CRANIAL NERVES
Optic nerve (II) Diencephalon Optic chiasm Optic tract Basis Midbrain pedunculi Trochlear nerve (IV) Oculomotor nerve (III) Trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nerve (VI) Pons Facial and intermediate nerves (VII) Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) Pyramid Glossopharyngeal (IX) and vagus nerves (X) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Accessory nerve (XI) Pyramidal decussation Cervical ventral roots
Diencephalon Lateral geniculate body
Optic Inferior colliculus nerve (II)
Trochlear nerve (IV) Midbrain Oculomotor nerve (III) Basis pedunculi Cerebellar peduncles: Trigeminal nerve (V) Superior Middle Pons Abducens nerve (VI) Inferior Facial and intermediate nerves (VII) Vestibulocochlear Pyramid nerve (VIII)
Olive Glossopharyngeal (IX) Medulla and vagus nerves (X) Hypoglossal nerve (XII) Spinal accessory Cervical nerve (XI) ventral roots
CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI
Mesencephalic trigeminal Motor Afferent Edinger-Westphal nucleus (N. V) nucleus (N. III) Special visceral General General and special visceral Oculomotor somatic nucleus (N. III) General General somatic visceral Special somatic Trochlear nucleus (N. IV) III III V Midbrain IV Trigeminal motor nucleus (N. V) Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus V Abducens nucleus (N. VI) (N. V) V Facial motor VI nucleus (N. VII) VIII Pons Vestibular nuclei V, VII, (N. VIII) VII IX, X VIII Superior (N. VII) IX Inferior (N. IX) IXVII Salivatory Cochlear nucleus XII nucleus (N. VIII) X Medulla Nucleus ambiguus (N. IX, X) IX, X Hypoglossal nucleus (N. XII) Solitary nucleus Dorsal motor nucleus (N. VII, IX, X) of vagus (N. X) XI Spinal cord Spinal trigeminal Accessory nucleus (N. XI) nucleus (V, VII, IX, X)
CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI
Afferent: Somatic Visceral Visceral Somatic Special somatic afferent (VIII) General somatic afferent (V, VII, IX, X) General and special visceral afferent Sulcus (VII, IX, X) limitans General visceral motor (III, VII, IX, X) Special visceral motor (V, VII, IX, X, XI) General somatic motor (III, IV, VI, XII)
2 CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI
Section through superior colliculus Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (V)
Edinger- Westphal nucleus (III)
Oculomotor nucleus (III)
Section through inferior colliculus
Mesencephalic trigeminal Trochlear nucleus (V) nucleus (IV)
CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI
Section through middle cerebellar peduncle Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (V) Vestibular nuclei (VIII) Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus (V)
Motor trigeminal nucleus (V)
Section through cochlear nuclei and the trapezoid body Abducens nucleus (VI) Cochlear nuclei (VIII) Vestibular nuclei (VIII) Spinal trigeminal nucleus (V) Facial motor nucleus (VII)
BRAIN STEM RETICULAR FORMATION
MLF
ICP
Parvocellular
Magnocellular ML
PYR
3 BRAIN STEM DEVELOPMENT
BRAIN STEM DEVELOPMENT
Sulcus limitans
A Alar plate B
Basal plate
C Special somatic afferent General and special General visceral afferent visceral motor General somatic Special afferent visceral motor General somatic motor
D Hypoglossal nucleus (XII) Vestibular nucleus (VIII) Solitary nucleus (VII, IX, X)
