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Home , Acilius (beetle), Ancyronyx, Bandringa, Big Darby Creek, Blackstripe topminnow, Blue sucker

A Guide to

Edited by Randall E. Sanders, ODNR, Division of Wildlife

Information and Graphic Design, Ronald J. Zimmerman, Information Design Group

Published by Streams Committee, Ohio Chapter of the American Fisheries Society in Partnership with Ohio Environmental Education Fund Ohio Department of Natural Resources Ohio Environmental Protection Agency

Columbus, Ohio 2001

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 09.15.00 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 09.15.00 Title RT A guide to Ohio Streams Table of Contents and guide to what, where, and how to find things in this book. Chapter and Section Number This book is divided into 10 chapters and 1.0 Streams 6.0 Wildlife Diversity Chapter Section chapter sections. 1.1 Natural and Human Changes 6.1 Aquatic All information This number pertaining to a identifies the 1.2 Principal Streams 6.2 Mollusks chapter section chapter and and Watersheds 6.3 will be contained section you are in the white area in. It also serves 1.3 Uses, Benefits, and Values 6.4 Reptiles and Amphibians Section Heading of the page. as a double page 1.4 Stream Trivia number.

2.0 Geology and Geography 7.0 Recreation 2.1 Bedrock, Ground Water, 7.1 Gone Fishin’ Section and Glacial Deposits 7.2 More Sport Fishes Introduction 2.2 Climate and Water Cycle 7.3 Recreational Opportunities 2.3 Precipitation 2.4 Relief and

3.0 Quality and Threats 8.0 Stream Laws 3.1 Quality and Size 8.1 U.S. Environmental Laws 3.2 Anatomy of a Stream 8.2 U.S. Wildlife and 3.3 Streamside Forests Conservation Laws and 8.3 Ohio Environmental Laws 3.4 Habitat Threats 8.4 Ohio Wildlife and Conservation Laws

4.0 and 9.0 Protection and Timeline Pollution Control Restoration This timeline maps Ohio’s 4.1 Water Chemistry 9.1 Status and Trends stream related 4.2 Standards and Monitoring 9.2 Partnerships, Science, history independent of 4.3 Point Source Pollution and Programs chapter 9.3 A Stream Ethic sections. It “In Ohio Streams” 4.4 Nonpoint Source Pollution begins during 9.4 Water Resources: the prehistoric In this column ’ Top Paleozoic Era you will find an Resource Priority (page 1.1) and illustration and ends in the year facts about more 2000 (page 9.4). than 100 kinds of 5.0 Ecology 10.0 Major Ohio Watersheds Here you will , insects, mollusks, and other 5.1 Stream Quality 10.1 Maumee find important - and fascinating aquatic wildlife 5.2 Seasonal Changes 10.2 - information that live - or lived - that helps in Ohio streams. 5.3 Plants and Predators 10.3 explain the 5.4 Preferred Habitat 10.4 types of streams we 10.5 have today and how they have 10.6 changed 10.7 through time. 10.8 10.9 River 10.10

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.15.00 Table of Contents LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.15.00 Table of Contents RT Partners in Stream Conservation

Ohio Chapter of the American Fisheries Society Ohio Farm Bureau Federation, Inc.

Ohio Environmental Education Fund The Extension

Ohio Department of Natural Resources Lake Metroparks

ODNR, Division of Wildlife Grand River Partners, Inc.

ODNR, Division of Natural Areas Coshocton and Preserves Soil and Water Conservation District

ODNR, Division of Water U.S. Forest Service, Department of

U.S. Natural Resources ODNR, Division of Soil and Water Conservation Service, Department of Agriculture

Ohio Environmental U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Protection Agency Department of the Interior

Ohio Federation of U.S. Geological Survey, Soil and Water Conservation Department of the Interior Districts

Ohio Division, Water Management Izaak Walton League of America Association of Ohio

The Mead Corporation Information Design Group Paper Division, Woodlands Dept.

© 2001 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 01.12.01 Con LT © 2001 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 01.12.01 Con RT Contributing Agencies, Organizations, and Staff Published by Ohio Department of Natural Resources Streams Committee Division of Wildlife - Randall Sanders, Dave Ross, Elmer Heyob, Randy Hoover, Mike Greenlee, Cynthia Ohio Chapter of the American Fisheries Society Bishop, Gene Whitten, Lisa Smith, Scott Schell, Tim Daniel, Randy Miller, Ray Petering, Gary Isbell, Steve Columbus, Ohio Gray, Ken Fritz, Susan Adkinson, Chuck Greenwalt, Dan Klein, Dave Davies, Joanne McKenzie, Joe Barber, Bill May, Verdie Abel, Lori Benhase, Margie Stump Cover Art by Division of Real Estate and Land Management - Steve Lewis, Gary Schaal, Bruce Motsch Rick Hill, Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources Division of Gelogical Survey - Michael Hansen, Lisa Van Doren Division of Water - Dick Bartz, Peter Finke, Dave Orr, Jim Morris Copyright © 2000 by the Ohio Chapter of the American Fisheries Society Division of Natural Areas and Preserves - Bob Gable, Stu Lewis, Dan Rice, Steve Goodwin, John Kopec All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, scanned, stored in a computerized system, Division of Soil and Water - Dan Kush, Dan Mecklenburg, Jill Evans, Jerry Wager or published in any form or in any manner, including electronic, mechanical, reprographic, or photographic, Administration - Scott Zody without prior written permission from the publisher. Copyrights on individual illustrations and photographs Ohio Environmental Protection Agency remain with the artists and photographers. Ohio Environmental Education Fund - Judy Mentzer, Tom Yersavich Division of - Marc Smith, Ed Rankin, Dave Altfater, Roger Thoma, Dennis Mishne, Chris Ohio Environmental Education Fund Grant 96 G 027. Yoder, Kelly Capuzzi, Paul Vandermeer, Brian Alsdorf, Mike Bolton, Bernie Counts, Chuck Boucher, Jeff This book is to be distributed as free educational material. Not for sale. DeShon, Jack Freda, Marty Knapp, Chuck McKnight, Bob Miltner, Ed Moore, Duane Davis, David White, Charlie Staudt, Gail Hesse, Julie Letterhos, Diana Zimmerman, Steve Tuckerman, Bob Davic, Dan Dudley The materials contained in this guide should not be interpreted as the policies or opinions of the government The Ohio State University of Ohio or other agencies, universities, or organizations that supported this project. Ohio Biological Survey - Brian Armitage, G. Thomas Watters Department of Evolution, Ecology, and Organismal Biology - Libby Marschall, Roy Stein, Ted Cavender, For more information contact: ODNR, Division of Wildlife, Fish Management and Research, 1840 Belcher Dave Stansberry Drive, Columbus, Ohio 43224, USA. School of Natural Resources - Jon Vallaza, Dave Johnson, Bill Lynch National Biological Survey - Deanna Stouder Printed by Otterbein College The Watkins Printing Company Life and Earth Sciences - Michael Hoggarth 1401 East 17th Avenue U.S. Department of Agriculture Columbus, Ohio 43211 Natural Resource Conservation Service - Mark DeBrock U.S. Department of the Interior First Printing: October 2000 Fish and Wildlife Service - Bill Kurey, Ken Lammers, Kent Kroonemeyer Second Printing: February 2001 Geological Survey - John Tertuliani, Steven Hindall, Sandy Coen of Columbus Department of Public Utilities, Water Division - Ken Button Fairfield Soil and Water Conservation District - Perry Orndorff American Fisheries Society - Paul Brouha Little Miami Incorporated - Eric Partee SonicRim - Elizabeth Sanders

Illustrations Acknowledgements Rick Hill - Stream and Big River Posters, Kentucky Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources The Ohio Chapter of the American Fisheries Society (OCAFS) would like to thank and acknowledge the many Ronald Zimmerman, Kathryn Paluch - Information Design Group individuals, agencies, and organizations that made this guide possible through authorship, financial support, Joseph Tomelleri - Ichthyologia Scientific Color Fish Illustrations through ODNR, Division of Wildlife review, and the generous use of illustrations, photographs, and other published material. Financial support Milton B. Trautman - The Fishes of Ohio, Ohio State University Press for this project was provided by the Ohio Environmental Education Fund and in-kind services of the contributing Cynthia Bishop, Gene Whitten - ODNR, Division of Wildlife agencies and organizations. OCAFS also thanks the Information Design Group for their graphic design skills Steve Lewis - ODNR, Division of Real Estate and Land Management and patience, and Dan Armitage, Tim Daniel, Ronald Stuckey, Simeon Kresge Okia, North American Benthological Dave Orr - ODNR, Division of Water Society, and In Fisherman magazine for the use of their photographs. All other photographs were supplied Lisa Van Doren - ODNR, Division of Geological Survey by the contributing agencies, organizations, and staff listed below and on the facing page. The government Jim Glover - ODNR, Division of Parks and Recreation agencies that supported this project are equal opportunity providers. Bob Hines - Ohio Conservation Bulletin, ODNR, Division of Wildlife Robert Usinger - Aquatic Insects of California, University of California Press Project Director and Senior Editor Kennith Cummins, Margaret Wilzback, Bonnie Hall - Field Procedures for Analysis of Functional Feeding Randall Sanders - ODNR, Division of Wildlife Groups of Stream Macroinvertebrates John Burch - Freshwater Unionacean Clams (: Pelecypoda) of , U.S. EPA Information Design, Graphic Design, and Layout David Dennis - Salamanders of Ohio, Ohio Biological Survey Ronald Zimmerman, Kathryn Paluch, Daren Elosh - Information Design Group Henry Howe - Historical Collections of Ohio: Volumes 1 & 2, State of Ohio Donald Luce - Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota OCAFS Streams Committee John Rice - Advanced Sport Fishing and Aquatic Resources Handbook, American Sportfishing Association Randall Sanders - Chair, Perry Orndorff - Co-Chair Scott Shannon - Protecting Resources, The Federal Interagency Floodplain Elmer Heyob, Marc Smith, Randy Hoover, Dave Ross, Roger Thoma, Dave Altfater, Ed Rankin, Kelly Capuzzi, Management Task Force Paul Vandermeer, Brian Alsdorf, Duane Davis, Ken Lammers, Bill Kurey, John Tertuliani, Libby Marschall, Deanna Tom Duran, Jr. - Snakes and Reptiles of , Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission Stouder, Michael Hoggarth, Mark DeBrock, Mike Greenlee, Bob Gable, Jim Stricko, Jon Vallazzo Robert Converse - Ohio Flint Types, The Archaeological Society of Ohio ODNR, Division of Geological Survey - Fossils of Ohio The Ohio Academy of Science - Ohio’s Natural Heritage

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 09.15.00 acknowledgments © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 09.15.00 acknowledgments 1.0 From our smallest creeks to largest , streams are one of Ohio’s most valuable natural resources. Since the time of native Americans until today, streams have provided Ohioans with many uses and benefits. More than 1,400 of wildlife also depend on how well Ohioans understand, use, and care for their streams.

Chapter One Streams

Natural and Human Changes

Principal Streams and Watersheds

Uses, Benefits, and Values

Stream Trivia

Useful Terms and Definitions Brook- a general name for Lentic- of still or a large sized stream; a - a stream that a small sized stream. non-flowing waters. stream more than 100 flows into another stream, miles long. lake or . Creek- a general name for Lotic- of flowing or a small to medium sized running waters. Stream- a general name Watershed- the land that stream. for a creek, run, brook, discharges surface and Perennial- a stream that river, ditch, swale, etc.; a to a stream. Intermittent- a stream maintains flow body of water that flows Also referred to as a that has no surface flow throughout the year. down a gradient along a stream’s area. View of the (Belmont , Ohio and Marshall County, West ). during dry periods. River- a general name for definite path.

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.20.00 CH1.0 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.20.00 CH1.0 RT Streams A guide to Ohio Streams In 1.1 Ohio Natural and Human Changes Streams… During the past two million years, Ohio streams the Ohio Extinct country by have undergone several periods of major change - pioneers and first by and more recently by Europeans with naturalists, native Virgin Forests 1620 the settlement of the . Human activities Americans Common Name: harelip sucker had little during the past 200 years have resulted in dramatic Settlement of Restoring the Scientific Name: Lagochila lacera impact on Phylum: Chordata the Ohio Country Ohio Country Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) physical, chemical, and biological changes in many the quality of As Ohio became increasingly Realizing how impaired Order: streams. In : suckers () streams. Since the 1970s, however, there have been populated by Europeans, streams had become, new Number of Streams: 0 the early were built, forests were cleared, federal and state water laws Distribution: Ohio River & Basins increasing efforts to understand, protect, and restore 1700s, Ohio's Virgin Forests 1850 Habitat: medium to large streams were drained and the were soon passed in hopes of Size: < 1.5 feet pristine envir- these valuable natural resources. quality of streams continued reversing more than a century Pollution Tolerance: highly intolerant onment was to worsen. By 1825, stream of stream degradation. Ohio described Today, the Locally Common presence of transportation had become passed the first "State Scenic , and numerous as a predom- prehistoric artifacts difficult due to the con- Rivers Act" in 1968. Federal wetlands were left behind. inantly forested along many Ohio streams struction of numerous mill laws such as the Clean Water landscape with is evidence of Virgin Forests 1940 how important . Many urban streams Act were also passed in 1970s The ancient watershed streams were once drained the southern two-thirds scattered openings, to native Americans. had also become seriously and states were required to of the land now called Ohio. clean streams, polluted by 1885. In 1893, establish water quality numerous wetlands, and an Common Name: Dobsonfly ; hellgrammite Ohio's first law standards and chemical limits Scientific Name: Corydalus cornutus abundance of wildlife. was passed and the to maintain and restore "the Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta city of chemical, physical, and Order: Megaloptera species. Stream impacts biological integrity of the Family: fishflies & dobsonflies (Corydalidae) Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie contin- surface waters of the United Habitat: riffles of medium to large streams ued to States." As a result, the quality Size: < 3 inches Ice Over the Teays Pollution Tolerance: intermediate to sensitive Approximately 2,000,000 years of the newly created lakes, the increase of many streams in Ohio today ago, Ohio was drained by an Ohio River drainage was through is better because of reduced ancient stream system known created to the south. As the the mid - amounts of pollution. Many Endangered as the Teays drainage. Glaciers last retreated to the 1970s when community-based watershed from the north, however, north, approximately 10,000 some streams groups and partnerships blocked many of the stream years ago, Lake Erie, its The First Ohioans had become so comprised of citizens, valleys. As water flowed out Canton completed Ohio's polluted they landowners, businesses, and As Ohio became warmer, native first sewage plant due to contained no fish for over 50 government representatives Americans began living along outbreaks of diphtheria. miles. By then, more than have also formed to protect many Ohio streams. As Common Name: white catspaw Stream impacts must have 22,500 miles of county ditches and restore streams and Scientific Name: Epioblasma obliquata they are for humans today, perobliqua been localized, however, had also been constructed. watersheds throughout Ohio. streams were also very impor- Phylum: Mollusca because biological surveys in The Ohio country had been Class: tant to the first Ohioans. Based Order: Unionoida many rural Ohio streams found settled with little regard for on early descriptions of Family: freshwater mussels () an abundance of pollution stream quality. Distribution: Lake Erie drainage sensitive fish and mussel Habitat: riffles of small to medium streams Size: < 2 inches Abundance: one stream, very rare Pollution Tolerance: intolerant 320,000,000 BC Period PALEOZOIC ERA BEGINS 500,000,000 BC 400,000,000 BC Period Consisting of both marine and terres- Ohio's upper bedrock layers Ordivician Period Trilobites decline. Corals, trial environments, this period con- are formed by extensive Fishes become more abundant bryozoans, cephalopods, tains a broad diversity of plants and sedimentation throughout and aquatic assemblages sponges, and crinoids are . Tree ferns, early conifers, seven geologic periods. Fossils include trilobites, sponges, 440,000,000 BC Period present. Huge and ferocious reeds, and rushes provide lush vege- indicate both shallow marine jellyfish, crinoids, corals, Ohio's shallow, marine, such as tation that overwhelms the landscape. and freshwater were cephalopods, brachiopods, subtropical environment Dunkleosteus terrelli, Numerous swamps with peat bogs present in Ohio. 570,000,000 BC Period pelecypods, , jellyfish, supports coral reefs, an sigmoides, and form as vegetation dies. Extensive Ohio changes from a broad gastropods, and bryozoa. Ohio’s abundance of nautiloids, snails, sharks inhabit Ohio seas. 345,000,000 BC coastal plain to a shallow sea. location is south of the equator. , algae, and Mississippian Period beds form in eastern Ohio. Large Trilobites and other life appear. Abundant fossils from this jellyfish. Land plants appear Stalked echinoderms saltwater and small freshwater sharks Jawless fishes (agnathans), period can be found in the with receding sea levels. (crinoids and blastoids) are (Symmorium reniforme and Bandringa Ohio's oldest fossil , streams of south- Evaporation of shallow seas abundant. Starfish, horn rayi), (Rhabdoderma ele- have been found in Upper western leave behind thick salt beds corals, fishes, and algae are gans), and other fishes (Haplolepis Cambrian rocks. Deposits of Ohio. which are today mined near also present. Streams erode corrugata) are present in Ohio. sand and mud form. . out valleys. Amphibians and are also

timeline present.

