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Universita' Degli Studi Di Verona Dipartimento UNIVERSITA’ DEGLI STUDI DI VERONA DIPARTIMENTO DI LINGUE E LETTERATURE STRANIERE SCUOLA DI DOTTORATO DI SCIENZE UMANISTICHE DOTTORATO DI RICERCA IN LINGUE, LETTERATURE E CULTURE STRANIERE MODERNE Con il contributo di FONDAZIONE UNIVERSITARIA MANTOVA CICLO XXXI TITOLO DELLA TESI DI DOTTORATO Audiovisual Translation and multimodality: Character (re)design from source to target multimodal text. The Chicano gangster stereotype as a case study. S.S.D. L-LIN/12 Coordinatore: Prof. STEFAN RABANUS Firma __________________________ Tutor: Prof. ROBERTO CAGLIERO Firma __________________________ Dottorando: Dott.ssa DORA RENNA Firma Quest’opera è stata rilasciata con licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione – non commerciale Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia . Per leggere una copia della licenza visita il sito web: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/it/ Attribuzione Devi riconoscere una menzione di paternità adeguata, fornire un link alla licenza e indicare se sono state effettuate delle modifiche. Puoi fare ciò in qualsiasi maniera ragionevole possibile, ma non con modalità tali da suggerire che il licenziante avalli te o il tuo utilizzo del materiale. NonCommerciale Non puoi usare il materiale per scopi commerciali. Non opere derivate —Se remixi, trasformi il materiale o ti basi su di esso, non puoi distribuire il materiale così modificato. Audiovisual Translation and multimodality: Character (re)design from source to target multimodal text. The Chicano gangster stereotype as a case study. 10 dicembre 2018 Dora Renna Tesi di Dottorato Verona, 2019 SOMMARIO (Italiano) La tesi mira a espandere la ricerca su lingua e traduzione audiovisiva, includendo la relazione tra testo ed elementi non testuali che caratterizzano il prodotto audiovisivo. Ciò richiede un framework analitico capace di analizzare la multimodalità. Sebbene questo tipo di analisi sia relativamente semplice da applicare alle analisi qualitative di casi limitati, raramente è stata applicata a corpora più estesi. In particolare, al centro di questa tesi è posta la costruzione del personaggio nei film. Un personaggio è uno strumento diegetico riconoscibile, in cui confluiscono elementi audiovisivi e testuali. I film usano costantemente personaggi stereotipati per trasmettere messaggi al pubblico e svolgere una specifica funzione comunicativa basata su una serie di assunti condivisi. L’analisi prende come case study una selezione di film americani, distribuiti tra 1988 e 1993 e doppiati in italiano, in cui è presente lo stereotipo del gangster chicano. La metodologia è tratta da Descriptive Translation Studies e studio della multimodalità, nonché basata sull’analisi dei corpora e sulla traduzione di varianti linguistiche non-standard nei film. Un profilo storico e linguistico dello stereotipo analizzato servirà come supporto per la fase finale, l’analisi dei film. Innanzitutto, l’analisi si concentrerà sull’individuazione della varietà linguistica usata dai personaggi, con specifica attenzione al prestigio che tale varietà comunica, allo scopo di comprendere le strategie con cui cui questa è stata riprodotta nella versione italiana. Successivamente, la relazione tra elementi testuali e non testuali sarà oggetto di studio, per scoprire quali relazioni intermodali sono state instaurate nelle due versioni di ogni film. Questo servirà a comprendere il significato comunicato dal personaggio del testo multimodale e il modo in cui esso è mantenuto o modificato con la traduzione. L’analisi ha un approccio quantitativo, allo scopo di trarre conclusioni generali sulla (ri)costruzione del personaggio nel corpus qui considerato. I dati vengono poi esposti e interpretati, al fine di capire come certe scelte linguistiche in un prodotto multimodale siano collegate al contesto linguistico-culturale che le ha determinate. ABSTRACT (English) The present work aims to expand the scope of research on audiovisual language and translation by taking into consideration the relationship between the audiovisual text and other modes characterising the audiovisual product. The complexity of this kind of product calls for an analytical framework that makes it possible to deal with multiple modes simultaneously. Although intuitively applicable to qualitative research, this kind of analysis has so far been difficult to achieve in larger corpora. In particular, the main focus of this thesis is character design in movies. A character is a recognizable, stereotyped diegetic device, composed of audiovisual as well as textual elements. Movies rely heavily on stereotyped characters to convey messages to the audience and fulfil a specific communicative function based on a set of shared assumptions. The analysis will take as a case study a selection of American movies released