Dorsal motor Spinal nucleus of trigeminal vagus (X) nucleus (V, VII, IX, X) Nucleus ambiguus (X)
MOVEMENT CONTROL
Basal Motor ganglia areas
Non- motor areas
Cerebellum
Brain stem motor nuclei
Spinal interneurons
Motor neurons
Movement
4 MOVEMENT CONTROL A Ventral corticospinal tract B Lateral corticospinal tract
6 6
4 4
3,1,2
Internal capsule Internal capsule
Reticular and vestibular Red nucleus nuclei (magnocellular part)
Rubrospinal Medial tract brain stem pathways
Pyramidal decussation
Lateral Ventral corticospinal corticospinal tract tract
Ascending dorsal column – medial lemniscal pathway to primary sensory cortex Somatic sensory cortex Toe (postcentral gyrus) Leg Trunk Forearm and hand area SENSORY Cerebral cortex
CONTROL Face
Lateral sulcus
Internal capsule
Thalamus Ventral posterior Third ventricle lateral nucleus
Midbrain
Medial lemniscus
Pons
Medial lemniscus
Medulla
Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus
Medulla Spinal trigeminal nucleus Sensory decussation
Gracile fascicle Dorsal root Cuneate fascicle ganglion
Spinal cord
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
Sympathetic Projections of Projections of Parasympathetic division sympathetic parasympathetic division division division
Eye Ciliary ganglion Midbrain III
Lacrimal and Pterygopalatine and submaxillary ganglion Pons salivary glands VII Medulla Otic ganglion IX Superior cervical X ganglion Bronchi Cranial Middle cervical Esophagus nerves Cervical ganglion and lungs Inferior cervical ganglion Piloerector muscle Heart Artery
Celiac ganglion Thoracic
Sweat Liver glands Stomach
Pancreas Adrenal medulla Small intestine Lumbar Large intestine, rectum
Sacral Pelvic nerve Bladder leading to pelvic ganglia
Sypathetic Superior Inferior chain mesenteric mesenteric Reproductive ganglion ganglion organs
5 NORADRENERGIC SYSTEM
A A6 / locus ceruleus
A7 A5
B
CTX T HF C CC PT Cerebellum Th OB CTX S F EC DT AO RF Spinal cord CT A H LC BS
DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM
A Caudate Corpus and putamen callosum Cerebellum Anterior Lateral Hippocampus cingulate septum cortex
Prefrontal cortex Habenula
A10 Striatum Locus ceruleus A8 Lateral parabrachial nucleus A9
Pyriform Central Entorhinal Nucleus cortex nucleus cortex accumbens (amygdala)
B
Olfactory bulb Thalamus
A16 A13 A11
A15 Spinal cord
Retina A14 A12 Pituitary A17 Median eminence
SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM
Cerebellum
Cerebral cortex Cingulate bundle
HF B7 Th CD
B8 B6 B2 B4 B3 B9 B5 H B1
External Medial forebrain capsule bundle
Serotonergic innervation
6 CHOLINERGIC SYSTEM
Caudate Fornix and putamen
Hi Ha OB Th LDT DBv BM VTA IPN LH PPT A RF MaPo
Cholinergic system
HISTAMINERGIC SYSTEM
A
Tuberomammillary nucleus
B Cerebral cortex
Cingulate cortex
Thalamus
Septum
Amygdala
Hypothalamus Tuberomammillary Histaminergic innervation nucleus
DOPAMINERGIC SYNAPSE
Presynaptic dopaminergic neuron
IP3 Ca2+
D D 3 DAG PKC 3
PIP2
AC Cortical or mesolimbic – + target neuron (D2, D 3, D 4)(D1, D 5)
Gi Gs
ATP cAMP
7 DOPAMINERGIC SYNAPSE
1a Tyrosine Antipsychotic Increase of synthesis (L-DOPA) Can produce Tyrosine psychotic symptoms 1b Inhibition of synthesis (α-methyltyrosine) DOPA 2 Interference with vesicular storage (reserpine, Dopamine 6 tetrabenazine) Inhibition of breakdown (pargyline) 3 Stimulation of release of DA at nerve terminal (amphetamine, tyramide) MAO Autoreceptor D3