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.20.00 CH1.1 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.20.00 CH1.1 RT Streams A guide to Ohio Streams In 1.2 Watershed Size (square miles) Ohio 3,000 to 10,000 1,000 to 3,000 Principal Streams and Watersheds 20,000 to 90,000 Streams… Ohio River With more than 60,000 miles of streams, Ohio is a water-rich state. But, Threatened if you look at the size of our streams, it is obvious that we have a lot of small Grand Scioto River R Great Miami River Little Miami River i creeks and a few large rivers. In fact, it takes many small streams to make v

e Whitewater River r a large one. Only 15 of the 3,300 named streams in Ohio have watersheds Sandusky River

C River Hocking River larger than 1,000 square miles! With streams in the northern ng Common Name: river darter u i n Paint Creek Scientific Name: shumardi y o Phylum: Chordata third of the state flowing into Lake Erie and streams a h Mahoning River h a Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes)

H

o M S in the southern two-thirds flowing into the Ohio u g r Order:

a r a e

o Riv Family: darters & ()

n n Number of Streams: 5

River, Ohio has two principal watersheds or er d

v u 400 to 1,000 Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins

i s R r

k e Habitat: large streams

R y i v v

drainage basins. i

e

e R Size: < 3.2 inches

e r R

m i s Cuyahoga River au v a Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

Lake Erie Basin A e

M w

u r M

o a Streams in the northern g hic r

Major Watersheds laiz an a Common

third of the state flow e R c R iv s i v e u into Lake Erie and r T Lake Erie Grand e Grand River eventually into the r W alhonding Riveerr Raccoon Creek Cuyahoga Atlantic Ocean through S M c r Mad River Maumee Sandusky Lake and the io u e

s v t i o

Mahoning St. Lawrence River. k R Common Name: limpet

R in r o Scientific Name: Ferrissia sp. i g e v u i v Phylum: Mollusca Ohio River Basin e m i r h R Class: snails & limpets () Streams in the southern R O Big Walnut Creek

iver o Order: Pulmonata

r i

e Family: limpets (Ancylidae)

Muskingum two-thirds of the state Ho h Salt Creek

v c

O Size: < 1 inch i k

in flow into the Ohio River R

Great Miami S g R Pollution Tolerance: tolerant

Scioto i c iver

and eventually into the i m P

a o Hocking Gulf of through a in t

r o i t Little e C v r E. Fork Little Miami

the River. i R M e Miami e R iv t k

i e a r

m Extirpated Ohio’s Largest Watersheds e Stillwater Creek r a i DrainageArea Numbero f Number of G Black Fork Mohican in Ohio (sq. mi) Stream Miles* Named Streams M

e r l St. Marys River

O 11,714 9,556 t e t

h v Maumee River 6,608 2,809 327 i

i i ite Wate L o R Sandusky River 1,420 902 105 Wh r Cuyahoga River 809 1,220 58 Deer Creek Grand River 712 872 53 Streams and Watersheds o River Common Name: spectacle case Ohio River Basin 34,361 34,361 hi Little Auglaize River Streams and their watersheds are formed as water flows Muskingum River 8,051 10,739 675 O Scientific Name: Cumberlandia monodonta Phylum: Mollusca from higher to lower elevations within specific areas of Scioto River 6,517 4,206 567 Great Miami River 5,371 2,519 285 Class: Bivalvia land. And just like a funnel, streams drain everything that Little Miami River 1,757 1,213 141 St. Joseph River Order: Unionoida Hocking River 1,197 2,272 122 is poured into their watersheds. All streams have watersheds Family: freshwater mussels (Margaritiferidae) Mahoning River 1,140 932 66 Distribution: Ohio River drainage and all streams are tributaries. As small streams merge, Habitat: swift current, buried in large streams larger streams are formed. * Includes named and unnamed streams, but excludes intermittent streams. Size: < 6 inches Abundance: none Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

280,000,000 BC MESOZOIC ERA BEGINS 190,000,000 BC CENOZOIC ERA BEGINS Period Begins A long gap in Ohio’s Period A series of spectacular events Early habitats include rivers, development. No rocks formed Dinosaurs and other reptiles end the long break in Ohio’s lakes, deltas with peat swamps, during this period occur in Ohio. are common, but cannot be geologic record. The weather open marine embayments, found in Ohio. turns colder in the northern lagoons, beaches and barrier hemisphere. Enormous Artic bars. Fossils include reptile ice caps grow and spread (Dimetrodon sp.) and southward. and most amphibian bones, plants, and northern states are covered freshwater invertebrates. in a frozen mass of ice 1,000 PALEOZOIC ERA ENDS to 8,000 feet thick. Seventy of 245,000,000 BC Ohio’s 88 counties are Ohio becomes an exposed 225,000,000 BC Period 135,000,000 BC affected by glaciers. continental area as the Conifers appear and reptiles Period consecutive periods of are abundant, but cannot be Dinosaurs present and extensive sedimentation end. found in Ohio. mollusks are abundant. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.20.00 CH1.2 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.20.00 CH1.2 RT Streams A guide to Ohio Streams In 1.3 Ohio Uses, Benefits, and Values Streams… Used a stream lately? Probably so, and in more than one Locally Common

way. Besides , they even provide cooling Recreation Streams Lakes and Wildlife Diversity Ohio provide many recrea- water for the generation of electricity. Streams also provide Streams and streams provide habitat tional opportunities watersheds provide many recreational opportunities and beautiful scenery. for more than 1,400 such as canoeing water to more than species of aquatic and fishing. Common Name: longnose gar More than 1,400 species of aquatic wildlife also depend Public Water Supply 60,000 of Ohio’s inland wildlife. That is a lot Scientific Name: Lepisosteus osseus on streams and how wisely we use our land and water. In 1997, Ohio had 178 lakes, reservoirs and Phylum: Chordata considering worldwide Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) intakes that withdrew ponds that cover there is only one species Order: Lepisosteiformes on average 899 million approximately 200,000 Family: gars (Lepisosteidae) Uses of humans, one Number of Streams: 46 gallons per day for acres. Most are Streams, lakes, and aquifers are important sources species of Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins more than 6,000,000 of water for all Ohioans. In 1997, we used manmade and have Habitat: medium to large streams domestic cat, and Size: < 4.5 feet people. Most water multiple purposes approximately 10.8 billion gallons per day for public, one species of treatment plants are including water supply, industrial, and agricultural purposes. Streams also domestic dog! located upstream from Common provide many recreational opportunities such control, and cities. as fishing, boating, and wildlife viewing. Stream recreation. corridors are also popular areas for parks, trails, and other greenways. Benefits Agriculture Total The economic and social well-being of all Ohioans Common Name: river snail surface water with- is closely linked to the quality and quantity of Scientific Name: Electricity The majority streams and the goods and services they provide. Phylum: Mollusca drawals in 1997 Class: snails & limpets (Gastropoda) of water withdrawn equaled approximately Order: Mesogastropoda from streams and lakes Family: river snails () 16 million gallons per Size: < 2 inches in Ohio is used as Pollution Tolerance: intermediate day from 535 intakes. cooling water to The water was used for produce electricity. In crop and livestock 1997, forty-two power Wastewater production, generating facilities in Treatment Plants Endangered landscaping, fish and Ohio used 8,569 million After water is used for waterfowl propagation, gallons of water per public and industrial and golf course day. Coal mining, water supply, it is irrigation. quarrying, manufact- treated and returned uring, and other indus- to streams. Ohio has Values tries also withdrew a more than 3,000 point Why is it so hard to pass over a bridge and not Common Name: rabbitsfoot total daily average of source discharges - take a look at the stream if there isn’t something Scientific Name: Quadrula cylindrica 449 million gallons per most of which are special about them? Because you might miss a Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia day. located downstream glimpse of wildlife or scenic view? Or is it just Order: Unionoida from cities. a natural instinct that tells us we need them to Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie drainages survive? Habitat: along shore unburied in small to medium size streams Size: < 6 inches Abundance: rare Pollution Tolerance: intolerant 65,000,000 BC Tertiary Period 25,400 BC 10,000 BC Although evidence of this The last glacial invasion, the New drainage patterns are period has not been found in stage, reaches Ohio. established over much of Ohio Ohio, mammals become as glaciers retreat. Glacial important and modern plants outwash deposits fill many and animals appear in stream valleys and leave abundance. important groundwater 13,000 BC aquifers. Paleo Indians, the first people to discover the Americas, begin 8,000 BC living in Ohio during the last ice Archaic Indians continue to 2,000,000 BC Quaternary Period age. They hunt now extinct hunt and gather as Ohio’s Ohio experiences more than species such as the mammoth climate warms and thick four separate ice ages. Rise and mastodon. They also fish, forests begin to grow and dominance of man and oth- gather nuts and fruits, and hunt throughout Ohio. Jericho is er modern organisms. deer and small game. built in Israel. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.20.00 CH1.3 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.20.00 CH1.3 RT Streams A guide to Ohio Streams In 1.4 Stream Names Name # Ohio With more than 4,000 different streams in Ohio, Stream Trivia names are important! Names can describe a Run 1,589 Streams… Creek 1,207 Do you know which state passed the first Scenic Rivers Law? State Facts stream’s location, size or local history. Most Common contain two words - a descriptor such as the Unnamed 334 • Ohio is about 44,846 What percent of the earth’s water is in freshwater streams? name of an and a second word that usually Fork 303 square miles in surface describes its size. Small-sized streams often end Ditch 232 Or do you know about how many miles of streams are in area (land 40,469 sq. with run, fork or brook, medium-sized streams Branch 171 Ohio? What is the largest fish species in Ohio streams? Can mi. and water and usually end with creek, and large-sized streams River 52 wetlands 4,377 sq. mi). you name three streams that were named after birds? usually end with river. Most rivers are more than Brook 20 Common Name: creek chub Scientific Name: atromaculatus 100 miles in length. Descriptors # Mammals # Birds # Phylum: Chordata Gradient Facts Since some streams Dry 53 Wolf 34 Turkey 31 Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) Order: Cypriniformes • Average stream gradients (or rate of fall) in Ohio have the same name, it Big 36 Bear 25 Goose 14 Long 26 Beaver 23 Duck 7 Family: & carps () ranges from a high of 627.7 ft/mi. (Boland Run, is also wise to name Clear 20 Bull 12 Owl 7 Number of Streams: 882 Drainage Facts Muddy 14 Hog 12 Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Scioto Co.) to a low of 0.1 ft./mi. (Toussaint River, what stream it flows • With an average annual precipitation of 38 inches, streams drain away nearly Dog 8 Minerals Habitat: small to medium streams Ottawa Co.). into and the name of Food Mud 30 Size: < 12 inches 9.5 trillion gallons of water annually from Ohio. Pollution Tolerance: highly tolerant its major watershed. Sugar 37 Fish Rock 13 • 22,500 miles of county ditches have been built in Ohio. Plum 22 Pike 4 Sand 10 Fish Facts Salt 18 Sunfish 2 Coal 9 Common • 4,000 miles of drainage ditches are being maintained in Ohio. • Ohio’s most common stream fish - the creek chub Honey 16 Slate 8 • The drain tiles in northwest Ohio could reach to the moon if stacked on top Trees - lives in more than 90% of Ohio’s streams. Colors Pine 16 Patriotic of each other. • Ohio’s largest common stream fish - the flathead Black 24 Cedar 14 Flag 5 Yellow 12 Sycamore 12 Congress 4 - can exceed four feet in length and weigh Silver 11 Walnut 8 Yankee 2 more than 80 pounds. Stream Facts • Ohio’s smallest stream fish - the least darter - is Largest Water- Common Name: sow bug • There are more than 3,300 named streams in Ohio. less than two inches long. Ohio’s Longest Streams sheds (sq. mi.) Scientific Name: Caecidotea sp. • Ohio has an estimated 61,532 total miles of streams. Phylum: Arthropoda • American eels are champion long distance Muskingum River Class: Crustacea • Every stream is a tributary with a watershed. swimmers! One eel swam more than 2,000 miles Ohio River Order: Isopoda 451.0 miles 8,038 Family: sow bugs (Asellidae) • Each location in a stream has a drainage area or watershed. to reach Salt Lick Creek (Ross Co.) after hatching Scioto River Scioto River 230.8 miles Size: < 1 inch • Ohio passed the first scenic rivers law in 1968. in the Atlantic Ocean. Great Miami River 6,510 Pollution Tolerance: tolerant 170.3 miles • About 153 species of fish live in Ohio streams. Great Miami River Sandusky River 130.0 miles Indian Names 5,385 Tuscarawas River Water Facts Inorganic Sediment Facts 129.9 miles Chickamauga Creek Maumee River (in OH) Muskingum River Creek 4,862 • About two-thirds of the earth’s surface is covered Group Name Particle Name Diameter Size (mm) 111.1 miles Endangered Cuyahoga River with water. Rocks Boulder >255 Raccoon Creek Little Miami River 109.0 miles • About 97.2% of the earth’s water is in the oceans. Cobble 65 255 Kinnikinnick Creek 1,755 Little Miami River Macochee Creek • Only 2.8% of the earth’s water is freshwater of Gravel Pebble 464 105.5 miles Sandusky River which about three-fourths is frozen. Granule 2.0 3.9 Maumee River 1,421 105.4 miles • Streams and lakes hold less than 0.02% of the Olentangy River Hocking River Sand Very Coarse Sand 1.0 1.9 Blanchard River earth’s water. Coarse Sand 0.5 0.9 104.2 miles Scioto River 1,200 Common Name: monkeyface • In 1990, each person in Ohio used an estimated Grand River Talawanda Creek Mahoning River (in OH) Scientific Name: Quadrula metanevra Medium Snad 0.25 0.49 102.7 miles Phylum: Mollusca 143 gallons of water per day. Annually this amounts Fine Sand 0.125 0.249 Auglaize River 1,075 Class: Bivalvia 101.9 miles to 52,195 gallons! Cuyahoga River Order: Unionoida Very Fine Sand 0.062 0.124 Cuyahoga River Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) 101.1 miles Silt Silt 0.004 0.061 Ohio River 813 Distribution: Ohio River drainage Hocking River Habitat: moving water in large streams 94.9 miles Grand River Clay Clay 0.000 0.0039 Size: < 4 inches 712 Abundance: rare Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

3100 BC 1000 BC 800 BC 4 BC The age of Egypt’s pharaohs In Greece, Homer writes the Woodland Indians in Ohio Birth of Jesus. begins. Iliad and the Odyssey. begin a new way of life with pottery, cultivated plants, settled villages and mound building. The become Ohio’s first farmers growing sunflowers, squash and some weedy plants. Burial mounds became the ritual focus for their communities. The Hopewell culture make 2200 BC works of art out of copper, 1000 AD Stonehenge, a prehistoric mica, shell and animal claws The Colosseum, an structure in present day and teeth. Hunting and amphitheater, England, is completed. gathering continues. opens in Rome timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.20.00 CH1.4 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.20.00 CH1.4 RT 2.0 Hydrology, sediment transport, and other fluvial processes work together to shape stream channels and floodplains. Bedrock, relief, and weather also help determine the physical, chemical, and biological qualities of a stream. Geographical location, human population densities, and land use are equally important.

ChapterTwo Geology and Geography Bedrock, Ground Water, and Glacial Deposits

Climate and Water Cycle

Precipitation

Relief and Land Use

Useful Terms and Definitions Alluvium- a general name road cuts along highways. caused by ice masses. Moraine- hill formed by for sediment deposited on deposits of unsorted glacial land by streams. Erosion- the removal or Gradient- rate of decline debris or till. wearing away of soil or or slope in elevation usually Aquifer- a water-bearing other material by water, expressed in feet per mile. Water Cycle - the subsurface layer of sand, wind, glacier or other continuous recycling of gravel or rock. forces. Land Use- a general term water between the earth for how humans use land and its atmosphere Bedrock- solid rock that is Geology- the science of the (for example: agriculture, through evaporation, usually beneath the soil or earth. industrial, residential, transpiration, and Winter view of a headwater stream in the Left Fork Camp Creek watershed (Pike County, Ohio). glacial till. It can often be urban, forests). precipitation; also called seen exposed in streams or Glacial- pertaining to or the “hydrologic cycle.”