between 1988 and 1993 and dubbed into Italian, featuring the stereotypical character of the Chicano gangster. The methodology is informed by descriptive translation studies and multimodality, as well as corpus-based analysis and translation of fictional non- standard varieties. A linguistic and historical profiling of the chosen character will serve as a toolkit in the final step, the analysis of the movies. First, the analysis will focus on identifying the linguistic variety spoken by the character, with particular attention to its prestige, with the purpose of understanding the way in which the variety of the source text was re-presented in the target text. This will allow the inference of the type of strategies used by the translators. Subsequently, the relationship between linguistic elements and non-textual elements will be analysed to understand the way that intermodal relationships are built in both texts. This will shed light on the communicative meaning conveyed by the character in the multimodal text, and the way it is preserved or transformed through the audiovisual translation process.The analysis will have an initially quantitative approach, so as to outline a general trend in the character design and re-design within the analysed corpus. The data will then be reviewed and interpreted, in order to understand how specific linguistic choices in a multimodal environment are linked to the linguacultural context that generated them. Contents INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 8 PART I – GETTING STARTED. METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH. ..... 13 1. CHAPTER 1 – ACCEPTING CHALLENGES IN TRANSLATION STUDIES .............................................................................................................. 13 1.1 CHALLENGE 1: DESCRIBING TRANSLATION. DESCRIPTIVE TRANSLATION STUDIES ............................................................................................................. 13 1.2 CHALLENGE 2: ANALYSING QUANTITIES. CORPUS LINGUISTICS AND CORPUS- BASED TRANSLATION STUDIES ............................................................................ 23 1.3 CHALLENGE 3: RECOGNISING MINORITIES IN TRANSLATION. FICTIONAL DIALECTS AND ETHNOTYPES ............................................................................... 30 1.4 CHALLENGE 4: GOING BEYOND THE TEXT. MULTIMODALITY AND TRANSLATION ..................................................................................................... 41 PART II – CHICANOS FROM IDENTITY TO STEREOTYPE. HISTORICAL AND LINGUISTIC CONTEXTUALISATION ..................... 54 2 CHAPTER 2 – CHICANOS: THE HISTORY OF A MAJOR MINORITY. ......................................................................................................... 56 2.1 INTRODUCTION: WHO IS AN AMERICAN? .................................................... 57 2.2 FROM MEXICO TO USA .............................................................................. 59 2.2.1 The origin of the term “Chicano” ..................................................... 67 2.3 THE FIRST HALF OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY BETWEEN WORLD WARS AND URBAN WARS ...................................................................................................... 68 2.3.1 The Sleepy Lagoon case and the Zoot Suit Riots .............................. 79 2.4 TOWARDS CHICANO AWARENESS ................................................................ 84 2.4.1 A new meaning for the word “Chicano”........................................... 87 2.5 FALLING BACK: THE END OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ............................. 90 2.5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................ 95 3 CHAPTER 3 – ENGLISH, POWER AND VARIATION. ....................... 97 3.1 PLURALISING ENGLISH(ES) AND ENGLISH AS PRACTICE ............................. 98 3.2 LANGUAGES AND INEQUALITY: CRITICAL LINGUISTICS............................. 107 3.3 LANGUAGE VARIATION AND CONTACT ....................................................... 113 3.3.1 Language variation: dialects and sociolects ................................... 113 3.3.2 Language variation and ethnicity: ethnolects .................................. 115 3.3.3 Language contact part I: code-switching ....................................... 122 3.3.4 Language contact part II: language shift, pidgins, creoles ............ 126 4 CHAPTER 4 – CHICANO ENGLISH: AN AMERICAN ENGLISH . 136 4.1 AMERICAN ENGLISH: FROM DEVIATION TO STANDARD ............................. 137 4.2 MULTILINGUALISM, LANGUAGE VARIATION AND LINGUISTIC DISCRIMINATION IN THE U.S. ....................................................................................................... 140 4.2.1 English-only and discrimination ....................................................
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