Vesicular monoamine transporter Dopamine 4 transporter 5 Blocking of DA receptors Inhibition of reuptake and autoreceptors (cocaine, amphetamine, (antipsychotics: benztropine) perphenazine, haloperidol) COMT
D2 D2
MESOCORTICOLIMBIC DOPAMINERGIC SYSTEM
A Midsagittal section B Coronal section Mesocortical system: Neocortex ? involved in the Nucleus negative symptoms accumbens of schizophrenia (ventral striatum) Limbic forebrain Frontal cortex
Hippocampal formation
Mesolimbic and mesocortical Ventral tegmental system Midbrain Mesolimbic area system: ? involved in the positive symptoms Hippocampal Ventral of schizophrenia formation tegmental area
SEROTONERGIC SYSTEM
A Pathways B Targets
To Neocortex Caudate nucleus Thalamus Cingulum hippocampus and putamen Striatum Cingulate gyrus Neocortex Globus pallidus Nucleus accumbens (ventral Thalamus striatum)
Limbic forebrain
Hypothalamus Hypothalamus
Olfactory and entorhinal Medial cortices forebrain Deep Midbrain bundle Amygdala cerebellar nuclei Hippocampus Cerebellar Pons Rostral cortex raphe nuclei Caudal raphe To spinal nuclei cord Raphe nuclei
8 Depressant Antidepressant A Serotonergic neurons
1 Inhibition of synthesis Tryptophan (p -chlorophenylalanine, p -propyldopacetamide) 5-OH-Tryptophan 5-HIAA
5-HT
2 Interference with vesicular storage 5-HT (reserpine, 5 tetrabenazine) 5-HT Inhibition of enzyme that oxidizes 5-HT MAO inhibitors (iproniazid, clorgyline) 3a Stimulation of MAO autoreceptor agonist 8-Hydroxy-diproplamino- tetraline (8-OH-DPAT) 4 Inhibition of reuptake Tricyclics and (imipramine, 3b selective serotonin Stimulation of 5-HT 5-HT amitryptyline, fluoxetine, reuptake inhibitors receptors as sertraline) partial agonist (lysergic acid diethylamide) 5-HT receptor
B Noradrenergic neurons Tyrosine 1a hydroxylase Inhibition of synthesis Deaminated (α-methyltyrosine) products 1b DOPA Inhibition of synthesis (FLA 63)
Dopamine
2 Interference with vesicular storage NE 7 (reserpine, Inhibition of enzyme tetrabenazine) that oxidizes NE MAO inhibitors (pargyline) 3 NE Stimulation of release of MAO NE at nerve terminals (amphetamine) 6 Inhibition of reuptake (desipramine) Tricyclics Receptor NM 4a 5 Stimulation of receptors Inhibition of enzyme (clonidine) that inactivates NE Inactivation inhibitor COMT (tropolone)
4b Blocking of receptors (phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine)
ASCENDING AROUSAL SYSTEM
9 ASCENDING AROUSAL SYSTEM
Cerebral Hippocampus Parabrachial cortex nucleus
Thalamus
ILT
RT
Locus ceruleus
Basal forebrain Tuberomammillary Pedunculopontine (cholinergic system) nucleus nucleus
Melanin concentrating Dorsal and hormone and orexin median raphe system nuclei
Appleton & Lange
DESYNCHRONISED AND SYNCHRONISED EEG
A
0.2 mV
1 s B
THALAMIC NEURON ACTIVITY
Slow-wave sleep Waking
EEG
Bursts Single spikes Thalamic firing extracellular
0.5 s Bursts Na+ Single spikes Thalamic 2+ firing Ca intracellular
100 ms
10 RESPIRATORY PATTERN IN COMATOSE PATIENT
A A
B C D E
B
C
D
1 min
E
NUCLEUS OF THE SOLITARY TRACT COORDINATES AUTONOMIC FUNCTION
Periaqueductal gray matter
Parabrachial nucleus Cortex
Amygdala Dorsal motor vagal nucleus Hypothalamus Nucleus ambiguus
Ventrolateral Nucleus of the medulla solitary tract
Heart
AMYGDALA AND BRAIN STEM NUCLEI COORDINATE FEAR RESPONSE
11