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH2.0 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH2.0 RT Ohio’s climate, flora, and fauna were very different Geology and Geography during the Ice Ages. A guide to Ohio Streams In 2.1 Glacial Deposits Bedrock, Ground Water, and At one or more times within the last 1.6 million years, almost three-quarters Ohio of Ohio was covered by vast ice sheets up to one mile thick. The material Streams… The large seas and glaciers left by the ice sheets consists of mixtures of clay, sand, gravel, and boulders Glacial Deposits in various types of deposits such as ground and end moraines, outwash, Locally Common are gone, but the changes they brought are still with us today. kames, and eskers. Rock debris carried along by the glacier was deposited Ancient seas left us limestone, sandstone, and other sedimentary bedrock. directly by the ice and in the meltwater. The distinctive characteristics of glacial deposits carried away by water is sorted material. Glaciers not only left us more level land with thick sorted deposits of fertile Because the glaciers came from Canada, nonnative minerals ASHTABULA soils, sand, and gravel in the northwestern two-thirds of Ohio, but new such as granite, gneiss, and even small pieces of gold can be found in Ohio. Boulder-strewn stretches of Common Name: white bass drainages and large wetlands as well. GEAUGA Scientific Name: Morone chrysops LAKE Ground Water streams are usually located where a stream cuts TRUMBULL Phylum: Chordata Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) Bedrock The quantity of ground water is related to bedrock through a moraine. CUYAHOGA PORTAGE Order: Perciformes Ohio’s bedrock was WILLIAMS FULTON LUCAS and surface deposits. It is an important source of Family: temperate basses (Percichthyidae) LAKE GEAUGA SUMMIT MAHONING Sandstone OTTAWA LUCAS OTTAWA LORAIN WOOD Number of Streams: 69 TRUMBULL formed between MEDINA HENRY CUYAHOGA ERIE DEFIANCE SANDUSKY water for many streams. Well yields, that vary ERIE LORAIN WOOD Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Shale PORTAGE SANDUSKY HURON SUMMIT about 200 to 550 WILLIAMS FULTON PAULDING SENECA MEDINA statewide from 5 > 500 gallons per minute, are HURON COLUMBIANA Habitat: medium to large streams PUTNAM HANCOCK MAHONING HENRY STARK Size: < 18 inches million years ago. All WAYNE VAN WERT WYANDOT CRAWFORD WAYNE good indicators of Ohio’s ground water resources. SENECA ASHLAND ALLEN STARK COLUMBIANA ASHLAND CARROLL DEFIANCE HARDIN RICHLAND surface bedrock was RICHLAND MERCER Limestone & Dolomite CARROLL MARION HANCOCK CRAWFORD AUGLAIZE MORROW HOLMES JEFFERSON TUSCARAWAS formed beneath waters WYANDOT KNOX PAULDING PUTNAM Common JEFFERSON TUSCARAWAS SHELBY UNION COSHOCTON HARRISON HOLMES DELAWARE HARRISON DARKE during the Paleozoic CHAMPAIGN LICKING MIAMI GUERNSEY ALLEN MUSKINGU BELMONT MORROW FRANKLIN VAN WERT HARDIN KNOX COSHOCTON MADISON era. Principal types MARION CLARK BELMONT GUERNSEY PREBLE MONTGOMERY SandstonePERRY & Shale NOBLE Limestone & Shale FAIRFIELD MONROE include limestone, GREENE PICKAWAY MORGAN UNION FAYETTE MERCER AUGLAIZE DELAWARE dolomite, sandstone, LOGAN MUSKINGUM HOCKING Shale, Sandstone, Coal WASHINGTON LICKING BUTLER WARREN CLINTON NOBLE ROSS ATHENS MONROE SHELBY Shale & Limestone VINTON shale, and coal. As bedrock HAMILTON Shale & Sandstone CLERMONT HIGHLAND FRANKLIN MEIGS gallons per minute PIKE is weathered it turns into CHAMPAIGN PERRY Common Name: scud JACKSON MADISON over 500 DARKE FAIRFIELD MORGAN BROWN ADAMS GALLIA Scientific Name: Gammaris sp. SCIOTO Glacial minerals or inorganic soil. Water MIAMI WASHINGTON boundary 100 to 500 Phylum: Arthropoda CLARK PICKAWAY LAWRENCE chemistry is influenced by minerals 25 to 100 Class: Crustacea HOCKING Order: scuds & sideswimmers () leached out of soils and bedrock as water 5 to 25 ATHENS Map of dominant bedrock types in Ohio. MONTGOMERY GREENE FAYETTE Family: Gammaridae Ground-water resources in Ohio under 5 PREBLE runs over and through the ground. ROSS Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins VINTON MEIGS CLINTON Size: < 1 inch Glaciated Terrain GLACIAL ICE WARREN END MORAINE Pollution Tolerance: intermediate HIGHLAND JACKSON CREVASSE BUTLER GALLIA As a glacier retreats in an end-moraine-building phase, meltwater is funneled PIKE VALLEY-TRAIN ICE TUNNEL OUTWASH away in a partially buried river valley (right illustration). Sand, gravel, and CLERMONT SCIOTO other debris is deposited in crevasses along the ice margin, below the ice in HAMILTON ADAMS BROWN tunnels, and in front of the ice in the old river valley. Two slowly melting LAWRENCE Common

blocks of ice in front of the glacier have become KAMES partially buried in the sand and gravel ICE BLOCKS ALLUVIUM END MORAINE deposits forming below the BURIED BEDROCK ALLUVIUM ESKER ILLINOIAN VALLEY-TRAIN ice front. GROUND MORAINE OUTWASH WISCONSINAN (130,000 to 300,000 years old) (14,000 to 24,000 years old) Kames and eskers After the glacier retreats (left illustration), the end moraine appears as a Undifferentiated Common Name: mapleleaf Scientific Name: Quadrula quadrula low-lying, rolling ridge. Streams that develop and flow along the back and morainic drift KAMES Outwash Ground moraine PRE-ILLINOIAN Phylum: Mollusca front sides of the moraine empty into a larger stream that has developed in Class: Bivalvia (older than 300,000 years) KETTLE Order: Unionoida BEDROCK the depression of the former river valley. Sand and gravel left by the glacier LAKES Lake deposits End moraine Undifferentiated Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) BURIED GROUND GROUND MORAINE remain in the form of slightly eroded kame, esker, and valley-train deposits. morainic drift Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie drainages MORAINE Habitat: medium to large streams On the valley train, two natural ponds - kettle lakes - have formed in the Size: < 4 inches depressions left by the partially buried blocks of ice. Abundance: common Pollution Tolerance: intermediate

1000 AD Late prehistoric 1506 1620 Indian period begins. Columbus dies in Spain still be- Pilgrams land at Plymouth. Cultures live in large villages lieving that his voyages had surrounded by a stockade wall. been to Asia, rather than to a Some, like the new continent. Indians which thrived in southern Ohio, build villages on plateaus overlooking streams. Maize or corn and beans become the most important foods cultivated. Hunting and 1650 Ohio’s historic Indian fishing are also important. Leif 1607 period begins. Tribes such as Ericson, a Norse viking, 1492 The Virginia Company the , , explores the east coast of Columbus discovers the New establishes Jamestown, the Delaware, Wyandot, and North America. World on behalf of the Spanish first permanant English Miami live in Ohio when the crown. settlement in America. first Europeans arrive. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.22.00 CH2.1 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.22.00 CH2.1 RT Geology and Geography A guide to Ohio Streams In 2.2 Ohio Major Ohio storms usually come from Location the northwest, Climate and Water Cycle Canandian and Ohio is located approximately 3,000 west, or Streams… southwest. Artic Cold Fronts miles north of the equator between Today, Ohio’s temperate climate and freshwater streams are primarily determined Endangered Pacific Cold Fronts 38 degrees 27 minutes to 41 by geographic location, prevailing air currents, and elevation. As the earth’s Ohio degrees 57 minutes north Warms latitude and 80 degrees 34 water is recycled between the land and atmosphere, climate and weather help Fronts minutes to 84 degrees 49 determine the types and number of streams we have. Weather extremes - minutes west longitude. The state covers approximately blizzards, tornados, , and droughts - help to determine which species Common Name: 44,846 square miles and is Scientific Name: aestivalis of wildlife can live in our streams. Phylum: Chordata nearly square extending 225 Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) Water (Hydrologic) Cycle miles east to west and 210 miles Order: Cypriniformes As the earth’s water is recycled, it appears in many forms - Family: minnows & carps (Cyprinidae) south to north. Number of Streams: 1 Saltwater streams, clouds, rain, snow, oceans, fog, ice, groundwater, and Distribution: Ohio River Basin Oceans lakes to name a few. The hydrologic or water cycle is the 97.2% Although two-thirds Habitat: large streams of the earth’s Size: < 3 inches surface is covered continuous movement of water between the earth and atmosphere Ice 2% with water, less Pollution Tolerance: intolerant apors than 3% is V Coo through evaporation, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff. freshwater. Most l freshwater is stored to Surface Ground Water .6% f in glaciers and ice Common or The sun is a major force in the formation of weather that Water .017% Clouds & m caps and less in Pre drives the water cycle. Atmosphere .001% ground and surface cip water. The smallest it amounts are stored at Freshwater io in the atmosphere, n Sun’s Heat plants, and animals. Causes Evaporation Climate and Weather As the earth makes its annual trip around the Rain 86 80 86 82 sun, Ohio experiences four seasons and dramatic 84 80 Common Name: caddisfly larva Snow weather changes - blizzards, tornados, floods, 82 86 Scientific Name: Helicopsyche sp. Hail 84 Water Vapor droughts, hail, wind, sleet, and sweltering heat Phylum: Arthropoda ion 88 86 ecipitat Class: Insecta Evaporation from Pr waves. These seasonal changes are why Ohio’s 88 Order: caddisflies (Trichoptera) climate is classified as temperate instead of 88 Family: Helicopsychidae tropical or polar. Ohio’s prevailing winds come Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins 86 Size: < 1 inch from the southwest and one or two weather Pollution Tolerance: intolerant s, ree 86 om T disturbances usually occur each week. Major ion fr 88 Transpirat , storms typically come from one of three directions nts m Average highest la o s 88 P r r temps (˚F) in July. f e - Canadian and Artic cold fronts from the s v 88 rop n i o Endangered C R i northwest, Pacific cold fronts from the west, and t

a &

r

s Temperature o

Surface e warm fronts from the southwest. p

k Surface

a

Runoff a

v L Runoff Air temperatures in Ohio change with the seasons.

E Surface 0˚ to 5˚F Soil/Porous Earth Runoff They range from highs of 80˚ to 88˚F in July to Infiltration & -5˚ to -10˚F Fresh Ground Water Zone Septic Water lows of 5˚ to minus 15˚F in January. Extreme Percolation Ocean System Well temperatures in Ohio have been recorded greater -10˚ to-15˚F Salty/Brackish than 110˚F and less than minus 20˚F! High Common Name: wartyback Water Zone Scientific Name: Quadrula nodulata summer temperatures are why cold water species Phylum: Mollusca -10º to-15ºF such as brook trout do not inhabit more streams Class: Bivalvia Order: Unionoida across the state. Cold winter temperatures are Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) 0˚ to 5˚F why tropical freshwater species cannot become Distribution: Ohio River Non-Porous Earth and Confining Rock 5º to 0˚F Average annual lowest Habitat: sand & gravel bars temps (˚F) established in Ohio. Size: < 3 inches Abundance: one stream, rare Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

1681 1750 1770 King Charles II of England gives Settlers, frontiersmen, and Boston Massacre. William Penn proprietary rights soldiers decribe Ohio as to what becomes the huge densely forested woodlands colony of Pennsylvania. with huge trees, high quality streams, and abundant wildlife. Streams, with forested banks and floodplains, ran clear with water good enough to drink. 1773 Stream substrates Colonists dump tea into the were clean with 1766 Boston Harbor. The British little silt. Lt. T. Hutchens surveys the Ohio retaliate in 1774 with a series 1740 River. The first accurate report of coercive acts. The Pennsylvania has a population and map of the Ohio River will Revolutionary War is of over 80,000. be published in London in 1778. underway. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.22.00 CH2.2 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.22.00 CH2.2 RT Geology and Geography A guide to Ohio Streams In 2.3 Ohio 90” Floods and 100” 60” Precipitation 80” Streams… Droughts 30” 50” 40” 60” Streams and life in Ohio could not exist without precipitation Floods and droughts are Locally Common natural, reoccurring phenom- - water. And Ohio receives it in many forms such as rain, 40” enons that can happen during snow, and ice. In contrast to the desert-like states of the any month. Flooding can be 40” American southwest, Ohio receives an abundant supply caused by a number of factors, but is usually associated with of water - a statewide annual average of about Common Name: brook stickleback heavy rains and above freezing Scientific Name: Culaea inconstans 35” 38 inches! temperatures. A rapid snow- Phylum: Chordata 30” Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) melt on frozen ground coupled Order: Gasterosteiformes with heavy rains is a common 35” Family: sticklebacks (Gasterosteidae) 30” 20” Number of Streams: 69 formula for flooding during Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins the winter months. During the Habitat: small, cold spring-fed streams 20” Size: < 2.7 inches spring and early summer, flooding is typically caused by prolonged rains or heavy Common Precipitation rainfall over a large part of a Statewide, Ohio receives watershed. Average Annual Snowfall a total annual average of 38 inches of precipitation (water) in the form of rain, snow, sleet, and Common Name: caddisfly larva Scientific Name: Hydropsyche sp. hail. At different locations Phylum: Arthropoda throughout the state, however, Class: Insecta Order: caddisflies (Trichoptera) the total amount of annual Family: Hydropsychidae precipitation varies from about 30 Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Size: < 1 inch to 44 inches. From 1883 through Pollution Tolerance: intermediate 1998, the driest and wettest years View of flooding along were 1934 (26.59 inches) and 1990 the Ohio River. Wet and Dry Years (51.53 inches). During half of those years (Statewide 1883 - 1998) the differences in annual amounts have Wet Years (> 44 inches) Dry Years (< 32 inches) Endangered been remarkably little - less than five inches. 1883 45.57 1894 29.72 Precipitation varies considerably between 1890 50.37 1895 28.28 months, but usually averages out over a 12- 1913 45.03 1901 31.27 month period. The average monthly amounts range Average Annual Precipitation 1929 45.91 1930 26.59 from a minimum of 1.9 inches in October to a (Records from 1931-1980) 1937 44.50 1934 26.66 Amounts in Inches Common Name: ebonyshell maximum of 4.0 inches in June and July. 1945 44.58 1941 31.60 Scientific Name: Fusconaia ebena 33 - 35 1950 47.68 1953 28.57 Phylum: Mollusca 29 - 31 37 - 39 41 - 43 Class: Bivalvia 1979 45.17 1963 26.84 View of late summer Order: Unionoida 31 - 33 35 - 37 39 - 41 43 - 45 drought conditions in 1990 51.53 1987 31.38 Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) Ohio Brush Creek (Adams County, Ohio). Distribution: Ohio River 1996 47.13 1988 31.51 Habitat: muddy sand or gravel 1991 31.91 Size: < 4 inches Abundance: one stream, rare Pollution Tolerance: tolerant of impoundment

1775 1780 1787 As an agent of the Transylvania During the Revolutionary War, The Ordinance of 1787 1788 Company, leads Captain Byrd is in command of provides for the orderly Frontier settlements appear a group of settlers to Kentucky 600 British and Indians as they development of the states in Ohio. A village known as to establish a fort at float down the Great Miami within the . The Muskingum becomes the Boonesborough. River to conduct raids in It also includes language that first official American Kentucky. declares the navigable waters settlement in the Northwest 1785 leading into the Mississippi Territory as it locates at The U.S. Land Ordinance and St. Lawrence “shall be of the Musking- stipulates that the public common um and Ohio rivers. The first 1776 domain should be surveyed into highways and office is built Colonies declare independence a rectangular system of forever free.” there. begins as a from Great Britian with the townships and sections. The The First village known as Columbia is signing of the Declaration of erection of begins Company starts built on the north bank of the Independence. The United on the northwest bank of the for the Ohio Ohio River downstream from States begins. Muskingum and Ohio rivers. country. the Little Miami River. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.22.00 CH2.3 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.22.00 CH2.3 RT Geology and Geography Glaciated Plateau A guide to Ohio Streams 2.4 This region has higher relief than In the other glaciated regions of Ohio Ohio. Most streams have Land Use The way we use the land within a watershed helps determine the quality Relief and Land Use moderate to high gradients with Streams… of a stream. Watersheds may have a mixture of land uses, but are usually coarse substrates comprised of predominated by one of three types - developed, farmed, or wooded. From the hill country to the flatlands, the relief of the boulders, bedrock, sand, and Common Stream surveys have shown Ohio’s highest quality streams have watersheds gravel. Land use includes a land influences streams in many ways. It defines each that are sparsely populated and predominated by forests (with no coal mixture of agriculture, residential mining) or farmland without channelized ditches. Surveys have also stream’s watershed, size, and gradient - how far the water development, and forests. Physiographic Regions found Ohio’s most impacted streams flow through large urban areas with falls from its headwaters to its confluence with another Ohio has five different regions based on its large old industries. physical features such as relief and glacial stream. Relief often even defines how we use the land. Common Name: white sucker history. Scientific Name: Catostomus commersoni Within Ohio, there are three principal types of land use. Phylum: Chordata FARMLAND Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) Just look around and you will probably see land that is Cropland, pastures, and other farmland remains Order: Cypriniformes the predominant land use in Ohio, but has been Family: suckers (Catostomidae) Number of Streams: 806 mostly farmed, forested, or developed. steadily declining since 1940. Some of Ohio’s Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins highest quality streams have watersheds that are Habitat: small to medium streams Size: < 25 inches predominantly farmed. Relief Pollution Tolerance: highly tolerant Ohio’s relief varies a total of 1,120 feet from its lowest elevation (430 Lake Plains ADVANTAGES: few people; few impervious surfaces This region lies between feet above sea level at the mouth of the Great Miami River in Hamilton THREATS: channelization; drainage of wetlands; Common the southern shore of Lake Co.) to the highest point (1550 feet above sea level at Campbell Hill in soil erosion; pesticide, fertilizer, and manure runoff; Erie and the Glacial Lake Logan Co.). The difference in elevation within a watershed determines stream encroachment; livestock in streams Maumee Beach Ridge. The the gradient or rate of fall for a stream. In Ohio it ranges from a maximum TREND: declining, but size of farms is increasing area has little relief and of 627.7 feet per mile in Boland Run (Scioto Co.) to a minimum of 0.1 contained numerous wetlands feet per mile in Toussaint Creek (Ottawa Co.). WOODLANDS before settlement. Today, most Forested land in Ohio has increased since 1940. of the area has been cleared and Common Name: crane fly larva ADVANTAGES: few people; few impervious surfaces; Scientific Name: Tipula sp. artificially drained through an most natural to pre-European settlement conditions Phylum: Arthropoda extensive network of ditches. Land Class: Insecta THREATS: soil erosion from clear cutting use is predominantly agriculture, but Order: Diptera TREND: appears stable Family: Tipulidae also includes cities, suburbs, and industries. Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Streams are very low gradient and have Size: < 3 inches Pollution Tolerance: tolerant to intolerant been degraded by channelization, CITIES AND SUBURBS development, and agricultural practices. The conversion of farmland and other rural land is the greatest threat to many Ohio streams. Till Plains ADVANTAGES: few THREATS: high water use; dams; destruction of Common This region is glaciated with flat to rolling terrain. headwater streams; soil erosion during Relief varies from flat terrain to hills more than 100 feet construction; larger sewage treatment plants, in height. Land use is predominantly agriculture, but also includes sewage overflows after heavy rains; higher large urban and industrial areas. The region has generally good ground percentages of effluent and more nutrients during water yields and extensive sand and gravel deposits left by the Ice Unglaciated Plateau 0-100 ft. low flow, more hard surfaces which result in faster Age. Stream quality ranges from exceptional to poor quality. Best known as the “hill country,” the southeastern part 100-200 ft. stormwater runoff, eroding stream banks, and Common Name: Wabash pigtoe of Ohio has steep wooded hills with narrow ridges and 200-300 ft. less groundwater recharge Scientific Name: 300-400 ft. Blue Grass Region valleys. Hills range from 50 to 600 feet in height. Phylum: Mollusca TREND: increasing Class: Bivalvia 400-500 ft. This unique region also has deeply dissected and rugged terrain. Most Bedrock types consist mostly of sandstone, shale, and Order: Unionoida 500-600 ft. of its streams are high gradient with limestone bedrock substrates. Stream coal. The region contains a number of high quality Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) 600-700 ft. quality is generally good with outstanding sportfisheries. streams, but some have been severely impacted by coal Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins 700-800 ft. Habitat: small to large streams mining activities. The region is sparsely populated and Size: < 4 inches land uses include forestry, coal mining, and small farms. Abundance: common Pollution Tolerance: tolerant

1789 1791 1796 , who directed The first floating mill on the Cleveland, at the mouth of the the settlement of Marietta, was Ohio was anchored at the Cuyahoga River becomes a appointed a judge of the mouth of the Hocking River. village. The legal sales of the Supreme Court of the Territory Powered by water current, it territory’s public land begun by Washington. could grind 40 bushels of corn through a federal land office an hour. in , PA. 1790 Wolf Creek Mills (Washington 1797 Co.) begins operating as both a Zane’s Trace, a crude grist and sawmill. Hamilton overland road, has been becomes the second county 1795 blazed between Maysville, KY established in the North- In the , and Wheeling WV. western Terrirory. Ohio has a Indians ceded most of their of Franklinton, which later population of about 3,000 land in Ohio to the federal becomes part of Columbus, is residents. government. laid out. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.22.00 CH2.4 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.22.00 CH2.4 RT 3.0 As flowing water erodes, transports, and deposits sediment from higher to lower elevations, stream habitats and aquatic life evolve throughout watersheds. The types of habitat and their diversity of life are the result of physical, chemical, and biological processes. While everybody knows clean water is essential for a healthy stream, few realize they also need diverse physical features such as well-defined riffles and pools, clean substrates, woody debris, meandering channels, floodplains, and mature streamside forests.

