Exam #1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8

Econ 101 1st Edition

Lecture 1 3rd millennium BCE: AGE OF THE SAGE-KINGS Yao, Shun, and Yu (legendary) (legendary) Shang (Yin) Dynasty (c. 1600-1045) (1045 - 256) dynasty (331 - 207) dynasty (106 BCE -220 CE)

Idiom Stories: San Ren Cheng Hu (三三三三三 This story took place during the reign of Hui-Wang (魏魏魏), aka ( Liang Hui-wang 魏魏魏魏 o Theme: Rumors can cover up the truth sometimes Yi Zuo (三三三三) ● the state of Qi sent troops to attack the state of . Lu zhuang-gong and Gui took forces to resist the attackers. Cao Gui said, “ in warfare, everything depends upon courage, the soldiers’ courage decrease as the drum sounded.” So Cao Cui waited to attack Qi forces after Qi had sounded their drum three times. As a result, State of Lu won. ● Moral: to express the idea that when one does something, one should take advantage of a moment when one’s spirits are at their highest and one’s mood is at its exuberant to do it all at once.

Existing hypotheses for the origin of “Chinese” civilization: proposed by K.C. Chang ● The Nuclear Area Thesis ○ “cradle of Chinese civilization” in Yellow River valley ● The “Interactive Spheres” Thesis (revision) ○ several regional neolithic and bronze-age cultures converge through trade and the transfer of culture and technology ○ cultural convergence, 4000 - 3000 BCE Racial Diversity: ● Sinodonts vs. Sundadonts (teeth patterns) ○ Sinodonts: Shovel incisors // common with some Native American groups, North today (upper 1st premolar has one root, and lower 1st molar has three roots) ○ Sundadonts: South China, Caucasians, Filipinos, Malays.. (upper 1st premolar has two roots, lower first molar has two roots) Neolithic Age ( ~8000 BCE) ● distinguished by pottery, often associated with agriculture and fixed human settlements Bronze Age (~3000 BCE) ● prevalent use of bronze; highly organized, complex societies Iron Age (~600 BCE)

Lecture 2: Traditions concerning Yao, Shun and Yu Yao: Laissez-faire method of government Four word idioms “ beat-belly-and-sing” or “ strike-earth-and-sing”: describe conditions of untroubled prosperity associated with the reign of Yao. ● The song behind the idiom: “ The sun rises and I work; The sun sets and I rest. I drill wells and drink; I plough the earth and eat’ What was the ruler’s might to do with me? Shun: Yao appointed him his successor due to Shun’s filial behaviors ● Parents and his brother (xiang魏tried to kill Shun twice ( by burning granary, by burying him alive in a well) Yu: aka “” known for preventing flood Xia Rulers Yu the Great Qi -kang Zhong-kang (puppet ruler by ) Xiang (puppet ruler by Hou Yi; killed by Han Zhou) 38 yr break: 2118 - 2080 Shao-Kang (orphaned ruler being restored) -ten more rulers- Jie

Shao Kang Restoration Story Qi’s son and successor Tai-kang Hou Yi usurped the throne Zhong-kang, one of Tai-kang’s brothers, became Hou Yi’s puppet ruler After Zhong-kang died Hou Yi set up Xiang, the son of Zhong-kang, as the next puppet ruler. seized power Killed the whole Xia clan (except Xiang’s pregnant queen) Mi, Xiang’s court officer Mi and overthrow Han zhuo and restore the Xia

Lecture 3 ● Oracle Bones: inscribed turtle plastrons and ox scapula ■ earliest recorded history in China ● Ox scapula bones were used for divination and inscribed with OBIs ● Early forms of the graph ce 魏魏魏 ‘document’ seems to indicate that writing on bamboo strips was already in use ● Word written in ink on OBI also seems to indicate that ink and brush were used as writing tools. ● Shang was the first dynasty with attested writing Shamanism ● Shaman ● animal motifs ● spiritual travel to different realms ● embodied in the form of powerful animals ● circumpolar religious practice

