BC) 73 INHIGEO excursions 45, 49, 50, 53 Anaximenes (585–525 BC) 73 mining history 64 Andes oil prospecting 425–434 La Plata Museum expeditions 321 oil refineries 434 uplift 149–150 petroleum importation 427–428 andesite 132 women in geology 209, 211, 212 Andrews, Mahala 206 Austria (Habsburg Monarchy) Angelin, Nils Peter (1805–1876) 349 eighteenth and nineteenth century Anker, Mathias Joseph (1771–1843), geognostic geology 263–268 map 266 geognosy 264–266 Anning, Mary (1799–1847) 207 Geologische Reichsanstalt, Vienna 263, 266–267 Antarctica, geological research 1895–1922 387–397 Geological Map 267, 268 Apatosaurus 194 Hofkammer fu¨rMu¨nz- und Bergwesen 264, 265 applied sciences, and geomorphology 148, 149 mineral collections 265–266 Aquinas, Thomas (1225–1274), Aristotelian mineralogy 264–265 philosophy 74 mining 264–265 archaeology, Central America 164–165 Naturaliencabinet 266 Archaeopteryx Auvergne, INHIGEO excursions 58 Eichsta¨tt Seminary 70 Avicenna (Ibn Sina) (c. 980–1037), origin of quarry excursion 35, 45, 52 mountains 141 Arctic Ocean, ‘Arctic Paradox’ 101 Axial Age 73 438 INDEX Azcona, J.M.L. (1907–1996) 14,17 Born, Ignaz von (1742–1791) 264 1967 Yerevan Constituent Assembly 23 Borysław, oil reserves 404, 405, 406–410 Azuero Peninsula, vertebrate palaeontology 159, 161 Bowen, Norman L. (1887–1956), temperature/pressure measurement 178 Bacon, Roger (1214–1294) 141 Bradshaw, Margaret 206 Baja California, mining 305 Branagan, David 29, 31–32, 36 Bajo Barrantes, vertebrate palaeontology 159, 161 Brazil, glaciation, work of Agassiz 186 balances 171–172 Bridgman, Percy Williams (1882–1961), pressure Ba¨llefors, fieldwork of Murchison 360 apparatus 174 Baltica 97, 98 British Geological Survey 289 Baltzer, Armin (1842–1913), Alpine tectonics Bromell, Magnus von (1679–1731), Swedish mineralogy 112, 113, 114 and palaeontology 343–344 Banska´ Sˇtiavnica mining academy 264, 265 Brongersma-Sanders, Margarethe (1905–1996) 212 Ba´rcena, Mariano (1841–1899), geological education, Brongniart, Alexandre (1770–1847) 327 Mexico 297, 309 Brontosaurus 194 Barszczewski, Leon (1849–1910), work in Bowdich, Mrs T.E. see Lee, Sara Central Asia 380 Bruce, William Speirs (1867–1921), 1902–1904 Scottish Barus, Carl (1856–1935), temperature 173 National Antarctic Expedition 389, 392 Barva volcano 128, 129, 130, 131, 133 Buat, Pierre du (1734–1809), streamflow 146 Basalla’s model, vertebrate palaeontology 162–163 Buch, Leopold von (1774–1853) Central America 163–164, 165–166 andesite 132 Bascom, Florence (1862–1945) 209 elevation craters 106 Beausoleil, Martine de (c.1600-c.1642) 205, 207 Geognostische Karte...(1826) 371 Beaux, Cecilia (1855–1942) 207 Pierre a` Bot 60 Beijing, INHIGEO excursions 50, 53 Russian fossils 219, 222 belemnites, stretched, work of Escher 110, 111 Buckland, Mary (1797–1857) 207, 208 Belize, vertebrate palaeontology 156, 159 Buckland, William (1784–1856) 77 Belyavsky, N.A. (1913–1978) 10, 18 Diluvialism 142, 191 Benett, Etheldred (1776–1845) 207, 208 Buckley, Arabella (1840–1929) 207 Bennett, Floyd (1890–1928), North Pole Buenos Aires Public Museum 315 flight 194–195 Buenos Aires University 315 Berghes, Carl von (1792–1869), Gnostical Map of the Buffon, George-Louis Leclerc, Compte de (1707–1788) State of Mexico 291, 305, 306 86, 87, 142 Bergman, Torbern (1735–1784) 349 natural history 122 Bernoulli, Daniel (1700–1782), streamflow 146 Burckhardt, Carl (1869–1935) 317, 323, 324 Berzelius, Jo¨ns Jacob (1779–1848) 345, 347, 349 Buridan, Jean (1300–1358) 141 meeting with Murchison 361–362 Burkart, Joseph (1798–1874), Mexican geology Bible, world view 83, 142, 183 291–292, 305 Bieliukas, Kazimieras 21 Burmeister, Hermann (1807–1892), La Plata Museum birds, palaeontology, Central America 157 315–316, 317, 318 Bison, Central America 157 Burnet, Thomas (1635–1715), Noah’s Flood 142 bitumen Bustamante, Jose´ Marı´a, Mexican