ChapterThree Habitat Quality and Threats

Quality and Size

Anatomy of a Stream

Streamside Forests and Floodplains

Habitat Threats Useful Terms and Definitions - partially environment or home of a stream created by a . bordering a stream. decomposed organic plant or animal including matter such as leaves, chemical, physical, and Pool- wide and deeper Run- a deep area in a twigs, and logs. biological components. areas of water with slow stream with swift current; or no current between a general name for a small Floodplain- low land Hydromodification- to riffles or runs. headwater stream. adjacent to a stream that alter or change the habitat receives water and or flow regime of a stream Riffle- a shallow area with Sediment- matter that sediment deposition during or other water resource. faster flow where rocks settles to the bottom of high flows. break the surface. water; it can be divided are indicators of good quality stream habitat (Photo courtesy of In Fisherman). Impoundment- ponded, into two groups- organic Habitat- the natural lake-like reaches of a Riparian- the land and inorganic sediment.

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH3.0 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH3.0 RT Habitat Quality and Threats A guide to Ohio Streams In 3.1 Ohio Over 77% of 80 77.7% Ohio’s stream Quality and Size miles are small 70 Streams… streams with Runs are small headwater less than 20 60 Accounts by pioneers leave little doubt about the exceptional quality square mile Locally Common streams that drain less than 50 watersheds. of stream habitats throughout the Ohio Country in the 1700s. 20 square miles of land. Less than 2% 40 They are sensitive to land have water- sheds greater 30 Watersheds were densely forested with scattered openings and use changes and many been than 1,000 20 adversely affected by square miles. 13.1% abundant wildlife. Streams ran clear through deep, narrow channels 10 7.30% channelization, culverting, 1.90% Percent of Stream Miles of Stream Percent the loss of streamside 0 Common Name: stonecat shaded by leaning trees that crowded their banks. Even small streams <20 20 to >100 to >1,000 to forests, and urbanization. 100 1,000 80,000 Scientific Name: flowed throughout the year. By the late 1800s, however, streams Phylum: Chordata Creeks are small to Stream Size Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) and their watersheds had been changed medium size streams Order: Siluriformes formed by the confluence Every stream at every location has a drainage Family: () Average Habitat Number of Streams: 145 forever. With only a few forests left, of headwater streams. They area or watershed. The width and depth of the Quality by Sub- Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Watershed. usually drain less than 700 stream channel usually increases with the size of Habitat: medium to large streams booming urban and industrial Size: < 12 inches square miles of land. Most the watershed because of the higher volumes of have riffles that can be Pollution Tolerance: intolerant development, and nearly four water discharged. Pool depths, undercut banks, waded across during low million residents - the Ohio flows. high flow channels, and other physical Common Country had been characteristics of a stream are mostly formed by intense scouring during floods. settled. Rivers are large or long streams. They are usually over 100 miles

long with watersheds greater than Common Name: midge larva 700 square miles. Compared to Scientific Name: Chironomus sp. creeks, rivers usually have higher Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Habitat flows, lower gradients, longer Order: true flies (Diptera) Quality pools, and deeper and swifter Family: midges () chutes and . Rivers are Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins The physical usually too deep to wade across Size: < 1 inch Pollution Tolerance: tolerant to intolerant quality of many except in their headwaters. streams has been degraded by a Exceptional Quality Poor Quality combination of factors Very Poor Habitat Attributes: Habitat Attributes: Special Interest such as riparian • Predominantly rural watersheds • Predominantly developed Poor encroachment, the loss • Natural meandering channels watersheds with a high percentage of streamside forests Fair • Forested stream corridors with of impervious surfaces and wetlands, Good connected floodplains • Modified by channelization hydromodification, • Clear water or dams Very Good sedimentation, and the • Silt-free substrates comprised • Straight and uniform Common Name: purple wartyback Excellent hardening of a of sand, gravel, cobble, and shallow channels Scientific Name: Cyclonaias tuberculatus watershed. As a result boulders or bedrock slabs • Entrenched channels Phylum: Mollusca Insufficient Data Class: Bivalvia of these changes, • Constricted low flow channels • Turbid water Order: Unionoida physical habitats in with vegetated islands, high flow • Predominantly silt or artificial Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins channels, and dense patches of substrates many Ohio streams are Habitat: medium to large streams water- • No streamside forests fair or poor quality. Size: < 5 inches Abundance: rare to common Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

1799 1801 1803 A law passes that encourages calls the Ohio becomes the first state the killing of wolves to promote Ohio River “the most beautiful formed from the Northwest the raising of sheep in Ohio. river in the world.” Land offices Territory. After leaving open in Cincinnati and Pittsburgh and struggling with Chillicothe. their keelboat through low water for 76 days over more than 950 river miles, the Lewis 1800 and Clark expedition reaches Frontier settlement in Ohio is the . accelerated when the purchase of public land becomes easier with the opening of land offices in Marietta and Steubenville. 1802 1804 Ohio’s population increases to Cincinnati’s first chemical The Zanesville Land Office 45,365 residents. plant produces sulfuric acid. opens. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.23.00 CH3.1 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.23.00 CH3.1 RT Habitat Quality and Threats A guide to Ohio Streams In 3.2 Ohio Streamside Forests are wooded corridors along streambanks. They often Meanders are bends Anatomy of a Stream flood and naturally are often dominated by large overhanging sycamore trees. in stream channels. They Streams… Function: Improve water quality and quantity by providing shade, filtering out are naturally formed as Endangered Just like a person, streams need many parts to properly function. And the nutrients and pesticides, reducing soil erosion by stabilizing banks, providing a buffer streams flow through more diverse these parts are - the healthier the stream is. Woody debris, clean area for fine sediment in upland runoff to settle out, and storing flood water that floodplains. is slowly released to maintain base flows; improves aquatic habitats by providing Function: Helps reduce water, meanders, riffles, pools, dense patches of water-willow, and streamside woody debris, leaves and other organic detritus which is an important link in the downstream flooding by forests with huge sycamores are but a few of these essential parts. food web and nutrient cycling, undercut banks, deep pools, eddies and other cover; using the energy of water helps create narrow, deep channels and islands; provides habitat for many mammals, to create longer streams Common Name: pirate high flows create new Function: Critical habitat amphibians, birds, and other wildlife; refuge for fish during floods. with more erosional and Runs are fast deep areas Boulders and Water is an essential Scientific Name: Aphredoderus sayanus habitat by flushing out fine for many species; used for depositional areas; Phylum: Chordata where the water surface is part of stream and Slabs are rocks with a sediments; water to spawning, resting, and increases the quantity and Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) turbulent, but rocks do not watershed . Order: diameter greater than 10 aquatic species is as feeding; refuge area quality of stream habitats. break the surface. Both quality and quantity Family: pirate perches (Aphredoderidae) inches. help determine the health important as air is to during droughts and Number of Streams: 1 Function: Critical habitat Islands and Bars Distribution: Lake Erie Basin Function: Critical habitat of streams and their humans. winter; deep pools provide for many fish and mussel are dry areas of land Habitat: small streams for many species; slows watersheds. cover from most bird and Size: < 4.3 inches species; used for spawning, within the main channel current to create eddies; Pools are wide, deeper mammal predators. Pollution Tolerance: intolerant feeding, and resting. Function: Critical aquatic areas with slow current of a stream below the provides resting, feeding habitat for more than that occur between riffle- ordinary high water level. Common and hiding areas for fish, 1,400 aquatic species; Function: Increases the insects, mussels, and algae. run complexes. diversity of habitat by creating narrow, fast chutes, riffles, runs, high flow channels and back- water areas. Common Name: black fly larva Undercut Banks Scientific Name: Simulium sp. Phylum: Arthropoda are edges of the Class: Insecta streambanks that Order: Diptera Family: Simulidae overhang the water. Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Function: Hiding and Size: < 1 inch feeding area for predators Pollution Tolerance: tolerant and prey; refuge area during floods; habitat for many air-breathing Extirpated Riffles are shallow areas reptiles, amphibians, and Water-Willow with faster flows where mammals. is a common perennial Woody Debris rocks break the surface. that grows is dead tree material. Root Wads are large Function: Improves water in dense patches on most Function: Critical habitat diameter underwater tree quality by increasing slowing stream flows and gravel bars. for many species; provides roots. dissolved oxygen, critical forcing the current to Function: Stabilizes sand hiding places for predators scour deep pools, rebuild Function: Provides hiding spawning habitat for many Common Name: orange-foot pimpleback and gravel bars to create and prey to rest and feed; and feeding area for different species, high gravel beds; create runs, Scientific Name: Plethobasus striatus narrow, deep channels; food source for many eddies, and clean sandbars; predators and prey; refuge Phylum: Mollusca production area for insects, Organic Detritus is decaying leaves, algae, and Class: Bivalvia helps to create islands, insects; helps protect banks area during floods; helps creates silt-free substrates. helps flush fine sediment other decomposing plant and animal material. Order: Unionoida riffles and runs; provides from soil erosion; increases protect banks from into floodplains; and Function: Energy source for streams, critical first link Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) food, nursery areas, cover, habitat diversity; helps to increases biological erosion. Distribution: Ohio River in food chains, habitat for juvenile lampreys and other Habitat: large streams and spawning habitat. reduce flooding impacts by diversity and productivity. species. Size: < 5 inches Abundance: none Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

1807 1809 1811 A law requires Ohio taxpayers A drinking water distribution The , built in to submit squirrel scalps with system is in use for Cincinnati Pittsburgh, becomes the first their township taxes or be fined. residents. to travel down the Ohio River. Cincinnati is rapidly becoming a manufacturing center. 1810 The macadam road is born in Cincinnati when a way to 1812 surface streets with layers of The removes the broken stone and hot tar is threat of future wars with the invented. Ohio’s population Indians and British. Columbus increases to 230,760 residents. becomes the state capital of 1808 Approximately 99 percent of Ohio by an act of The General The Canton Land Office opens. them live in rural areas. Assembly. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.23.00 CH3.2 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.23.00 CH3.2 RT Habitat Quality and Threats A guide to Ohio Streams In 3.3

Agricultural Human Ohio Streamside Forests and Floodplains Development Besides helping to reduce flooding and improving water for public water supply, forested buffers can also provide Streams… Rivers and creeks lined with wide forested buffers in undeveloped firewood and other timber products, great fishing, and Exotic Species other recreational opportunities such as bike trails and floodplains are indicative of healthy stream ecosystems. And parks. Adjacent connected floodplains maintain rich Residential alluvial soils that are highly productive for agriculture. in these buffers should be huge sycamore trees - a signature Development species of Ohio streams. Streamside forests improve water Natural No Development quality and physical habitats, reduce soil erosion and Common Name: gold fish Scientific Name: Carassius auratus downstream flooding, and serve as important areas for Urban Phylum: Chordata Development Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) groundwater recharge. Order: Cypriniformes Family: carps & minnows (Cyprinidae) Number of Streams: 143 Floodplain development significantly increases Building in floodplains is harmful to flood damages and often degrades floodplain and people, streams, and wildlife. Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Wildlife stream environments. The protection and Habitat: small to large streams restoration of undeveloped floodplains with By providing natural habitat, streamside forests forested stream corridors is good for people, water Stream corridors in Ohio should Size: < 16 inches quality and quantity, wildlife, and habitats. have mature sycamore trees. Pollution Tolerance: highly tolerant increase the biological diversity and productivity Sycamores are long-lived trees Habitat that naturally grow along streams both instream and in riparian areas. They serve as and in floodplains. Their most Typical Floodplain Wildlife Habitat Ranges Streamside forests productive seed bearing years are Common a breeding and feeding area for terrestrial wildlife between 50 and 200 years of age. and Herons improve aquatic and and a refuge area for fishes during floods. Raccoon riparian habitats in Water many ways. They White-Tailed Deer and Wild Turkey Quantity stabilize banks, create Streamside forests and Wood Duck narrow, deep channels, floodplains promote Otter and increase the Common Name: snipe fly larva infiltration and aquifer Scientific Name: Atherix sp. Aquatic Wildlife diversity of habitats by recharge. They also Phylum: Arthropoda providing woody Class: Insecta serve important roles Order: true flies (Diptera) debris, undercut banks, in reducing flood Family: Athericidae deep pools, and other Water Quality Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins peaks and maintaining Size: < 1 inch cover. They provide adequate base flows. Streamside forests Pollution Tolerance: intolerant the first link in most As stream flows rise and connected, aquatic food chains rapidly, water moves undeveloped with annual inputs of into stream banks floodplains improve Endangered leaves and other where it is stored until water quality in many organic material. flows return to ways. They filter out High (Flood) Water Level Forested riparian normal. It is then nutrients and Average Water Level corridors also provide released over a period sediments, provide Low Water level habitat for many of days or weeks. shade and species of terrestrial Floodplains provide groundwater, Common Name: Ohio pigtoe wildlife such as deer flood storage and Scientific Name: Pleurobema cordatum and turkeys. Over conveyance and moderate water Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia time, stream channels reduce flood velocities, temperature Upland Riparian Forests Stream Channel Upland Order: Unionoida Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) Unconsolidated Bottom Aquatic Bed Wetland Emergent Nonpersistent Wetland Emergent Persistent will improve if riparian

Scrub-Shrub Wetland peak flows, and fluctuations, and Distribution: Muskingum and Ohio Rivers Typical Floodplain Plant Communities corridors are allowed instream process organic Habitat: large streams to naturally reforest. sedimentation. Size: < 5 inches wastes. Abundance: rare Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

1814 1816 1819 A second treaty at Greenville D. Drake, one of Cincinnati’s Cincinnati becomes a city. 1820 begins the removal of Indians most influential citizens, Ohio’s population increases from Ohio to reservations publishes a 250 page book titled to 581,434 residents with 98 elsewhere. As two Ohioans are 1815 Natural and Statistical View or percent living in rural areas. drilling for brine in Noble Co. There are 150 keelboats Picture of Cincinnati and Miami Federal water resource OH, the first oil well in the carrying Cincinnati-made County. After becoming a best programs begin with the U.S. is discovered. products both upstream and seller and being circulated Congress appropriating $5,000 downstream the Ohio River. overseas, it encourages for a survey to map Because keelboatmen could thousands of Europeans to 1818 obstructions in the Ohio River. push the heavy iron plated immigrate to Cincinnati. The C.S. Rafinesque begins Rafinesque publishes boats upstream using iron- Wooster Land Office opens. publishing papers about Ohio Ichthyologia Ohiensis, or tipped poles, keelboats were River fishes. Extremely cold Natural History of Fishes safer than because temperatures (-22 to -21 Inhabiting the Ohio River. The they no longer required a degrees F) occur in Marietta Delaware and Piqua Land dangerous overland return trip. and Chillicothe. Offices open. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.23.00 CH3.3 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.23.00 CH3.3 RT Habitat Quality and Threats A guide to Ohio Streams In 3.4 Stream Encroachment Using the land too close to rivers and creeks is harmful to people, Ohio Habitat Threats physical habitat, and stream wildlife. Stream encroachment Streams… includes the removal of riparian forests, floodplain development, and unrestricted stream access by cattle and other livestock. Locally Common Stream wildlife is probably more dependent upon their physical surroundings than any other group of animals. Although it has become more difficult to degrade stream Building next to streams can be harmful habitats during the past 20 years, Ohio streams continue to people, wildlife, and habitat. A landowner will often loose land Common Name: warmouth to be degraded by encroachment, hydromodification, and and buildings if Scientific Name: gulosus streamside forests are removed or other Phylum: Chordata other human activities. activities are con- Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) ducted too close to streams. Order: Perciformes Streams are Like Trees Family: sunfishes () Number of Streams: 114 If you look at their network of tributaries throughout a watershed, Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins streams are a lot like trees . A healthy tree would have a main Habitat: small to large streams Size: < 11 inches trunk, a few large branches, a lot of small branches and twigs, Pollution Tolerance: intermediate and many underground roots. You could hurt the tree by cutting off many small branches or the big limbs or by Common building next to it. You could also hurt it by cutting off too much bark or too many roots, or by paving the surrounding land. If you did a little of any of the above, the tree would probably survive, but if you did a lot of the above, the tree’s health would be impaired. So would a stream’s. Common Name: nymph Scientific Name: Stenonema sp. Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: (Ephemeroptera) Family: Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Size: < 1 inch Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

