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HOW TO EXPECT THE PORTUGUESE INQUISITION by Robert Warren Anderson A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of George Mason University in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Economics Committee: Director Department Chairperson Program Director Dean, College of Humanities and Social Sciences Spring Semester 2011 George Mason University Fairfax, VA How to Expect the Portuguese Inquisition A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at George Mason University By Robert Warren Anderson Master of Arts George Mason University, 2007 Bachelor of Arts Brigham Young University, 2004 Director: John V. Nye, Professor Department of Economics Spring Semester 2011 George Mason University Fairfax, VA Copyright 2011 by Robert Warren Anderson All Rights Reserved ii Dedication This is dedicated to the victims of Entrepreneurs of Hate. iii Acknowledgements I would like to thank my dissertation committee of John Nye, Noel Johnson and Hilton Root. Garett Jones helped as well as did the graduate coordinator Mary Jackson. I would like to thank the many friends, relatives, and supporters I had as I worked on my doctorate degree. Additionally, the Institute for Humane Studies provided funding during my final year of writing. The Library of Congress provided many books and resources that greatly helped. Google Books also provided many references that I otherwise would not have been able to access. Joy Oakley, who edited and indexed the books from which I gathered all of my data, also provided help beyond providing the Lists of the Portuguese Inquisition. Additionally, I presented Chapter 2 at the February 2011 Eastern Economic Association conference in New York City and Chapter 3 at the March 2011 Public Choice Society Conference in San Antonio and would like to thank the participants in those sessions. Lastly, I would like to thank my wife. She patiently listened to me explain all aspects of this dissertation and helped me focus my writing. iv Table of Contents Page List of Tables ............................................................................................................. …vii List of Figures ............................................................................................................. …ix Abstract................................................................................................................….……x 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................…1 1.1 General Thesis ......................................................................................................1 1.2 Dissertation Overview ..........................................................................................5 1.3 Pre-Inquisition Jewish History ..............................................................................8 1.4 Establishing the Inquisition in Portugal ..............................................................15 1.5 Inquisitorial Bureaucracy ....................................................................................21 1.6 Witches, War, Welfare and Weather ..................................................................25 1.7 Inquisitorial Interactions .....................................................................................28 1.8 Conclusion ..........................................................................................................31 2. How to Expect the Portuguese Inquisition................................................................33 2.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................33 2.2 Institutionalizing Hatred; The Portuguese Inquisition ........................................34 2.3 Heretical Fluctuations .........................................................................................39 2.4 God Meets Mammon; New Christian Lobbying ................................................63 2.5 Power > Piety; Conclusion .................................................................................70 3. The Inquisition as Rent Seeking ...............................................................................75 3.1 Introduction .........................................................................................................75 3.2 Substituting Sodomy for Judaism .......................................................................77 3.3 Rent Seeking Doctors .........................................................................................85 3.4 Spanish Nationals................................................................................................91 3.5 Textile Manufacturing ........................................................................................96 3.6 Pombal and Religious Figures ............................................................................99 3.7 Conclusion ........................................................................................................102 4. The Inquisition as Theater ......................................................................................104 4.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................105 4.2 Violence as Theater...........................................................................................106 4.3 Inquisitorial Theatrics .......................................................................................109 4.4 Inquisitorial Signaling .......................................................................................116 4.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................152 5. Conclusion ..............................................................................................................154 v 6. Appendix A: Variables ..........................................................................................158 7. Appendix B: Defeitos ..............................................................................................161 8. Appendix C: The Crown and Pope Conflicting with Inquisitors ............................178 9. Appendix D: Accusations and Individual Rent Seeking .........................................183 10. Appendix E: Percent Jewish and Catholic Numbers in Modern Europe ................188 Bibliography .................................................................................................................190 vi List of Tables Table Page 1. Table 2.1: Inquisition on Weather and War Variables .......................................……42 2. Table 2.2: Inquisition and Grain Price Averages ........................................................52 3. Table 2.3: Inquisition on Agricultural Prices ..............................................................53 4. Table 2.4: Change in Sentencing from a Standard Deviation Increase in Price .........54 5. Table 2.5: Inquisition Forty Year Averages ...............................................................58 6. Table 2.6: Lobby Effects.............................................................................................69 7. Table 2.7: Change in Inquisitorial Sentencing from Lobbying ..................................70 8. Table 3.1: Sodomy Sentences 1636 to 1763 ...............................................................82 9. Table 3.2: Witch and Medical Sentencing 1636 to 1763 ............................................89 10. Table 3.3: From Spain Sentenced in Lisbon Inquisition...........................................93 11. Table 3.4: Textiles and Rent Seeking .......................................................................97 12. Table 3.5: Percent Religious Sentenced ..................................................................100 13. Table 4.1: Lisbon Auto Size of Religious and Non-Religious ...............................118 14. Table 4.2: People Sentenced and Auto Size ...........................................................119 15. Table 4.3: Public verse Private Autos in Lisbon Inquisition ..................................120 16. Table 4.4: Auto-da-fé Average Size 1600 - 1778 ...................................................121 17. Table 4.5: Recorded Punishments after 1635 .........................................................124 18. Table 4.6: Whipping and Ages ...............................................................................128 19. Table 4.7: Exile by Location, Gender, Age ............................................................132 20. Table 4.8: Banished ................................................................................................134 21. Table 4.9: Men, Women and Widows Killed .........................................................136 22. Table 4.10: Mean Ages and Sentencing .................................................................137 23. Table 4.11: Men with Occupation Listed ...............................................................137 24. Table 4.12: Death Rates of Foreigners ...................................................................138 25. Table 4.13: Death Rates by Defect .........................................................................139 26. Table 4.14: Sodomy Punishments...........................................................................140 27. Table 4.15: Apostate Punishments ..........................................................................141
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