geology 291 Australia 426–427, 429, 433 Byrd, Richard Evelyn Jr (1888–1957), North Pole Mexico 414 flight 194–195 Black, Joseph (1728–1799), balances 171, 172 Blasius, Johann Heinrich (1809–1870), Moscow Basin Caledonian orogeny 98 expedition 222–223 California, INHIGEO excursions 45, 53 Bogdanov, Alexey A. (1907–1971) 9, 10, 18 Camerosaurus 194 Bogdanov, Anatoly Petrovich (1834–1896) 217 Campi Flegrei, Monte Nuovo 120 Bohdanowicz, Karol (1864–1947), work in Central Asia Canada, INHIGEO excursions 52 381–382 Carpathian Mountains, oil 402, 403, 404–406 Bonifa´cio de Andrada e Silva, Jose´ (1763–1838), Carpenter, Nathanael (1589–1628), Creationism 142 University of Coimbra 280 Castelli, Benedetto (1577–1644), streamflow 146 Borchgrevink, Carsten Egebert (1864–1934), 1898–1900 Castillo, Antonio del (1820–1895) Southern Cross Antarctic expedition 387, geological map of Mexico 298, 299, 310 389,390 Mexican geology 292–293, 294, 297, 298, 307–308 Bork, Kennard, INHIGEO Secretary-General 30, 31, work with Humboldt 305 32–35 Catastrophism 142, 148 INDEX 439 Central America Cold War, and INHIGEO 57–58 instability and economic hardship 165 Columbia supercontinent 98 Spanish colonialism 165 Commission on Geological Exploration of the USSR vertebrate palaeontology 155–166 (KOGI) 21–27 1858–1936 discoveries 159–160 V.V.Tikhomirov 21–26 1937–1980 discoveries 160–161 continental crust 93 1980–present discoveries 161–162 continental drift, work of Alfred Wegener 93, 96, 394 and archaeology 164–165 continental margins 149, 150 Basalla’s model 163–164, 165–166 controversies, in history of geoscience 4, 190–196 hindrances to 165 convection currents 95, 97 land bridge 157–158 Cooper, Barry see also Costa Rica history of geoscience 63–66 Central American seaway 155, 156 INHIGEO Secretary-General 30, 35–39 Central Asia, work of Polish geologists 379–385 Coorongite 427 Central University, China, geology 199 Cope, Edward Drinker (1840–1897), ‘Bone Wars’ Chamberlin, Thomas C. (1843–1928), 192–194 multiple hypotheses 186–187 Cope, John Lachan (1893–1947), 1920–1922 British chance 76 Imperial Antarctic Expedition 389, 396–397 Chang, H.T. (1877–1951) 334, 337 Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543) 141, 143 A Brief History of the Development of Chinese Geology coral atoll formation 192 (1937) 334 Cordier, Pierre-Louis-Antoine (1777–1861), history of geology in China 199, 333, 334–335 microscopes 172, 176 Changchun College of Geology 200 cosmogony, work of Hugo Kołła˛taj 84 Charcot, Jean-Baptiste Etienne Auguste (1867–1936), cosmology, early, and volcanoes 119 French Antarctic Expeditions 389, 392 Costa Rica Charleston 1886 earthquake, work of Dutton 234 Electricity Institute 136, 137 Charpentier, Jean de (1786–1855), glaciation 59–60 geothermal potential 136 Chengdu College of Geology 200 National Institute of Physical Geography 133 Che´zy, Antoine de (1718–1798), streamflow 146, 148 National Meteorological Institute 133 Chichibu Geosyncline 255 National Museum 133, 164 Chigaku, work of Kobayashi 259–261 research and training 137–138 China seismological networks 137 higher education in geology 199–202 universities/colleges 132, 133, 135, 136–137, 165 history of geology 200–202, 333–338 vertebrate palaeontology 155, 156, 157, 159, 160–161, 1922–1949 333–335 162, 164 1949–1976 335–336 volcanology 127–138 1980s to present 336–338 10,000BC–AD1502 127–129 Cultural Revolution 335–336 1502–1718 129 INHIGEO excursions 50, 53 1719–1887 129–132 women in geology 212 1888–1925 132–134 China University of Geosciences 200 1926–1962 134–135 Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Science in the 1963–present 135–138 Past Decade (1959) 335 Coulomb, Charles Augustin (1736–1806), Chinese Geological Society 333, 337 slope behaviour 147, 148 Chinese Geological Survey 333, 338 Council of Nicaea AD 787 71 Choffat, Le´on Paul (1849–1919),