The channelization or straightening of a stream results in a direct loss of aquatic habitat and biological productivity and increases the Sedimentation chance of downstream flooding and Unrestricted access to streams by cattle and other Endangered bank erosion. By weight, silt is the most common pollutant in Ohio streams. livestock degrade stream banks, instream habitats, and water quality. Cost share programs can provide And the rate of soil loss in many watersheds is measured in tons upland watering devices and fencing to keep livestock out of streams. Conservation easements per acre per year! Although some soil erosion is natural, excessive are another effective tool. Hydromodification amounts harm stream habitats and wildlife in many ways. Silt Blacktop and other impervious surfaces reduce Hydromodification is the alteration of flow or physical habitats groundwater recharge and increase the rate of and other fine sediment can bury spawning and feeding areas, runoff. Urban stormwater runoff may go to a within a stream. Activities that directly modify streams include sewage plant, a stormwater retention pond, or disrupt food chains, increase turbidity, and clog the of fish, directly into a stream. It can warm the water Common Name: clubshell and transport metals, oil, and other pollutants Scientific Name: Pleurobema clava channel straightening, channel relocation, dam construction, into streams. High volumes of urban runoff can amphibians, insects, and mollusks. Sedimentation also harms also cause increased flooding and bank erosion. Phylum: Mollusca , instream sand and gravel mining, water withdrawal, recreational activities and increases the cost of water treatment. Class: Bivalvia and the addition of water from point-source discharges. Other Unless best management practices are used, excessive amounts Order: Unionoida Ohio streams have more than 6,000 dams. Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) activities such as floodplain development, suburban development, Although some dams are needed for water of sediment can wash into streams from construction sites, Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins supply, flood control, and recreation, many and the removal of streamside forests can also cause the alteration Many small streams have been dams are no longer needed. Dams harm cropland, timbered areas, stream banks, mined lands, gullies, Habitat: small to medium streams degraded by land development. streams by blocking fish passage, Size: < 3 inches of flow or physical habitats within a stream. This small stream was channelized reducing the diversity of habitat, and feedlots, pastures and other non vegetated areas. and put in an underground pipe. causing increased sedimentation. Abundance: rare Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

1821 1823 1825 , a As part of a study, the first The Canal Act passes taxidermist at the Western attempt to scientifically because river transportation Museum in Cincinnati, floats measure stream flow in Ohio in Ohio has become difficult down the Ohio River with a (and possibly the U.S.) is due to the large number of mill group of explorers to look for conducted on the Sandusky dams. Work begins on the new birds to draw and River near Upper Sandusky. Ohio and near describe. Newark. It is Ohio’s first public 1822 1824 water project designed to 1825, continued A law passes providing for an The Federal General Survey stair step water from Lake Erie The construction of the engineer and seven Act gives the U.S. Corps of to the Ohio River and back Cumberland (National) Road, commissioners to determine Engineers continuing without using a single pump. the first major east to west the practicability and expense authority for navigation highway in the U.S., passes of various proposed canal studies. The Rufus Putnam through Columbus. The first routes from Lake Erie to the makes the first steamboat trip American steam locomotive Ohio River. up the Muskingum River. is patented. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.23.00 CH3.4 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.23.00 CH3.4 RT 4.0 With the Cuyahoga River on fire, the Mahoning River nearly boiling, and the Ottawa River without fish for more than 30 miles, it is easy to understand why Public Law 92-500 (1972) established a national goal to “restore and maintain the physical, chemical, and biological integrity of the nation’s waters.” With the development of water quality standards, new technologies, stricter enforcement, and successful permitting and monitoring programs, the quality of many streams has markedly improved. As point source pollution has been significantly reduced, new abatement efforts are ChapterFour increasingly focused on nonpoint sources such as runoff from urban and agricultural lands. Water Quality and Pollution Control Water Chemistry

Standards and Monitoring

Point Source Pollution

Nonpoint Source Pollution Useful Terms and Definitions Concentration - the amount allowable levels of chemicals in water. Usually measured in or chemically unclean; the of a substance per unit or other substances to be milligrams per liter (mg/l). addition of harmful amounts volume. In water, it is often discharged into the waters of of litter, chemicals, bacteria Nonpoint Pollution - sediment measured in milligrams per the state. and other pollutants that organic matter, or sediment liter (mg/l). Biochemical Oxygen Demand enter a stream through to water. (BOD) - a measure of the , spills, Toxic - pertaining to poison; Effluent - the discharged amount of oxygen demanding groundwater or in any other can be acute which causes a treated wastewater from a decomposition and respiration diffuse way. quick death or chronic which municipal sewage plant or required to fully consume the causes harm over time. industry. Point Source - pollution that organic matter in a given enters a stream from a pipe Turbidity - a measure of clarity NPDES Permit - a pollution sample or volume of water. or other distinct location. or ability of light to penetrate View of an oil slick in the Ottawa River (Allen County, Ohio). control document issued by Dissolved Oxygen (DO) - the Pollute - to make physically water. Ohio EPA that gives an entity amount of oxygen dissolved

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH1.0 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH1.0 RT Water Quality and Pollution Control A guide to Ohio Streams In 4.1 Biochemical pH is a measure of dissolves less oxygen than cool water. Ohio More Oxygen Demand the concentration of hydrogen ions in any Species in Ohio Water Chemistry brook trout Streams… (BOD) is a measure 5ppm solution. On a scale streams must be able of how much oxygen Because water dissolves many substances, chemical testing is conducted on from 1 to 14, values to survive both warm Common is needed to less than 7 are acidic and cold water water samples to determine if concentrations of nutrients, metals, and other decompose organic 4ppm and values greater temperatures. substances are safe for aquatic life and public water supply. matter in water. than 7 are alkaline or Values for suspended solids, water temperature, flow, basic. Most aquatic Nutrients are Turbidity is a Oxygen common carp life lives within a pH measure of the Common Name: yellow bullhead pH, and other parameters are also important. 3ppm inorganic chemicals range of 6 to 9. amount of suspended Scientific Name: natalis Standardized field and laboratory methods are used Oxygen that include forms of Phylum: Chordata phosphorus and solids in the water. Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) for accurate results. High turbidity or Order: Siluriformes nitrogen commonly Total Hardness is Family: catfishes (Ictaluridae) yellow bullhead 2ppm found in fertilizers, a measure of the colored water is Number of Streams: 536 Concentration Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins amount of calcium harmful to most The amount of a substance per unit volume of water is important in determining Hydrogen manure, and sewage. Habitat: small to medium streams Phosphorus can be and magnesium ions aquatic life. It is Size: < 18 inches if a substance is safe or harmful for streams. For example, if a bucket Pollution Tolerance: highly tolerant The oxygen levels listed dissolved in water. usually caused by of ammonia is dumped into a small creek, its concentration would are approximate measured as ortho, Less minimum requirements excessive amounts of be high enough to kill fish because of the small amount of (ppm = parts per million). soluble reactive, or Common total. Nitrogen soil erosion or high water it has to mix with. But if the same bucket is dumped Temperature is includes three levels of nutrients and into a large river, its concentration would be low enough Dissolved Oxygen important to all common forms - algal blooms. Low to not kill fish because of the large amount of dilution water. (DO) is the amount aquatic life, but it can nitrate, nitrite, and turbidity or clear water • • • • of oxygen that kill if too high or too ammonia. Aquatic life is good for aquatic life. dissolves in water. All low. Warm water H O needs nutrients to Common Name: water penny larva • • living organisms need grow, but excessive Scientific Name: Psephenus sp. oxygen to survive. Phylum: Arthropoda H H amounts are usually Class: Insecta Levels greater than 5 Order: (Coleoptera) • • • • • • • • • • • • harmful. mg/l are healthy for Family: water pennies (Psephenidae) Tetrahedral arrangement Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins H O H O H O of oxygen atoms in ice structure most aquatic life. • • • • • • Size: < 1 inch H H Pollution Tolerance: intolerant Acidic conditions are often found in streams that receive • • • • Association of Water Molecules drainage from active or abandoned coal mines. The orange or yellow stain called “yellow-boy” is caused by high H O H concentrations of metals present in the acid mine drainage. • • • Endangered Pesticides are manmade Metals include Concentration Equivalents H chemicals that include arsenic, chromium, + - herbicides and insecticides. copper, lead, mercury, Parts per million (ppm) = milligrams per liter (mg/l) H + OH H2O They are used to control selenium, and zinc. = milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) harmful types of vegetation High levels can cause Fish Population = micrograms per gram (ug/g) and insects. Some, like DDT and deformities, affect Common Name: elephant-ear Test Parameters Down Scientific Name: Elliptio crassidens Water testing is usually done to determine the concentration or chlordane, have been banned for many years, reproduction, and kill. Phylum: Mollusca Parts per billion (ppb) = micrograms per liter (ug/l) value of specific parameters. Common parameters include but can still be found in streams and wildlife Sources include Class: Bivalvia = micrograms per kilogram (ug/kg) Order: Unionoida = nanograms per gram (ng/g) dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, nutrients, pH, Pollution Up tissue. Newer chemicals, such as atrazine - a discharges, highway Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) total hardness, metals, pesticides, temperature, and turbidity. weed control used in corn production, break runoff, landfills, and Distribution: Ohio River Basin Habitat: large streams down more rapidly. mining activities . Size: < 6 inches Abundance: rare, except in the Ohio River Pollution Tolerance: tolerant

1826 1828 1830 In the winter of 1825-26, C.A. The Tiffin Land Office opens. With nearly 25,000 residents, LeSueur, T. Say, and other Cincinnati is the largest city 1832 principal scientists and west of the Atlantic seaboard. As Lima becomes the Allen educators take a keelboat trip Many pioneers travel County seat, at the down the icy Ohio River from westward along the National Hog Creek Reservations Pittsburgh, PA to New Road in white canvas covered agree to leave Ohio. The state Harmony, IN. The trip will have 1827 wagons . The road will be of Ohio begins to canalize the far reaching scientific, cultural, LeSueur publishes the heavily traveled for the next Muskingum River. With social, and economic benefits descriptions and drawings of 20 years. Ohio’s population Congress lowering the for the Midwest and the nation. some North American fishes. increases to 937,903. minimum land purchase to 40 U.S. Congress passes the first 1829 acres at $1.25 per acre, Ohio’s to The first conservation law in Congressional Lands become authorize federal removal of Ohio passes to “protect the fur more affordable to settlers. river obstructions and improve trade” by establishing a season The Bucyrus Land Office harbors. for the legal taking of muskrats. opens. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.27.00 CH4.1 LT CH4.1 06.27.00 OCAFS. for Group Design Information 2000 © RT CH4.1 06.27.00 OCAFS. for Group Design Information 2000 © Water Quality and Pollution Control A guide to Ohio Streams In 4.2 Ohio Standards and Monitoring Streams… Water quality standards are adopted to protect public health and welfare, Aquatic Life Use Designations Locally Common

enhance the quality of water, and meet guidelines established under the Clean Exceptional Warmwater Habitat (EWH) is assigned to streams Water Act. Although numerical chemical standards were established at the that contain unusual and exceptional aquatic assemblages with high biological diversity and value. They often sustain populations national and state levels soon after the passage of the Act, the development of rare and endangered species and include Ohio’s highest quality and adoption of numerical standards for biological streams and all public lakes and reservoirs. This use represents Common Name: sauger a protection goal for management efforts. It has the most Scientific Name: Stizostedion canadense assemblages did not occur until 1990, when Phylum: Chordata stringent ammonia and dissolved oxygen criteria. Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) Ohio became the first state to adopt numerical Warmwater Habitat (WWH) is assigned to streams capable of Order: Perciformes Family: perches & darters (Percidae) biological criteria. Since 1979, Ohio EPA has supporting and maintaining a balanced, integrated, and adaptive Number of Streams: 53 integrated fish and macro- Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins invertebrate sampling (see map (good) community of warmwater aquatic organisms. It is Ohio’s on right for biological sampling Habitat: medium to large streams locatons) with chemical water most widely applied use designation. Criteria varies by ecoregion. Size: < 19 inches testing in many streams throughout Ohio. Survey results Modified Warmwater Habitat (MWH) applies to streams with Pollution Tolerance: intermediate Use Designations are used to determine if streams are meeting the goals of the Clean extensive and irretrievable physical habitat modifications that Water Act or are degraded by Common pollution or habitat modifications. Use designations are goals that are set for specific surface water Ohio EPA is internationally fail to attain criteria for WWH, EWH or other beneficial uses. recognized for its stream monitoring and assessment They contain aquatic assemblages that are tolerant of low bodies in the state. There are four different types: program. • Aquatic Life Habitat dissolved oxygen, silt, nutrient enrichment, and poor habitat • Water Supply Water Quality Standards quality. There are three subcategories for streams degraded by • Recreation Water quality standards consist of five parts: acid mine waters, extensive channelization, and dams. Criteria are set separately for each subcategory. • State Resource Waters • Use designations Common Name: mayfly nymph • Narrative and numeric criteria designed to attain and Coldwater Habitat (CWH) is assigned to streams that support Scientific Name: Isonychia sp. either native coldwater species (e.g., brook trout and certain Phylum: Arthropoda maintain the quality of water needed to support each use Class: Insecta designation invertebrate species) or are coldwater streams managed by the Order: mayflies (Ephemeroptera) Chemical Criteria Ohio Department of Natural Resources as stocked trout fisheries. Family: Isonychiidae • An antidegradation policy designed to protect the existing Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Dissolved oxygen, ammonia, water quality Seasonal Salmonid Habitat (SSH) is assigned to Lake Erie Size: < 1 inch and other water quality Pollution Tolerance: intolerant • Mixing zones defined as areas contiguous to wastewater tributaries and embayments that support significant recreational parameters all have designated discharge lake-run salmonid fisheries from October through May. concentrations that set • Variance provisions from water quality criteria Limited Resource Water (LRW) is assigned to streams when a standards to protect public scientific assessment concludes they cannot support any degree Special Interest health and welfare, enhance of aquatic life diversity because of irretrievable factors such as and reporting, nonpoint source streams. Biological criteria the quality of water, and meet Biological Criteria acidic conditons from abandoned mine land or large scale habitat assessment, natural resource were derived from fish and guidelines established under Biocriteria were developed to alteration. These desiginations must be reviewed every three damage assessment and macroinvertbrate data the Clean Water Act. better assess the biological years. The MWH or WWH designation can be assigned if general problem discovery. collected at more than 350 integrity in streams. Although conditions improve. The criteria consist of reference (least impacted) sites they are used primarily to Limited Warmwater Habitat (LWH) was adopted in 1978 as a Common Name: flat floater numerical values for two fish throughout Ohio. The determine the attainment temporary variance mechanism for individual stream segments Scientific Name: Anodonta suborbiculata indices and one inclusion of biocriteria has Phylum: Mollusca status of aquatic life use with point source problems that could not meet goals of the Class: Bivalvia designations, they are also used macroinvertebrate index which significantly broadened the Fish and aquatic insects are Order: Unionoida good indicators of water quality Clean Water Act. This designation is being phased out. measures structural, functional, scope of surface water and biological integrity. Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) for water quality based Distribution: Ohio River Basin Chemical data is usually collected by and health characteristics of assessment and protection in Habitat: muddy slow water in large streams taking water, sediment or fish tissue permitting, water quality samples back to an approved laboratory aquatic communities in Ohio. Size: < 6 inches for analysis. standards, basic monitoring Abundance: rare Pollution Tolerance: tolerant