Three Sage Seeking Stories Sages ● Cheng Tang and Yi Yin ○ discovered Yi Yin who was a cook at his house ○ according to Mencius, Yi Yin was a farmer instead of a cook ● Ding and Fu ○ Shamanistic ways (discovering Fu Yue through dreams) ● King Wen of Zhou and Jiang Tai-gong ○ Wen Wang recognized Jiang Tai-gong by seeing him fishing without a hook Common Characteristics of Sages (prime ministers): ● Of humble background (or pretends to be of humble background) o Fisherman o Farmer o Cook o Slave laborer building rammed earth walls ● Keenly insightful, almost superhuman ability to see through people and understand complex situations ● Why do they hide? o Because they are waiting for a king who can recognize them, and also they don’t want to serve any random kings or simply get involved politically ● Sages in the Daodejing o Wear rough clothes and keep the polished jade in the heart ( DDJ, chapter 70) Jade symbolizes the virtues and wisdoms of the sage

Lecture 4 Zhou Dynasty (1045 – 256/221BCE) (1045 –771 BCE) ● Capital in West, near Xi’an Eastern Zhou (771-256 BCE) ● Capital in East, near Spring and Autumn Period (770-481 BCE) Warring States period (481-221 BCE)

Traditions Concerning Pre-dynastic Zhou Pre-dynasty Zhou · Ku (a legendary prehistoric ruler) ● Both Shang and Xia dynasty descend from Di Ku · Hou (Qi, abandoned) (his mom step into a giant foot print and then become pregnant with him/ His mom tried to abandon him, but was never able to get rid of him) ● Very first king in the line of Zhou · Bu-Ku ● Mingled with the tribes of the Rong and di · ● he lived among the Rong and the Di, revived the enterprises of · Gu-gong Dan-fu ● Gu gong: ancient chief ● In Mengzi, this figure is called Tai-wang, “the great king” ● Cultivated virtue ● yielded and moved when attacked by the Rong and the Di tribes ● Left and settled at Mount Qi ● Had three sons § Tai-bo § Yu-zhong § Ji-li (aka Gong ji) (Gugong dan fu wants ji-li to become the king) (Both Tai-bo and Yu-zhong yield the throne) · Chang ● o Aka Xi bo; King Wen ● o Xi bo à King Wen ● o “awe-inspiringly splendid king” ● o skip meals to treat visitors well ● o bo yi and shu qi are attracted to King Wen’s virtue ● o imprisoned by King ZHOU (魏魏) 魏last king of ) § “It seems that xi bo is the one who has the mandate”

Traditions concerning the Western Zhou o King wu (aka Fa, his given name) (he’s the son of KING WEN) o Dan, the , was the assistant administrator o Tai-gong wang (Jiang Tai Gong) was the commander of the army

Many examples of Jade “accumulate virtue” ● Gu-gong Dan fu revived the enterprises of Hou ji and Gong Liu. He cultivated virtue and did righteous deeds. ● Bi Gan was killed by the Zhou King ● Zhou king asked to see Bi Gan’s heart because there’s a saying that a sage would have a heart with 7 chambers King Wu · The son of King Wen · Cut Da ji’s head and put it on a stick King Zhou (Tyrant) · Burned himself to death YIN = Shang (same thing) Fief: a feudal estate Enfoeff: to invest somebody with a fief (to give someone the land) Vassal: a person under the protection of a lord to whom he has vowed homage and fealty; “a feudal tenant” Principle of government: · Rule through Wen (civil) or Wu( martial) Duke of the Zhou · Chicken egg ruler (Ji Dan) · Helped rule for the son of King Wu, who’s still a juvenile King Mu · Seek virtue, instead of warfare · Still attack the Quan-Rong King Li · Fond of amassing treasure