Exam #1 Study Guide Lectures: 1 - 8 Econ 101 1st Edition Lecture 1 3rd millennium BCE: AGE OF THE SAGE-KINGS Yao, Shun, and Yu (legendary) Xia dynasty (legendary) Shang (Yin) Dynasty (c. 1600-1045) Zhou Dynasty (1045 - 256) Qin dynasty (331 - 207) Han dynasty (106 BCE -220 CE) Idiom Stories: San Ren Cheng Hu (三三三三三 This story took place during the reign of Wei Hui-Wang (魏魏魏), aka ( Liang Hui-wang 魏魏魏魏 o Theme: Rumors can cover up the truth sometimes Yi Gu Zuo Qi (三三三三) ● the state of Qi sent troops to attack the state of Lu. Lu zhuang-gong and Cao Gui took forces to resist the attackers. Cao Gui said, “ in warfare, everything depends upon courage, the soldiers’ courage decrease as the drum sounded.” So Cao Cui waited to attack Qi forces after Qi had sounded their drum three times. As a result, State of Lu won. ● Moral: to express the idea that when one does something, one should take advantage of a moment when one’s spirits are at their highest and one’s mood is at its exuberant to do it all at once. Existing hypotheses for the origin of “Chinese” civilization: proposed by K.C. Chang ● The Nuclear Area Thesis ○ “cradle of Chinese civilization” in Yellow River valley ● The “Interactive Spheres” Thesis (revision) ○ several regional neolithic and bronze-age cultures converge through trade and the transfer of culture and technology ○ cultural convergence, 4000 - 3000 BCE Racial Diversity: ● Sinodonts vs. Sundadonts (teeth patterns) ○ Sinodonts: Shovel incisors // common with some Native American groups, North China today (upper 1st premolar has one root, and lower 1st molar has three roots) ○ Sundadonts: South China, Caucasians, Filipinos, Malays.. (upper 1st premolar has two roots, lower first molar has two roots) Neolithic Age ( ~8000 BCE) ● distinguished by pottery, often associated with agriculture and fixed human settlements Bronze Age (~3000 BCE) ● prevalent use of bronze; highly organized, complex societies Iron Age (~600 BCE) Lecture 2: Traditions concerning Yao, Shun and Yu Yao: Laissez-faire method of government Four word idioms “ beat-belly-and-sing” or “ strike-earth-and-sing”: describe conditions of untroubled prosperity associated with the reign of Yao. ● The song behind the idiom: “ The sun rises and I work; The sun sets and I rest. I drill wells and drink; I plough the earth and eat’ What was the ruler’s might to do with me? Shun: Yao appointed him his successor due to Shun’s filial behaviors ● Parents and his brother (xiang魏tried to kill Shun twice ( by burning granary, by burying him alive in a well) Yu: aka “Yu the Great” known for preventing flood Xia Rulers Yu the Great Qi Tai-kang Zhong-kang (puppet ruler by Hou Yi) Xiang (puppet ruler by Hou Yi; killed by Han Zhou) 38 yr break: 2118 - 2080 Shao-Kang (orphaned ruler being restored) -ten more rulers- Jie Shao Kang Restoration Story Qi’s son and successor Tai-kang Hou Yi usurped the throne Zhong-kang, one of Tai-kang’s brothers, became Hou Yi’s puppet ruler After Zhong-kang died Hou Yi set up Xiang, the son of Zhong-kang, as the next puppet ruler. Han Zhuo seized power Killed the whole Xia clan (except Xiang’s pregnant queen) Mi, Xiang’s court officer Mi and Shao Kang overthrow Han zhuo and restore the Xia Lecture 3 ● Oracle Bones: inscribed turtle plastrons and ox scapula ■ earliest recorded history in China ● Ox scapula bones were used for divination and inscribed with OBIs ● Early forms of the graph ce 魏魏魏 ‘document’ seems to indicate that writing on bamboo strips was already in use ● Word written in ink on OBI also seems to indicate that ink and brush were used as writing tools. ● Shang was the first dynasty with attested