1833 1837 1839 The Wapakoneta Land Office The Marion Land Office opens. Cincinnati becomes the first opens. William Procter and James major municipality in Ohio to Gamble start a business making have a public water supply. soap and candles in Cincinnati. 1838 Voters approve a buy out from J.P. Kirtland begins publishing a private company that pumps lists of the fishes known to water out of the Ohio River. occur in Ohio with reference to their distribution and 1840 abundance. In Adams County, Ohio’s population increases to Ohio J. Locke of the Geologic 1,519,467 residents. During the Survey made the first county 1840s, there are about 4,000 geologic map. The first federal flatboats on the Ohio River. dam on the Ohio River is built at The Marietta, Steubenville, 1835 Browns Island upstream from Chillicothe, Cincinnati, and The Lima Land Office opens Steubenville. Zanesville Land Offices close. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.27.00 CH4.2 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.27.00 CH4.2 RT Water Quality and Pollution Control A guide to Ohio Streams Controls In 4.3 Almost all point source Ammonia-N Loading (kg/day) - Ottawa River (Allen C0.) 1976-91 Ohio wastewater is now 3,000 Point Source Pollution treated to remove Streams… Point source pollution enters a stream through a pipe or other distinct location. harmful levels of 2,500 Threatened nutrients, toxins, and Wastewater discharges from sewage treatment plants and industries are good other pollutants. 2,000 examples. Water quality impacts from point source discharges have been 1,500 markedly reduced with the adoption of state water quality standards, chemical 1,000 permit limits, stricter enforcement, and successful stream Common Name: brook trout Scientific Name: Salvelinus fontinalis monitoring and assessment programs. Unlike 500 Phylum: Chordata Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) Order: Salmoniformes many nonpoint sources of pollution, Family: trouts (Salmonidae) 0 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 Year Number of Streams: 8 however, point sources usually discharge Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Improved treatment of wastewater has significantly lowered the amount of Habitat: small streams 24 hours a day, 365 days a year. ammonia discharged into the Ottawa River Size: < 21 inches and many other Ohio streams. As a result of less pollution, the quality of many streams Pollution Tolerance: intolerant has markedly improved since the 1970s. Sources NPDES Permits Common The 1972 Water Pollution Control Act created the National Sewage Treatment Plants are primarily owned and Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) which required operated by city and county governments. They receive technology-based, chemical discharge limits for all point source sanitary and other wastewater from homes, office dischargers. The permits also imposed monitoring requirements buildings, and other sources. They also receive stormwater and other conditions. The Act also initiated the Construction from streets and parking lots. Pollutants entering plants Grants Program for upgrading municipal sewage treatment include human organic wastes (nutrients such as Common Name: mayfly nymph plants. It allowed cities to apply for matching federal funds Scientific Name: Ephemerella sp. ammonia, phosphorus, or nitrate), as well as soaps, Phylum: Arthropoda to improve wastewater treatment facilities. Since 1975, over detergents, metals and bacteria. Class: Insecta $6,000,000,000 has been spent in Ohio to control point source Order: mayflies (Ephemeroptera) pollution. Since 1988, there has been a 56% decline in point Family: Overflow (CSO) discharges occur Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins in many of Ohio’s older cities that have a mixing of source impacts as a major source of impairment in Ohio streams. Size: < 1 inch Pollution Tolerance: intolerant sanitary wastewater and stormwater runoff in single underground pipes. They usually overflow into streams Point Source Impacts after a heavy rainfall and help prevent house drains Effluent from dischargers can degrade streams if it contains from backing up. During overflows they release raw quantities of oxygen-demanding substances, toxic chemicals, or Common sewage and a variety of pollutants into streams. other pollutants that exceed the natural assimilation capacity of a stream. The severely degraded conditions in Ohio streams prior to the 1980s were caused primarily by inadequately treated Industrial Discharges include effluents from pulp and Location of point source dischargers in Ohio. municipal and industrial paper mills, chemical manufacturers, steel plants, oil Ohio EPA issues these dischargers NPDES discharges. Today, evidence refineries, electric generating plants, and food processing permits which regulate the quantities of pollutants discharged of downstream impacts Common Name: giant floater plants. Pollutants discharged can include solids, metals, and impose monitoring A high incidence of fish Scientific Name: Pyganodon grandis requirements and other typically include the loss of with external deformity, organic chemicals, nutrients, and brine/acidic wastes. conditions. Phylum: Mollusca erosion, lesion or tumor pollution-sensitive species, a Stormwater discharges and combined sewer overflows (DELT) anomalies is Class: Bivalvia usually an indication of Order: Unionoida water quality impacts that dominance by pollution- (which can bypass untreated sewage during large rainfall are associated with Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) pollutants from point tolerant species, a change in Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins events) can also contain various quantities of all of the source discharges. biomass, and a high incidence Habitat: small to large streams pollutants mentioned above. Size: < 6 inches of fish with external DELT Abundance: common and widespread anomalies. Pollution Tolerance: tolerant 1841 1844 1847 Ohio passes its first drainage The turnpike system built since As a leader in the canal law. A new law in 1859 will 1830 makes shipping to movement, Ohio paves the allow for a system of public Cincinnati by road, or by road way for improved trade and ditches. and canal cheaper. Cincinnati had much to do with dooming is the primary gateway for Ohio 1846 the Plains Indians and the products to the rest of the The is buffalo they depended upon. settled United States. During operating between Cincinnati provided the supplies the 1840s, Cincinnati’s old and Columbia and up the Little and people to overflow the wooden water supply pipes are Miami River Valley to west. More than 250,000 hogs 1843 replaced by iron pipes and a Springfield. Most sewers came to Cincinnati The Wyandots, Ohio's last is built to supply were open ditches or above slaughtering and packing native American , leave the untreated river water. ground pipes built by property houses by turnpike, canal, and Sandusky Reservation for lands owners to drain stormwater railroad. 1848 in the west. The Upper into the nearest ravine or The Defiance Land Office Sandusky Land Office opens. stream. opens. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.27.00 CH4.3 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.27.00 CH4.3 RT Water Quality and Pollution Control A guide to Ohio Streams In 4.4 Ohio Nonpoint Source Pollution Streams… Chemicals, sediment and other harmful pollutants that enter streams through Locally Common surface runoff, spills or ground water is called nonpoint source pollution. Spills can contribute a It is often more difficult to locate than point sources and usually only pollutes wide range of pollutants after precipitation falls. It is associated with land use at the watershed level and occur almost anywhere - on farms, in Agricultural land and is more difficult to control than point sources. With lower levels of cities, at factories, or on contributes nonpoint Common Name: slenderhead darter Scientific Name: Percina phoxocephala a highway. runoff that contains pollution discharged by point sources today, new pollution abatement programs Phylum: Chordata fertilizers, nutrients, soil, Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) are increasingly turning to streamside buffers and other “best management and bacteria. Order: Perciformes Family: perches & darters (Percidae) practices” on agricultural and urban lands to reduce the amount of soil, Number of Streams: 16 Distribution: Ohio River Basin Habitat: medium to large streams nutrients, pesticides, and other pollutants coming from the land. Size: < 4 inches Pollution Tolerance: intolerant Sources Common It can come from anywhere in a watershed - cities,

Soil Erosion can harm farms, lawns, forests, and even the air. And Impacts aquatic life in many ways. although the actual amount and types of nonpoint Stream Encroachment is Nonpoint source pollution can harm streams and Excessive amounts of fine source pollution from any one property or source using the land too close to humans in many ways. Ecologically, it can hurt sediments can bury critical may be small, the total amount washing into a streams. It often results in aquatic wildlife by degrading water quality and substrates and increase stream can be large because there are usually many severe bank erosion and the physical habitats. Economically, it can increase turbidity which makes loss of streamside forests. Common Name: stonefly nymph different types and sources. Most nonpoint source costs for drinking water treatment and impair Scientific Name: Acroneuria sp. feeding, reproduction, and Debris and chemicals can pollution enters streams in stormwater runoff. recreational uses. Phylum: Arthropoda other life history also wash into streams Class: Insecta requirements during floods. Order: stoneflies () Controls Family: Perlidae more difficult or Urban areas contribute Conservation tillage, manure management, Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins impossible. By Size: < 1 inch many pollutants that Pollution Tolerance: intolerant weight, silt and stormwater retention basins, and streamside wash off of highways, other sediment buffers are but a few of the best management parking lots, lawns, and that washes into practices that can be used to reduce nonpoint commercial sites. streams is Ohio’s most source pollutant loads. Funding for monitoring common pollutant. and control of nonpoint pollution comes from Locally Common state, federal, and local sources.

Streamside forests not only protect physical habitat, but also improve water quality by providing cooler temperatures Common Name: elktoe and filtering out sediment, nutrients Scientific Name: Alasmidonta marginata and pesticides from Phylum: Mollusca upland sources. Class: Bivalvia Coal Mine drainage can Fallen leaves are also an important Order: Unionoida first link in stream lower the pH of streams food chains. Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) and contribute high Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Habitat: medium to large streams concentrations of metals. Size: < 4 inches Abundance: generally uncommon Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

1850 1854 1860 Ohio's population increases to Large flocks of migrating Trains are becoming an 1,980,329 residents. passenger pigeons block out increasingly important method the sun for hours as they pass of transportation. There are over Columbus. J. P. Kirtland 3,000 miles of railroad tracks describes an Ohio muskellunge in Ohio. Several tracks are 1861 from the Mahoning River. linked directly to the Atlantic The Civil War begins on April coast. Ohio's population 12. Severe flooding in August increases to 2,339,511 occurs in Beaver Creek and 1851 1857 residents. Approximately 83 Elk Run (Columbiana Co.). With powerful engines to pull Ohio's first fish law passes percent live in rural areas. Homes and bridges in Lisbon passenger trains, the because so many dams have and Elkton are damaged the Cincinnati, Hamilton, and been constructed on streams. same week as the Battle of Dayton Railroad is responsible It makes it illegal to prevent the Bull Run where 481 Union for the growth of suburban natural transit of fish in soldiers are killed and 1,011 towns like Clifton and Glendale. navigable streams and lakes. are wounded. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.27.00 CH4.4 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.27.00 CH4.4 RT 5.0 From how stream life changes as creeks turn into rivers - to how so many different kinds of plants and animals can live together - are just a few of the fascinating relationships that streams have to offer. Ecology is the study of relationships between living organisms and their environment.

ChapterFive Ecology

Stream Quality

Seasonal Changes

Plants and Predators

Preferred Habitat Useful Terms and Definitions Biomass- the total weight Decomposers- organisms - the which carbohydrates such of living things in a defined such as fungi and bacteria dependence of organisms as glucose and starch are habitat. that break down plant and upon others, beginning manufactured from carbon animal matter into useful with plants and dioxide, water, chlorophyll Carnivore- a meat-eating forms for producers. decomposers and ending and sunlight. organism. with large carnivores. - a plant eating Producer - organisms such Consumers- organisms organism. Omnivore- an organism as plants that make their such as insects and other that eats both animal and own food and do not have animals that must eat Ecology- the science of plant material. to consume other living or other living organisms for interrelationships between dead organisms. A stream ecosystem (Artwork courtesy of Rick Hill, Kentuck Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources). food. living organisms and their Photosynthesis- the environment. process in green plants by

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH5.0 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH5.0 RT Ecology A guide to Ohio Streams In 5.1 Stream Monitoring is an excellent way to determine a stream’s Ohio Stream Quality health. Sampling and assessing biological assemblages, water quality, and Streams… physical habitats is a good way to determine not only if a stream is impacted, but the causes and sources of problems as well. Could you determine the The Ottawa River Why monitor streams? Because looks can be deceiving! The quality of a stream (below photo, Allen Locally Common Co.) has exceptional quality of the three streams pictured below without data? Possibly so from habitat, but poor fish assemblages due to is determined by a combination of factors including physical habitats, water the middle photo, but not the other two. degraded chemical chemistry, and biological diversity. Try and guess the status of the three water quality. streams pictured here. Which one is exceptional? Which two are poor quality? Biological assemblages, chemical water Common Name: central mudminnow Scientific Name: Umbra limi quality, and physical habitats are Phylum: Chordata Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) monitored in many Ohio streams to Order: Salmoniformes Family: mudminnows (Umbridae) Number of Streams: 119 determine their status. Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Habitat: small to medium streams Size: < 5.2 inches Pollution Tolerance: tolerant Common

smallmouth bass (Micropterus dolomieu)

northern hog sucker (Hypentelium nigricans)

Common Name: predaceous diving ( caeruleum) Based on stream shows, however, the Scientific Name: Acilius sp. monitoring results, creek could be even white sucker Phylum: Arthropoda High Quality streams have clean water, natural habitats, and diverse and Big Darby Creek better if soil erosion (Catostomus commersoni) (above left photo) within the watershed Class: Insecta abundant biological assemblages that include pollution sensitive, rare, and endangered has exceptional is reduced. The Order: beetles (Coleoptera) quality. As a result of quality of Big Darby species. They also have free-flowing, diverse aquatic habitats with forested riparian good water quality and Creek is currently Family: physical habitats, it threatened by urban Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins corridors, islands, associated wetlands and unregulated flow regimes and sparsely populated supports high quality sprawl - the develop- fish and macroin- ment of rural land. Size: < 1 inch watersheds. They are Ohio’s least impacted streams. They can be identified assem- Pollution Tolerance: moderate blages. As this photo by the presence of pollution-sensitive species - those that cannot yellow bullhead live in polluted or extensively modified (Ameiurus natalis) Hog Creek (above photo, streams. Many also have great Hardin Co.) in the Special Interest Types of Impacts headwaters of the sportfishing! Ottawa River supports a northern riffle shell Biological assemblages are Chemical impacts are the downstream recovery. Natural poor aquatic fauna as a common carp (Epioblasma rangiana) food webs are easily broken by result of extensive (Cyprinus carpio) reliable indicators of stream result of degraded water quality sow bug channel modification to quality. By comparing fish and and/or contaminated excessive amounts of chem- (Asellidae) icals and other pollutants. improve drainage. macroinvertebrate sediments. They can be caused Channelization assemblages in a stream by excessive amounts of degrades physical Habitat impacts are caused upstream and downstream chemicals, other pollutants, and habitats and water by the physical alteration of quality. streams have degraded chemical water or sediment caddisfly from a suspected source of even the modification of habitat. Low Quality natural stream channels and (Trichoptera) impact, biologists can tell if a Biological changes due to other watershed activities. quality and/or extensively modified physical habitats. They typically have few Common Name: salamander mussel stream is healthy and meeting chemical impacts include few They can be caused by dams, Scientific Name: Simpsonaias ambigua the goals of the Clean Water (if any) pollution-sensitive pollution-sensitive organisms and no rare or endangered species. Most are stonefly excessive sedimentation, Phylum: Mollusca Act. Because the types, species, more pollution tolerant (Plecoptera) riparian encroachment, flow located in densely populated areas, extensively channelized areas (drained wetlands) abundance, and health of species, and a high percentage Class: Bivalvia alterations, and other activities. black fly aquatic species change in of external DELT anomalies. with little relief, or extensively mined areas. Low quality streams have biological Order: Unionoida mayfly Biological changes can include (Diptera) predictable ways, biological Chemical impacts are evident (Hirudinea) Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) (Ephemeroptera) a reduction in species and communities dominated by pollution tolerant species that can live in polluted water monitoring can help determine when habitats remain similar, productivity, and shifts from Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins if impairment is caused by but there is a marked decline and/or modified habitats. Most could be restored to support better aquatic assemblages. pollution-sensitive to pollution- Habitat: under rocks in medium to large chemical pollution and/or in species downstream from a tolerant assemblages. streams habitat modification. pollution source followed by a Size: < 2 inches Abundance: rare Pollution Tolerance: intolerant 1863 1867 1870 Cincinnati allows the public to The opens Ohio begins a strong period of tap into city sewer lines - a over the Ohio River at industrial growth following the unified, planned sewerage Cincinnati. Toledo floods in Civil War. Cincinnati’s system taking advantage of February after a large ice jam population is 216,239 natural ravines leading to the and wall of water breaks loose residents, but only 671 houses river to dispose of storm waters. upstream in the Maumee River. are connected to sewers. 1871 Most suburban villages The U.S. Commission of Fish, dumped their sewage into the first federal agency streams. The American Fish concerned with the Culturist’s Association (now conservation of a natural 1869 the American Fisheries resource, is formed to study The world’s first professional Society) is formed in New the decline of several fishes 1866 baseball team, the Red City. in . The U.S. has The Delaware Land Office Stockings, is formed in Cincin- 11 small state fish closes. nati and wins all of their games. commissions. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.27.00 CH5.1 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.27.00 CH5.1 RT Ecology

timeline Plants andPredators of habitatorexcessivelevelspollution. These connections-orlinkscanbeeasilybroken instreams bythedestruction pyramids are oneofthereasons somanyplantsandanimalslivetogether. only afewlarge predators. Naturally functioningfoodchains,webs,and predators, and bacteria.Foodpyramids -withalarge plantbase-support food chainswithlinksbetweendifferent trophic levels-plants,planteaters, very complexandformedbyhundreds ofspecies.Foodwebscontainmany they eat,andwhateatsthem-afoodweb. Innatural streams, foodwebsare Plants andanimalsinstreams are linkedtogetherbyhowtheygrow, what Food Chains, Webs, andPyramids provide fallenleaves,twigs,branches, logs,androots. in densepatchesalongthebanksandbars, andevenstreamside forests that on rocks andinthewater, emergent plantssuchaswater-willowthatgrow underwater plantscomprisedofdiatomsandotheralgaethatlivesubmersed - theyare more diverse andimportantthanyoumightthink!Theyinclude with more than1,000speciesthatcomeinavarietyofsizes,shapes,andcolors Stream plantsare animportantfoodsource formanystream animals.And Plants snake, orhumaneatsthebass. eats theminnow, andfinally agreatblueheron, midge larvae,thenaminnoweatsthestonefly, abassthen by aseriesofpredators.Firststoneflynymphfeedson insects, andotherstreamanimals.Thesespeciesaretheneaten leaves, algae,andotherplantmaterialareeatenbymollusks, and carbondioxide intofoodthroughphotosynthesis. Then Life ineverystreambeginswithplantsturningsunlight,water, drainage ditch. on theconstructionofa Ohio’s firstcooperativeeffort the MaumeeRiverbasin.Itis water isdivertedninemilesto Portage Riverwatershed.The acres ofwetlandsintheupper Wood Countydrains30,000 The JacksonCutOffprojectin 1879 nutrition formanyconsumers ofdetritus. through plants.Bacteriaare alsoasource of into nutrientssotheycanre-enter thefoodchain they process decayinganimalandplantmatter Bacteria are alsoimportantinfoodwebsbecause Bacteria © 2000 Information Design Group forOCAFS. 06.27.00 CH5.3 LT is drawingnear." "the totalextinctionoffish life Ohio FishCommissionbelieves declining sorapidlythat the By 1880,fishpopulations are increases to3,198,062residents. Canton. Ohio'spopulation is recommendedforthecityof construction ofasewageplant After aDiphtheriaepidemic,the 1880 upstream intheMaumeeRiver. backed-up waterbreaksloose floods whenlargeicejamsand After averycoldwinter, Toledo 1881 eel-grass leaves gizzard shad bull snapping turtle bass scud stonefly crayfish mayfly on the Fishes of Ohio” Ohio” of Fishes the on available tocities. Edison makeselectricity of electricpowerstations by be inOhio.Thedevelopment lists thefishspeciesknown to Jordan publishesthe 1882 heron blue great caddisfly pondweeds snail water snake “Report that mussel raccoon midge larva and preyed uponbylarger They are usuallyverynumerous and othersmallplanteaters. animals thatfeedoninsects predators includemanysmall and top.Bottomlevel trophic levels-bottom,middle, can beplacedintothree on otherliveanimals.They Predators are animalsthatfeed Predators algae © 2000 Information Design Group forOCAFS. 06.27.00 CH5.3 RT A guidetoOhioStreams in theOhioRiveratCincinnati. setting floodstageisrecorded frozen ground.Arecord Ohio afterheavyrainsfallon Major floodingoccursacross fish caughtcontrarytolaw. line inspecificwatersorsell catch fishexceptbyhookand pass makingitunlawfulto Ohio’s firstfishingregulations 1883 leaves matter. recycle decayinganimal also scavengers whichhelp species. Manypredators are largest andleastabundant predators andare oftenthe pyramid. Theyeatother highest levelofthefood Top levelpredators are atthe as , rock bass,andsnakes. middle levelcarnivores such abundant thanmeateaters. They are usuallymore plant foodintoanimalmatter. ecosystems becausetheyturn components ofstream Plant eaters are important eat bothplantsandanimals. decaying leaves.Omnivores material suchasalgaeor feedonlyonplant - herbivores andomnivores. placed intwogeneral groups dead plantmaterialcanbe Animals thateatlivingand Plant Eaters heavy rains. flooding alsooccursafter River atCincinnati.Statewide causes floodingintheOhio A largewintersnowmelt 1884 Streams… Ohio In Common Common Threatened Pollution Tolerance: intolerant Abundance: common Size: <5inches Habitat: mediumtolarge streams Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins Family: freshwater mussels(Unionidae) Order: Unionoida Class: Bivalvia Phylum: Mollusca Scientific Name:Lasmigonacostata Common Name:fluted-shell Pollution Tolerance: tolerant Size: <1inch Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins Family: whirligigbeetles(Gyrinidae) Order: beetles(Coleoptera) Class: Insecta Phylum: Arthropoda Scientific Name:Dineutussp. Common Name:whirligigbeetlelarva Pollution Tolerance: Size: <52inches Habitat: mediumtolarge streams Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins Number ofStreams: Family: freshwater eels(Anguillidae) Order: Anguilliformes Class: bonyfishes(Osteichthyes) Phylum: Chordata Scientific Name:Anguillarostrata Common Name:Americaneel tolerant 8 5.3 Ecology A guide to Ohio Streams In 5.2 Ohio Seasonal Changes Streams… When streams are flooding one day and almost dry or frozen Locally Common on another, it is hard to believe that the fishes and other aquatic life can live in what appears to be such an unstable environment. But don’t worry! These types

of changes are natural and beneficial Common Name: skipjack Scientific Name: Alosa chrysochloris to many of Ohio’s native stream Phylum: Chordata Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) species. Order: Family: () Number of Streams: 11 Distribution: Ohio River Basin Habitat: large streams rainbow darter (breeding male) Winter Size: < 21 inches (Etheostoma caeruleum) is a period of little activity, low Pollution Tolerance: moderate water temperatures and little or no Common Spring is a time of warming water growth for many species. Winter stoneflies hatch temperatures, abundant rainfall and and migratory waterfowl - black ducks, mallards and Canada beneficial floods that scour deep pools and fathead (breeding male) geese - flock to streams for open water to rest and feed on snails (Pimephales promelas) fertilize floodplains. Walleye, white bass and and other macroinvertebrates. Cold water temperatures prevent many sucker species make upstream migrations many harmful nonnative species from becoming established in to favorite spawning grounds. Wood ducks return southern redbelly dace (breeding male) Ohio streams. (Phoxinus erythrogaster) from southern wintering habitats and emerging insects Common Name: predaceous diving beetle become more common. Scientific Name: Deronectes sp. Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: beetles (Coleoptera) Family: Dytiscidae Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Size: < 1 inch Pollution Tolerance: moderate

