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Proquest Dissertations Ideal versus reality: General Han Shizhong and the foundingof the Southern Song, 1127-1142 Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Wang, Xueliang, 1956- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 27/09/2021 18:47:59 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284180 INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has becm reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy sut)mitled. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter tace, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or p>oor quality iHustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author dkJ not serKl UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletksn. Oversize materials (e.g.. maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Photographs Included in the original marujscript have been reproduced xerographically In this copy. Higher quality 6' x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additkxial charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell lnformatk>n arxl Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 IDEAL V^ERSUS REALITY: GENERAL HAN SHIZHONG AND THE FOUNDING OF THE SOUTHERN SONG, 1127-1142 by Xueliang Wang Copyright© Xueliang Wang 2000 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEP.ARTMENT OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2000 UMI Number 9972132 Copyright 2000 by Wang, Xueliang All rights reserved. UMI ® UMI Microform9972132 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. 80x1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA ® GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Xuelianq Viang entitled Ideal Versus Realitv: Gpnpral Han Shi7hnna and fhP Fnundina of the Southern Song, 1127-1141 and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Dortor of PhilosoDhv Date Jing-shen Tao Date Brian E. McKnight -oO Date Chia-1in Pao Tao C I^ ^ c? " ^ —(Oxi Date Date Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. Dissertation Director-^ Date Jing-shen Tao STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissenation has been submined in paniai fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under the rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledge of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part be granted by the copyright holder. SIGNED; 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS It is always a high point in one's life when one completes his or her dissertation. I am obliged at this point to thank all the people who have helped me to reach this achievement. First of all, I would like to express my sincere appreciation to all members of my dissenation committee for their consistent encouragement and support while I was working on my dissertation. It was my honor to be directed and advised by such a prestigious committee composed of outstanding scholars in Chinese history. Professor Jing-shen Tao, my mentor and Chair of the committee, deserves special thanks for his enlightening guidance and generous support. I feel fortunate to be able to work with Professor Brian E. McKnight, who has provided me with invaluable advice, academic and otherwise, from which I have benefited enormously. I owe much of my achievements during my years in the Department of East Asian Studies to Professor Chia-lin Pao Tao. Her personal friendship and wise advice have always inspired me to make my best effort. In addition, I want to thank all the other East Asian Studies faculty members and students with whom I have taken courses and shared ideas. Finally, I want to thank my wife Ping, daughter Amv and son Dan for their consistent love, understanding and support. I am most grateful to my wife for having carried on extra family responsibility. 5 To My beloved wife. Ping Gu and My beloved daughter Amy Bo Wang My beloved son Tianwei G. Wang 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ABBREVIATIONS 8 .ABSTRACT 9 INTRODUCTION 10 PART I THE LWCERTAIN YEARS AND THE RISE OF HAN SHIZHONG 17 Chapter One The Political and Military Situation Before the Founding of the Southern Song 17 1. The Rise of Jin 18 2. The Demise of the Northern Song (960-1126) 21 3. The Situation after the Demise of the Northern song 32 Chapter Two The Establishment of the Southern Song and the Jin's Invasions 36 1. The Jin's First Invasion of the Southern Song 40 2. The Jin's Second Invasion of the Southern Song 48 3. The Jin's Third Invasion of the Southern Song 55 Chapter Three The Rise of Han Shizhong 68 1. Han Shizhong's Military Achievements in the Northern Song 68 2. Han Shizhong's Military Achievements in the Southern Song 76 3. A Top General of the Empire 83 Chapter Four The Formation of Han Shizhong's Forces 93 1. Former Song Soldiers and Officers 93 2. Vagrants and Bandits 96 3. Other Regular Forces of the Southern Song 98 4. Surrendered Liao and Jin Forces and the "Righteous Forces" 100 PART II FIGHT FOR TFLE SUTIVIVAL OF THE SOUTHERN SONG 103 Chapter Five Suppress the Rebellions 103 1. The Coup De' tat by Miao Fu and Liu Zhengyan 104 2. The rebellions in the early Southern Song 110 Chapter Six The Fighting at Huangtiandang 119 Chapter Seven The Great Wall of the Dynasty: Defending Huaidong 133 1. Han Shizhong's Region of Defense 135 2. Han Shizhong's Military Achievements in Huaidong 140 7 (1) The Victory of Dayi in 1134 141 (2) The Victory at Huaiyang in 1136 148 (3) The Victory over Liu Ni in 1136 150 (4) The Victories in 1140-1141 152 PART III; FIGHT FOR HIS IDEAL; HAN SHIZHONG CHALLENGED TFIE EMPEROR 158 Chapter Eight Opposing the Humiliated Peace with the Jins 158 1. The Conflict of Long-standing 160 2. Time to Stand Up: Han Shizhong Raised Memorials to the Emperor 173 3. Last Resort; Han Shizhong Took Action to Oppose the Peace Treaty 187 PART IV; NO CHANCE FOR THE GENERAL' REALIZATION OF HIS IDEAL 197 Chapter Nine Han Shizhong's Removal from His Office 197 CONCLUSION 218 REFERENCES 236 Primary Sources 236 Secondary Sources 242 Japanese Sources 259 Western Language references 260 8 BIBLIOGRAPHIC ABBREVIATIONS BENMO Jin Shi Jishi Benmo. Li Youtang CHANGBIAN Xu Zizhi Tongjian Chaniebian. Li Tao HOUBIAN Zizhi Tonjian Houbian. HUIBIAN Sanchao Beimeng Huibian. Xu Mengxin HUIYAO Song Huivao. Xu Song JS_ Jin Shi MUZHIMING Xianan Junwang Zhishi Zeng Tonavi Juanwang Han Gong Muzhiming. Sun Di SHENGZHENG Zengyu Mingru Jiangyi Huangsong Zhongxinic; Shen^yheng SHIJIANG Songchao Nandu Shijian Zhuan. Zhang Ying SS Song Shi. Tuo Tuo TONGJIAN Huangsong Tongiian Changbian Jishi Benmo. YANXINGLU Songdai Mingchen Yanxing Lu. Zhu Xi. YAOLU Jianyan Yilai Xinian Yaolu. Li Xinchuan YISHI Songren Yishi Huibian. Ding Chuajing ZAJI Jianyan Yilai Zaove Za)i Li Xinchuan ZHONGXING Zhonexing Xiaoji ZONGWUWANG BEI Han Zongwu Wane Shizhong Zhonexing Zuoming Dingguo Yuanxun Zhi Bei. Zhao Xiong 9 ABSTRACT This dissertation will argue that the founding and the existence of the Southern Song was not because of the emperor's willingness to accept the Jins" terms, but in spite of the emperor's attitudes. It was the general's successful resistance against the Jins that made it possible for the survival of the Southern Song. However, the founding of the Southern Song was never Han Shizhong's ideal. What he strove for was to defeat the enemies and to liberate the captured emperor and ex-emperor and to oust the Jins out of the Central Plain. The conflict between General Han Shizhong and Emperor Gaozong was focused upon the latter's goal of maintaining the reality of the Southern Song and realizing the former's ideal. The conflict intensified as the emperor quickened his pace of making peace with the Jins at the time when the Southern Song's military forces were in the offensive position. The emperor's efforts to restrict Han Shizhong within his own track, strengthened by the efforts of the imperial court to recover the national tradition of putting the military under civilian control, deprived Han Shizhong of the opportunity for the realization of his ideal.
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