writing Shamanism ● Shaman ● animal motifs ● spiritual travel to different realms ● embodied in the form of powerful animals ● circumpolar religious practice Three Sage Seeking Stories Sages ● Cheng Tang and Yi Yin ○ discovered Yi Yin who was a cook at his house ○ according to Mencius, Yi Yin was a farmer instead of a cook ● Wu Ding and Fu Yue ○ Shamanistic ways (discovering Fu Yue through dreams) ● King Wen of Zhou and Jiang Tai-gong ○ Wen Wang recognized Jiang Tai-gong by seeing him fishing without a hook Common Characteristics of Sages (prime ministers): ● Of humble background (or pretends to be of humble background) o Fisherman o Farmer o Cook o Slave laborer building rammed earth walls ● Keenly insightful, almost superhuman ability to see through people and understand complex situations ● Why do they hide? o Because they are waiting for a king who can recognize them, and also they don’t want to serve any random kings or simply get involved politically ● Sages in the Daodejing o Wear rough clothes and keep the polished jade in the heart ( DDJ, chapter 70) Jade symbolizes the virtues and wisdoms of the sage Lecture 4 Zhou Dynasty (1045 – 256/221BCE) Western Zhou (1045 –771 BCE) ● Capital in West, near Xi’an Eastern Zhou (771-256 BCE) ● Capital in East, near Luoyang Spring and Autumn Period (770-481 BCE) Warring States period (481-221 BCE) Traditions Concerning Pre-dynastic Zhou Pre-dynasty Zhou · Di Ku (a legendary prehistoric ruler) ● Both Shang and Xia dynasty descend from Di Ku · Hou Ji (Qi, abandoned) (his mom step into a giant foot print and then become pregnant with him/ His mom tried to abandon him, but was never able to get rid of him) ● Very first king in the line of Zhou · Bu-Ku ● Mingled with the tribes of the Rong and di · Gong Liu ● he lived among the Rong and the Di, revived the enterprises of Hou ji · Gu-gong Dan-fu ● Gu gong: ancient chief ● In Mengzi, this figure is called Tai-wang, “the great king” ● Cultivated virtue ● yielded and moved when attacked by the Rong and the Di tribes ● Left Bin and settled at Mount Qi ● Had three sons § Tai-bo § Yu-zhong § Ji-li (aka Gong ji) (Gugong dan fu wants ji-li to become the king) (Both Tai-bo and Yu-zhong yield the throne) · Chang ● o Aka Xi bo; King Wen ● o Xi bo à King Wen ● o “awe-inspiringly splendid king” ● o skip meals to treat visitors well ● o bo yi and shu qi are attracted to King Wen’s virtue ● o imprisoned by King ZHOU (魏魏) 魏last king of Shang dynasty) § “It seems that xi bo is the one who has the mandate” Traditions concerning the Western Zhou o King wu (aka Fa, his given name) (he’s the son of KING WEN) o Dan, the duke of Zhou, was the assistant administrator o Tai-gong wang (Jiang Tai Gong) was the commander of the army Many examples of Jade “accumulate virtue” ● Gu-gong Dan fu revived the enterprises of Hou ji and Gong Liu. He cultivated virtue and did righteous deeds. ● Bi Gan was killed by the Zhou King ● Zhou king asked to see Bi Gan’s heart because there’s a saying that a sage would have a heart with 7 chambers King Wu · The son of King Wen · Cut Da ji’s head and put it on a stick King Zhou (Tyrant) · Burned himself to death YIN = Shang (same thing) Fief: a feudal estate Enfoeff: to invest somebody with a fief (to give someone the land) Vassal: a person under the protection of a lord to whom he has vowed homage and fealty; “a feudal tenant” Principle of government: · Rule through Wen (civil) or Wu( martial) Duke of the Zhou · Chicken egg ruler (Ji Dan) · Helped rule for the son of King Wu, who’s still a juvenile King Mu · Seek virtue, instead of warfare · Still attack the Quan-Rong King Li · Fond of amassing treasure.