Locally Common

Summer is a time of warm water temperatures, abundant plant growth, large hatches, and high productivity. For many stream species, it is the time for heavy feeding and rapid growth. Because water Common Name: white heelsplitter temperatures in most streams increase to above Scientific Name: Lasmigona complanata 75 degrees (F), it is why bass and catfish thrive Fall is a Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia and coldwater species like brook trout cannot live in period of reduced activity as water Order: Unionoida most Ohio streams year round. Rapidly growing patches temperature and plant growth decline. Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins of water-willow stabilize gravel bars and maintain deep runs Smallmouth bass and other species go on a feeding Habitat: medium to large streams during low flows. Size: < 6 inches Abundance: generally uncommon Pollution Tolerance: tolerant

1873 1875 1876 1877 The Ohio Fish Commission is Canalization of the Ohio River Erosion is such a concern Twenty-six states have fish formed to examine ways to begins due to travel along the banks of the Ohio commissions. improve fish populations. The impediments caused by low River, that Ohio passes a law Commission promotes stocking water, sand bars, and snags. that requires landowners to and approves the introduction plant along the of the exotic German carp. stream banks. The closing of the Chillicothe land office brings the era of public land sales and frontier settlement in Ohio to an end. The construction of inclines in 1874 Cincinnati the past four years 1878 J.H. Klippart reports upon many helps residents to move to The first dredging of the Ohio of the important food and game suburban hilltop villages away River to a two meter depth fishes in Ohio. from the polluted valleys. begins. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.27.00 CH5.2 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.27.00 CH5.2 RT Ecology A guide to Ohio Streams In 5.4 Pool Species Surface Species Ohio Pools contain areas with deeper and slower water If you spend much time along Preferred Habitat than riffles and runs. They usually occur in a stream - and watch the Streams… Riffle-Run Species sections with low gradient or little drop in surface - you should see at Shallow rocky areas with swift How can so many species live in streams? They can live elevation. They may be only a few feet long in least a few types of insects and Special Interest current are often the most in different sizes of streams such as creeks and rivers. a headwater stream to hundreds of feet long in fish. Water striders, riffle bugs biologically diverse and a large river. Large predators such as flathead and whirligigs are just a few They can live in the same stream, but in different habitats productive habitats in a stream. catfish and smallmouth bass spend the majority of the insects. Blackstripe Riffle-run habitats are where such a pool or riffle. And they can by even eating different of their time in deep pools. Large schools of topminnows and killifish live you should find an abundance suckers and minnows also live there. Pools most of their life just beneath Common Name: types of food such as insects or fishes. Almost all stream of pollution-sensitive species typically have more fine sediment substrates the surface. Scientific Name: carinatum species have a preferred habitat and that is where they of darters, mayflies, stoneflies, than riffles and runs. Bacteria also live on the Phylum: Chordata Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) and caddisflies. These types of are most abundant. Some live mostly in fast water and bottom of deep pools where they help recycle Order: Cypriniformes species can only live in these nutrients and organic matter by helping with Family: suckers (Catostomidae) Number of Streams: 29 some in mostly slow water. Some live mostly in shallow types of habitats because they the decay of animal and plant material. Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins blackstripe topminnow need clean, silt-free substrates ( notatus) Habitat: large streams water while others live mostly in deep water. Some live Size: < 29 inches and highly oxygenated water. Pollution Tolerance: intolerant mostly near the surface and some on the bottom. Riffles and runs are inhabited by many species of vertebrates, Uncommon invertebrates, and algae.

bluebreast darter quillback (Etheostoma camurum) (Carpiodes cyprinus)

spring salamander (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus duryi)

Common Name: giant water bug Scientific Name: Lethocerus sp. southern redbelly dace (Phoxinus erythrogaster) Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: true bugs () least brook lamprey Family: giant water bugs () Small Stream Species (Lampetra aepyptera) Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Stream species also change with the size of the Size: < 2 inches Pollution Tolerance: moderate watershed. Some of Ohio’s most common and rarest fish inhabit small streams with drainage areas less than 20 square miles. Blacknose dace can be found in more than 500 Ohio streams while brook channel darter Uncommon (Percina copelandi) trout live in less than 10 streams. emerald shiner (Notropis atherinoides) northern (Noturus stigmosus) Bottom Species

paddlefish The number of species that live on the bottom is usually greater Large Stream Species (Polyodon spathula) than the number of species that live near the surface. Just pick Midwater Species Common Name: creek heelsplitter Some of Ohio’s rarest species are those that prefer Scientific Name: Lasmigona compressa up a rock in a riffle and look at all of the macroinvertebrates Emerald shiners and other Phylum: Mollusca large rivers such as the Ohio River and its largest living on it. And if you had placed a seine or net downstream minnow species that live in Class: Bivalvia tributaries with drainage areas of more than 6,000 Order: Unionoida from it, there would probably be a few darters, crayfish and schools do not prefer the top Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) square miles. Blue suckers and channel darters are hellgrammites in it. Some species of bury themselves or bottom of pools, but the Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins good examples. washboard Habitat: small to medium streams (Megalonaias nervosa) in the gravel during the day and come out only during the night. open water. Size: < 4 inches Abundance: widespread, but not common Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

1885 1888 1891 Many urban streams in Ohio Several fish species are added J. Boepple, a German pearl are grossly polluted by sewage to the fishes of Ohio when J. inlay artist, establishes the and industrial wastes. Com- Henshall publishes “Contribu- first U.S. freshwater mussel 1893 mercial fishermen harvest more tion to the Ichthyology of Ohio.” button factory in Muscatine, Canton completes Ohio’s first than 530,000 pounds of lake Oil pollution is severe in many Iowa. sewage plant adjacent to sturgeon from the Ohio waters northwestern Ohio streams as to help of Lake Erie and 3,152,400 1886 the result of the extensive oil 1890 control Diphtheria. Ohio pounds of blue pike from the The Ohio Fish Commission fields. Government snag boats Ohio cities are prosperous passes its first significant U.S. waters of Lake Erie. The becomes the Commission of remove more than 1,200 snags and industries continue to water pollution law requiring first funds are allocated for the Fish and Game. The first Fish from the Ohio River. Electric expand. Cincinnati is the state approval of plans for enforcement of fish laws. and Game wardens are street cars in Cincinnati help carriage and wagon center of public sewerage installations. appointed and the Ohio Board residents migrate to the the world building half of all Harelip suckers and gilt of Health is established. A suburbs. produced in America. There darters are collected from the flash flood in Shawnee Creek is rapid suburban growth and Maumee River watershed for kills 28 people in Xenia. many passenger trains. the last time. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.27.00 CH5.4 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.27.00 CH5.4 RT 6.0 From their headwaters to , Ohio streams support a remarkable diversity of aquatic wildlife. And based on the presence or absence of a backbone, stream wildlife can be divided into two groups - vertebrates and invertebrates. Vertebrates - those with backbones - include the most well- known and largest animals, such as fishes, reptiles, and amphibians. Invertebrates - those without backbones - include smaller and less well-known animals, such as insects, mollusks, and crustaceans. With more than 1,400 total species, rivers and creeks are “the rain forests of Ohio.” Chapter Six Wildlife Diversity

Aquatic Insects

Mollusks

Stream Fishes

Reptiles and Amphibians

Useful Terms and Definitions Benthos- bottom-dwelling water, and skin that is Invertebrate- an animal Nymph- the intermediate organisms. commonly covered with without a backbone. stage between egg and scales. adult for an insect. Endangered Species- in Mollusk- an invertebrate Ohio, a species that is Herps- a general name for animal such as a Vertebrate- an animal threatened with statewide reptiles and amphibians. freshwater mussel or snail with a backbone. extirpation or . with one or two hard Insect- an invertebrate shells, no eyes, and a Wildlife Diversity- the Fish- a vertebrate animal animal with three body muscular foot for moving number and kinds of wild A large stream ecosystem (Artwork courtesy of Rick Hill, Kentuck Department of Fish and Wildlife Resources). with fins, permanent gills parts consisting of a head, about. animals including verte- adapted to live under- thorax, and abdomen. brates and invertebrates.

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH6.0 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH6.0 RT Wildlife Diversity

timeline Life History Aquatic Insects 1 or nearthewater. but somestayinthewaterfortheirentire lives.Alllayeggsin called instars. Mostaquaticinsectsemerge asterrestrial adults, stage -larvaornymphgoesthrough successivegrowth periods - asinmayfliesandstoneflies.Inbothlifecycles,theimmature beetles. Theotherinvolvesthree stages-egg,nymph,andadult stages -egg,larva,pupa,andadultasincaddisfliesaquatic Aquatic insectshavetwoprimarylifecycles.Oneinvolvesfour Mayflies water quality. caddisflies andstoneflies,theyare excellentindicators ofgood and collectors thatfeedonalgaeanddetritus.Together with many fishandotherwildlife.Thenymphsare primarilyscrapers Both nymphsandemerging adultsare importantfooditemsfor habitats from whichtheyemerge asadultsinverylarge numbers. an adult.Theimmatures -ornymphsliveinavarietyofstream eaten byotherspeciesofwildlife. live upsidedown!Someeatplants,somearepredators,andmany Some skateonthesurface,somecrawlbottom,andeven abdomen. Mostgrowupunderwateraslarvae,butflyawayadults. distinct bodyparts-ahead,thoraxwiththreepairsoflegs,andan Ohio streamwildlife.Theycanbeidentifiedbythepresenceofthree With morethan1,200species,aquaticinsectsarethelargestgroupof through October. extreme droughtfromJune years, Ohioexperiencesan tributaries. Afterseveraldry the MaumeeRiveranditslarger of anextensivefishsurvey P. H.Kirschpublishestheresults 1895 Egg Mayfly nymph (Ephemeroptera) liveforonlyadayafterbecoming Larva 2 Mayfly nymph Pupa 32 © 2000 Information Design Group forOCAFS. 06.30.00 CH6.1 LT 4 Adult Adult Mayfly streams. are operatingalongU.S. mussel shellbuttonfactories Fish Hatchery. Morethan60 Commission openstheLondon producers. TheOhioFish among theworld’s leadingsteel Canton, andYoungstown are Iron furnacesinCleveland, 1898 aquatic insectspeciesbelongtothisorder. in aquaticandterrestrial foodwebs.AlmosthalfofOhio’s others are a nuisanceasadults,mostare harmlessandimportant a widevarietyoffeedingtypes.Althoughmosquitosandfew ofstream habitat.Thisorder isverydiverse anddisplays Stoneflies True Flies abdomens onahard substrate toattract mates. emerge duringcoldmonths.Manyadultstonefliestaptheir water. Winterstonefliesare oneofthefew aquaticanimalsthat specific habitatrequirements. Theyare goodindicators ofclean found incool,runningwaters. Someimmature stoneflieshave Stoneflynymph

(Diptera) inthelarvalstageinhabitalmostevery ( Plecoptera) are primarilypredators orshredders Adultstonefly 1899 The Rivers and Harbors Act Harbors and Rivers The from -39to-30degreesF. recorded temperaturesranging experience Ohio’s coldest southeastern counties time. OnFebruary10, from theOhioRiverforlast A crystaldarteriscollected refuse withoutfederalapproval. navigable waterortodeposit retaining walls,etc.)inany structure (dams,bridges,piers, unlawful toconstructany enacted. Section10makesit is water. flowing with clean streams inhabit nymphs Stonefly air theyare ferocious Underwater orinthe flying ability. of theirbeautyand known insectsbecause () are well- Dragonflies andDamselflies Beetlelarva swimmers. Somelike column andare good some liveinthewater bottom, however, Most liveonthe species andlifestage. depending onthe or detritus-feeders but alsoasherbivores not onlyaspredators, (Coleoptera) function Beetles killed inPikeCo. last wildpassengerpigeonis to 4,157,545residents.Ohio's Ohio's populationincreases 1900 migratory birds. offspring, butexcludes their parts,eggs,and commerce ofwildanimals, interstate andinternational Act beginstoregulate Damselfly larva The Lacey The (Photo courtesy of Simeon Kresge Okia). Kresge Simeon of courtesy (Photo Adult dragonfliesaresomeofthemostcolorfulinsects the water. Thenthey before crawling outof period of1-5years 10-15 instars overa typically gothrough predators. Larvae and canfly. beetles havewings other wildlife.Adult source forfishand an importantfood Larvae andadultsare in large schools. swirl across thesurface the whirligigeven sucking mouth predators with (Hemiptera) are mostly True Bugs the body. upwards above together tilted hold theirwings adult damselflies While perched, © 2000 Information Design Group forOCAFS. 06.30.00 CH6.1 RT A guidetoOhioStreams habitats. stream range of live inawide Hemipterans away asanadult. wings before flying a slit,anddrytheir plant, squeezethrough attach toastickor the water. their timeontopof they spendmostof semi-aquatic because bugs are considered Waterstriders andriffle in Ohiostreams. hemipterans thatlive a fewofthemany water boatmenare but backswimmers, and parts. Water striders, of Ohio. of R.C. Osburnpublishes 1901 sizes. shapes and a varietyof beetles comein Adult aquatic Caddisfly larvae Fishes for fish. important foodsource water qualityandan are good indicators of scrappers. Caddisflies collector-gathers, or feeders, shredders, predators, filter- larvae canbe and otherretreats. The nets, portablecases, construct intricate As larvae,many aquatic insectworld. architects ofthe (Trichoptera) are the Caddisflies Automobiles aremarketed. 1902 silken retreats. material whileothersconstruct cases outofrockorplant Many caddisflylarvaebuild the abdomen. located atthetipof damselfly larvaare The gillsofa ground. or paralleltothe wings horizontally usually holdtheir adult dragonflies While perched, larva Streams… Ohio In Locally Common Common Endangered Pollution Tolerance: intolerant Abundance: widespread, butsporadic Size: <6inches Habitat: mediumtolarge streams Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins Family: freshwater mussels(Unionidae) Order: Unionoida Class: Bivalvia Phylum: Mollusca Scientific Name:Ptychobranchus fasciolaris Common Name:kidneyshell Pollution Tolerance: moderate Size: <2inches Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins (Coenagrionidae) Family: narrow-winged damselflies Suborder: damselflies(Zygoptera) Order: dragonflies &damselflies(Odonata) Class: Insecta Phylum: Arthropoda Scientific Name:Argia sp. Common Name:damselflylarva Pollution Tolerance: Size: <5inches Habitat: large streams Distribution: OhioRiverBasin Number ofStreams: Family: catfishes(Ictaluridae) Order: Siluriformes Class: bonyfishes(Osteichthyes) Phylum: Chordata Scientific Name:Noturuseleutherus Common Name:mountainmadtom intolerant 5 6.1 Wildlife Diversity

