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Institutional Repositories in the Indonesian Higher Education Sector: Current State and Future Prospect

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Institutional Repositories in the Indonesian Higher Education Sector: Current State and Future Prospect School of Media, Culture and Creative Arts Institutional Repositories in the Indonesian Higher Education Sector: Current State and Future Prospect Toong Tjiek Liauw This thesis is presented for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University November 2018 Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief this thesis contains no material previously published by any other person except where due acknowledgment has been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Toong Tjiek Liauw 6 March 2018 i Abstract This research investigates the state of deployment and development of institutional repositories in the Indonesian higher education sector. It also investigates their prospect for providing future support for the creation of an open access scholarly communication environment for Indonesia. Recent decades have witnessed the rapid and massive transformation of scholarly publishing as a result of the near ubiquitous access to digital services to create, store, acquire, and transfer scholarly publishing. Central to these changes has been the development of the Open Access movement, to which institutional repositories have been a major contributor. The benefits that follow from the adoption of open access and institutional repositories have been welcomed by universities and research institutions in developed countries, but until recently they have been less easily and less widely implemented in developing countries. This research focuses on one developing country, Indonesia, where a detailed survey of institutional repositories has not previously been undertaken. The study has adopted a mixed-methods research strategy. Individual methods employed were: 1) longitudinal content analysis study of institutional repositories’ website implemented by Indonesian higher education institutions; 2) a survey of Indonesian academics; and 3) in-depth interviews with various institutional repository stakeholders from three Indonesian universities. Each method informs the implementation of subsequent methods, and results from later method(s) elaborate, enhance, or clarify results from earlier method(s). The sampling frame used for the content analysis phase were online directories: Webometric’s Ranking Web of Repositories, Directory of Open Access Repositories (OpenDOAR), and Registry of Open Access Repositories (ROAR). The survey phase used an online survey platform (Qualtrics) for distribution to academics in higher education institutions that have been identified during the content analysis phase. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software has been used to analyze the results from the survey. For the interview phase, three institutions were selected based on the number of survey responses obtained and by considering the need for representative sample determined by other factors: state institutions vs. private institutions, and Java based institutions vs. non-Java based institutions. Face- ii to-face, in-depth, semi structured interviews were conducted with academics and university administrators (Vice Rector for Academic Affairs, Head of Office of Research and Development, Head of Library, and Repository Manager) from these institutions. The interview transcripts were coded and analyzed using Nvivo software. The results of this research indicate that the initial drivers for the uptake of institutional repositories in the Indonesian higher education sector have been: 1) the need for corporate information management systems to manage students’ theses and dissertations, that has expanded to include academic tenure processes; 2) institutional prestige in terms of university rankings (e.g., Webometrics’ rankings); and 3) the need to build a corpus of scholarly works to combat plagiarism in the production of students’ works. The research has also identified various local practices in the management and population (content recruitment) of the repositories, management and policy structure relating to repository operations, as well as underlying opinions, attitudes, and contributions of academics to their institution’s repository. Furthermore, the research has identified issues relating to the open access policies and practices of repositories in the context of teaching and research in Indonesia’s higher education sector. iii Table of Contents Declaration ................................................................................................................... i Abstract ....................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ....................................................................................................... iv List of Figures ............................................................................................................ ix List of Tables ............................................................................................................. xi Abbreviations ........................................................................................................... xiv List of Publications ................................................................................................... xv Acknowledgements .................................................................................................. xvi Chapter 1. Introduction ....................................................................................... 1 1.1 Scholarly communication and the history of Open Access movement ........ 1 1.2 Institutional repositories ................................................................................ 4 1.3 Statement of the problem .............................................................................. 5 1.4 Research question and objectives ................................................................. 6 1.5 Research design ............................................................................................ 7 1.6 Significance of research ................................................................................ 7 1.7 Chapter outline .............................................................................................. 9 Chapter 2. Background ...................................................................................... 12 2.1 Brief overview of Indonesia ........................................................................ 12 2.2 Indonesian higher education sector ............................................................. 13 2.3 Institutional repositories in the Indonesian context .................................... 21 2.4 Local practices and developments that relates to institutional repositories .................................................................................................. 23 Chapter 3. Literature Review ............................................................................ 26 3.1 Scholarly communication and publishing ................................................... 26 3.2 Open access: Challenges and opportunities ................................................ 28 3.3 Open access in the context of developing countries ................................... 31 3.4 Overview of institutional repositories ......................................................... 32 3.5 Previous surveys and studies on institutional repositories .......................... 42 Chapter 4. Methods ............................................................................................ 50 4.1 Overview of methods .................................................................................. 50 4.2 Mixed-methods research design ................................................................. 51 4.3 Triangulation ............................................................................................... 54 4.4 Overview of the design of this research ...................................................... 56 4.5 Content analysis as method ......................................................................... 57 4.5.1 Sampling and coding .............................................................................. 60 iv 4.5.2 Survey as method ................................................................................... 62 4.5.3 Survey and questionnaire ....................................................................... 62 4.5.4 Sample and sampling ............................................................................. 65 4.5.5 Statistics ................................................................................................. 66 4.6 Interview as method .................................................................................... 71 4.6.1 Interview ................................................................................................ 71 4.6.2 Transcription .......................................................................................... 76 4.6.3 Interview analysis and coding ................................................................ 81 Chapter 5. Content analysis ............................................................................... 89 5.1 Data collection 1 (2014-2015) .................................................................... 89 5.2 Results from data collection 1 ..................................................................... 99 5.3 Data collection 2 (2016-2017) .................................................................. 105 5.4 Results from data collection 2 ..................................................................
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