timeline Mollusks loose upstream. after backed-upicejamsbreak In January, Toledo floodsagain 1904 a muscularfoot. animal isretracted.Molluskshavenoheadoreyesandmoveaboutbyextending animal. Somesnailsevenhaveasmallerplatethatsealstheshellwhen are univalvesbecausetheyhaveonelargeshellthatprotectsmostofthe univalves. Musselsarebivalvesbecausetheyhavetwosimilarshells.Snails Based ontheirshells,molluskscanbedividedintotwogroups-bivalvesand extending itsfoot. the bottomwhereitcanactivelymoveaboutby capsule breaksopen,thejuvenilemusseldropsto undergoes aninternalmetamorphosis.Whenthe remains attached,itchangeslittleinsize,but During the10to30daysthataglochidiumnormally live formore than70 years. the stream tolivetheremainder ofitslife.Somemusselscan mussel, itbreaks outofthecapsuleandfallstobottom of theirlifecycle.Oncetheglochidiumtransforms intoajuvenile them toattachasuitablefishhostcompletethenextstep female musselsholdtheiryoung-glochidiabefore expelling depend onfishtobecomeadults!Afterbecomingfertilized, agree thatfreshwater musselsare theaquaticchampions-they When itcomestointeresting anduniquelifecycles,mostwould Mussel LifeHistory (Quadrula c. cylindrica) c. (Quadrula rabbitsfoot aquatic plantsorthestreambottom. is alsosticky, helpingtheyoungmusselclingto Cilia onthejuvenilefootaidlocomotion.The © 2000 Information Design Group forOCAFS. 06.30.00 CH6.2 LT (Pleurobema clava) (Pleurobema clubshell world. oil producingregioninthe Northwest Ohioisthelargest 1905 descriptive namesofmore than75speciesofOhiomussels. wartybacks, papershells, andheelsplitters are butafewofthe They feedbyfilteringmicroscopic algaeoutofthewater. Pigtoes, from as large asadinnerplatetolessthananinchinlength. the spread ofharmfulnon-nativespecies.Musselsrange insize can recover from seriousdeclinescausedbydams,pollution,and their shellsare legallyprotected throughout Ohiosopopulations also usedthemforbuttonsandfishbait.Today, allmusselsand by NativeAmericansforfood,beads,andhoes.European settlers food formuskrats, fish,andotherwildlife.Musselswere used plants andbacteriatoanimalmatter. They are alsoanimportant Mussels (Truncilla truncata) (Truncilla deertoe (Unionidae) filterthewaterandconvertmicroscopic Ohio River. occur inmanytributariestothe southern Ohio.Recordflows March floodingisextensivein 1907 (Quadrula p. pustulosa) p. (Quadrula pimpleback flexuosa) (Epioblasma leafshell are operating intheU.S. mussel shellbuttonfactories United States.Morethan 200 is electedPresidentofthe William H.Taft fromCincinnati 1908 depth. to maintaina threemeternavigation series ofwicketdamson the OhioRiver Corps ofEngineersbegins tobuilda to 4,767,121residents.The U.S.Army Ohio cities.Ohio'spopulation increases become increasinglyestablishedin Manufacturers ofauto-relatedproducts needed forautosandtrucks. demands forlargequantitiesofmetal industries growwithincreased Cleveland andYoungstown steel becomes almostnon-functional. important, Ohio'scanalsystem railroads andinterurbansmore As roadsbecamemorenumerous,and 1910 brood pouchcalledamarsupium. species, asectionofgillisexpandedtoform while largeonesmayhavemillions.Inmany Small musselsmaycontainthousandsofglochidia gills whiletheydevelopintolarvaecalledglochidia. The fertilizedeggsareretainedwithinthefemale’s their parasiticlifestage. they successfullyattachtoafishandcomplete complete theirlifecycleandturnintoanadultif clamp shutandhangon.Mostspeciescanonly fish’s mouth.Atthatmoment,someoftheglochidia and squirtsastreamofhermussellarvaeintothe when thefishstrikes,musselcloseshershell sway inthecurrentasaluretoattractfish.And with theirglochidabyextendingflapsofmantleto Some musselsimprovetheiroddsofinfectingfish species offingernailclams. of stream wildlife.Ohiohas30 important foodforavariety than aninchinlengthand () are generally less Fingernail Clams takes placeinthefemale’s gills. filtered foritsfood.Fertilizationoftheeggs incurrent siphonalongwithwaterthatis which enterthefemalethroughher Males shedcloudsofspermintothewater (Quadrula metanevra) (Quadrula monkeyface include fish,salamanders, aquatic plants.Snailpredators feed ondiatomsandother graze overrocks andsurface shallow waterwhere they They are mostcommonin less thananinchinlength. Pleuroceridae) are alsousually (Physidae, Ancylidae, Snails andLimpets infected. Fish feedontheseandintheprocessbecome shaped likesmallwormsornewlyhatchedfishfry. Many speciesreleasetheirglochidiainclumps © 2000 Information Design Group forOCAFS. 06.30.00 CH6.2 RT filaments attach tofish glochidia Hookless or scales attach tofins glochidia Hooked A guidetoOhioStreams (Epioblasma rangiana) (Epioblasma northern riffleshell Glochidial capsulesonfishgill. southeastern Ohio. degrees F)occurin cold temperatures(-37to -30 resources. InJanuary, very the conservationofnatural passage oflawsconcerning amended toprovideforthe Ohio’s Constitutionis 1912 Illustration by Don Luce, Bell Museum of Natural History Natural of Museum Bell Luce, Don by Illustration parasitize onlyafewspeciesoffish. a fewofthem.Somemusselscansuccessfully hosts sinceaninfectedfishusuallyonlyharbors capsule. Glochidiadolittleornoharmtotheir become surroundedbyhosttissueformingasmall Once attachedtoagillfilament,themussellarvae aquatic snails! Ohio hasover100 speciesof some beartheiryoungalive. stones andplants,however, masses ofprotecting jellyon side. Mostsnailslayeggsin opening ontherightorleft Snailshellscanhavethe species ofinsectsandleeches! turtles, ducks,andevensome (Alasmidonta marginata) (Alasmidonta elktoe Streams… Ohio In Threatened Common Special Interest Pollution Tolerance: intolerant Abundance: uncommon,sporadic inrivers Size: <3inches Habitat: large streams Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins Family: freshwater mussels(Unionidae) Order: Unionoida Class: Bivalvia Phylum: Mollusca Scientific Name:Obliquariareflexa Common Name:threehorn wartyback Pollution Tolerance: moderate Size: <2inches Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins (Coenagrionidae) Family: narrow-winged damselflies Suborder: damselflies(Zygoptera) Order: dragonflies &damselflies(Odonata) Class: Insecta Phylum: Arthropoda Scientific Name:Argia sp. Common Name:narrow-winged damselfly Pollution Tolerance: Size: <3.2inches Habitat: mediumtostreams Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins Number ofStreams: Family: perch &darters (Percidae) Order: Perciformes Class: bonyfishes(Osteichthyes) Phylum: Chordata Scientific Name:Ammocryptapellucida Common Name:easternsanddarter intolerant 15 6.2 Wildlife Diversity

timeline gar species. tail, andalunglikegasbladder. Ohiohastwostream shaped ganoidscales,dorsal andanalfinssetfarbackonthebody, aheterocercal Gars caeruleum) (Etheostoma green darter Darters andPerch promelas) (Pimephales fathead minnow erythrogaster) (Phoxinus southern redbellydace find thousandsofindividualfish20ormorespecies. might think.Injustafewhundredyardsofmoststreams,youcanexpectto Most arereliableindicatorsofstreamqualityandfarmoreabundantthanyou one thingisforcertain-theycomeinavarietyofsizes,shapes,andcolors! others liveinlargerivers.SomearegonefromOhioandsomenew. But Most areminnows,suckers, anddarters.Some liveonlyinsmallbrookswhile which arenevercaughtorseenbyanglers.Somehuge,butmostsmall. More than162speciesoffishhavebeencapturedinOhiostreams-most Stream Fishes brilliantly colored fishes.Darters are usuallyindicativeofgoodstream quality. and orangethroat are butafewofthedescriptivenamesgiventothese of smalldarters thatalsoliveinstreams. Rainbow, bluebreast, slenderhead, familiar withyellowperch, walleye,andsauger, fewhaveseenthe22species spines andthesecondwithout-ctenoidscales.WhilemostOhioansare one dollar. resident huntinglicense costs Commission. Ohio’s first is createdintheAgriculture Ohio DivisionofFishandGame concept forthenation.The river basinpollutioncontrol Cincinnati pioneersthefirst Investigation Stationin 467 people.TheOhioRiver rain onsaturatedgroundkills disaster. Fivedaysofheavy Ohio’s greatestweather Severe Marchfloodingcauses 1913 (Lepisosteidae) havelongsnoutswithsharply-toothedjaws,diamond (Lepisosteus osseus) (Lepisosteus longnose gar (Etheostoma caeruleum) (Etheostoma rainbow darter (Percidae) havetwodorsal fins-thefirst with © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.30.00 CH6.3 LT () (Semotilus creek chub 1914 materials. major suppliersofwar in Europe.Ohioindustries are problems. World War Ibegins flooding anddrainage districts tosolvetheirown allows localwatershed great floodof1913.Thelaw Act District is enactedastheresultof Conservancy The ( anomalum) (Campostoma central stoneroller species ofsilverside. translucent elongatedbody. Ohiohasonly one spaced dorsal fins,alongsnoutandsilvery Silversides and alarge bonythroat plate. ,heterocercal tail,lunglikegasbladder, remaining speciesinthefamily-havealong Jurassic Period. Bowfin-theonly that datebacktothe a primitivefish (Amiidae) are Bowfins live inOhiostreams. colors. More than43minnow species bait andmalesoftendevelopbrilliantbreeding Minnows birds. Minnowsare commonlyusedasfish pelvic fins,onedorsal finwithnotruespines, species offish,turtles,snakes,mammals,and invertebrates. Theyare preyed uponbymany and feedoninsectsothersmall less thansevenincheslong,liveinschools, and teethinthethroat. Mostminnowsare (Atherinidae) havetwowidely (Cyprinidae) haveabdominal Muskingum watersheds. follow intheGreatMiami and number offloodcontrolprojects convenience, andwelfare. A to promotepublichealth, safety, or inparteliminatingwater courses flows ofstreams;divertingorinwhole and overflowlands;regulatingthe deepening, reclaiming,andfillingwet channels bychanging,wideningand flooding byregulatingstream created. Itspurposewastoprevent Scioto ConservancyDistrictis Co. CommonPleasCourt,theUpper After apetitionisfiledintheHardin 1915 ( sicculus) (Labidesthes brook silverside Freshwater Eels Dams havecausedthisspeciestodeclineinOhio. reach Ohioandreturn totheseaspawn. only species-havetoswimover3,000miles into adults.SomefemaleAmericaneels-Ohio’s migrate intobrackish andfreshwater tomature snake-like fishthatspawnintheocean,but captured since1957. however, theSciotomadtomhasnotbeen species havebeencollectedfrom Ohiostreams, that rarely exceed three inchesinlength.Thirteen flatheads, butfeware aware ofthemadtoms familiar withthebullheads,channelcatfish,and dorsal andpectoral fins.MostOhioansare no scales,andstoutspinesatthebaseoftheir Catfish River. constructed ontheMahoning The LakeMiltonDamis 1917 (Ameiurus natalis) (Ameiurus yellow bullhead (Ictaluridae) havefourpairs ofbarbels, (Ictiobus cyprinellus) (Ictiobus (Amia calva) (Amia bowfin Act in August. 110 degreesF)arerecordedstatewide Extremely hightemperatures(100to 1918 November 11. comes toan endwitharmisticeon hunting, shippingetc.World War I to establishseasonsand methodsof and directedtheSecretary ofInterior nest ofsuchabird.Italso authorized birds, anypartthereof,or anyegg,or shipped orexported,anymigratory deliver forshipment,causetobe for sale,barter, purchase,exchange, hunt, take,capture,kill,possess,offer permitted byregulations,topursue, (Anguillidae) are a (Anguilla rostrata) (Anguilla American eel madeitunlawful,exceptas The Migratory Bird Treaty Bird Migratory The © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.30.00 CH6.3 RT A guidetoOhioStreams carpsuckers, andbuffalos. species ofsuckers includetheredhorses, have beencollectedfrom Ohiostreams. Similar and weighover20pounds.Nineteenspecies long. Somespeciesare more thantwofeetlong A totalof13speciesliveinOhiostreams. Breeding malesoftenbecomebrilliantlycolored. smaller specieslikethegreen andlongearsunfish. popular sportspecies(crappies andbass) fin, andspawninnests.Thefamilyincludes ctenoid scales,three toeightspinesintheiranal dorsal finwithspinesandthesecondwithout, Sunfish (Lepomis cyanellus) (Lepomis green sunfish Lampreys however, require fishhostsasadults. juveniles. TheOhio,silver, andsealampreys, of Ohio’s stream lampreys are nonparasitic as undergoing metamorphoses. Allsevenspecies adults witheyesandacartilaginousskeletonby organisms outofthewater. Theyturninto of poolswhere theyfeedbyfilteringmicro- that liveburiedinthemuddyorsandybottom or bones.Juvenileammocoetesare blindlarvae eel-like fishthatdonothavescales,paired fins, Like minnows,suckers are someofthemost predominantly onbenthicinvertebrates. Suckers fishes withthroat teeththatfeed common stream species.Butunlike minnows, mostadultsare over12inches (Petromyzontidae) are jawless (Lampetra aepyptera) (Lampetra least brooklamprey (Centrarchidae) havethefirst (Catostomidae) are softrayed flourishes. and distilleries.Bootlegging closes saloons,breweries, $2. NationalProhibition resident fishinglicensecosts streams. Thefirstnon- to stockininlandlakesand fish annuallyfromLakeErie removes 25-40carloadsof The "BuckeyeFishCar" 1919 (Lepomis megalotis) (Lepomis longear sunfish Streams… Ohio In Endangered Common Locally Common Pollution Tolerance: intolerant Abundance: rare Size: <4inches Habitat: large streams Distribution: OhioRiverBasin Family: freshwater mussels(Unionidae) Order: Unionoida Class: Bivalvia Phylum: Mollusca Scientific Name:Ellipsarialineolata Common Name:butterfly Pollution Tolerance: moderate Size: <2inches Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins Family: stream cruisers () Suborder: dragonflies (Anisoptera) Order: dragonflies &damselflies(Odonata) Class: Insecta Phylum: Arthropoda Scientific Name:Didymopssp. Common Name:dragonfly larva Pollution Tolerance: Size: <4.5inches Habitat: smalltomediumstreams Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins Number ofStreams: Family: minnows&carps(Cyprinidae) Order: Cypriniformes Class: bonyfishes(Osteichthyes) Phylum: Chordata Scientific Name:Clinostomuselongatus Common Name: intolerant 67 6.3 Wildlife Diversity

timeline Reptiles andAmphibians parents. have lungsandlookliketheir Unlike amphibians,theiryoung have toes-theybearclaws. shields orplatesandifthey because theyare cladinscales, different from othervertebrates Turtles, Snakes,andLizards) Reptiles turn overrocksorcatchonewhilefishing. are secretiveandyoumaynoteverseethemunless hide, butgiveawaytheirpresencewithcalls.Salamanders and snakes skimmingacrossthesurface.Frogs turtles) aswell.Turtlescanbeseenrestingonlogs (salamanders andfrogs)reptiles(snakes and inhabit streams.Ohiohasanumberofamphibians Fish arenottheonlyaquaticvertebratesthat Power Act Power 1920 more people tothesuburbs. automobiles continuetotake begins withabuildingboom as period ofgreatprosperity women therighttovote. A to theU.S.Constitutiongives and thenineteenthAmendment increases to5,759,394residents expense. Ohio'spopulation operated atthelicensee’s constructed, maintainedand the Act,fishwayswere hydroelectric licenses.Under impose conditionson Secretary oftheInteriorto authorizesthe (Class Reptilia- are (Sternotherus ordoratus (Sternotherus common musk(stinkpot)turtle painted, spinyandsmooth common map,false (snapping, commonmusk, Ohio’s eleventurtlespecies jaws, butnoteeth.Eightof are reptiles withsharpbony Turtles © 2000 Information Design Group forOCAFS. 06.30.00 CH6.4 LT (Nerodia sipedon) (Nerodia common watersnake (Chrysemys picta marginata) picta (Chrysemys painted turtle (Order Testudines) ) . River aredredgednear The headwatersoftheScioto 1922 frogs, fish, and eatliveordead aquatic turtlesare omnivorous lay andburytheireggs.Most can travel longdistancesto turtles leavethewaterand inhabit streams. Stream softshells, andred-eared slider) snakes havelitters ofliveyoung. frogs, fish,salamanders, andcrayfish. Femalewaterandqueen smelling scentwhenthreatened. Stream snakesprimarilyeat than 24incheslongandlikewatersnakeswillrelease afoul as awatermoccasin(cottonmouth).Queensnakesare less is theNorthernwatersnakewhichoftenmisidentified venomous. Themostcommonandlargest (to42inches) Ohio hastwostream species,bothofwhichare not Snakes (Order Squamata)are leglessreptiles. sharp claws. hurt youwiththeirbiteand because theycanseriously used whenhandlingallturtles Extreme caution,shouldbe are harvestedfortheirmeat. Snapping andsoftshellturtles invertebrates, andplants. salamanders, birds, mammals, water quality. effects ofwastewaterdischarges on that developedamodelto predictthe station inCincinnatipublishes astudy control. ThePublicHealth Service regulations relativetopollution uses. ODHistoadoptandenforce lakes andstreamsdetermine treatment plants.ODHistostudy supervision overtheoperationof disposal. ODHgetsgeneral water pollutioncontrolandindustrial clarified andamendedtoaddress Ohio's Water PollutionLawis 1925 (Apalone s. spinifera) s. (Apalone eastern spinysoftshellturtle (Chelydra serpentina) (Chelydra snapping turtle and lacktheridges.Sexesofbothspecies Bullfrogs are usuallythree toeightincheslong ridges thatextendstraight backbehindtheeyes. (usually twotothree incheslong)andhavedorsal banjo string-“TWANG.” Green frogs are smaller O’-RUM” whileagreen frog soundslikeaplucked have alouddeepcall-“JUG-O’-RUM...... JUG- by theircallandphysicalappearance. Bullfrogs - bullandgreen frogs. Bothcanbeidentified animals. Ohiohastwocommonstream species develop intolegs,anddietsshiftfrom plantsto adults! Usually, theirgillsturnintolungs, fins as theytransform from tadpolesintojumping Frogs gills asadults.Theirprey includesfish,crayfish, mollusks,insects,andworms.Dusky, two-lined,spring, to helpimprove oxygenabsortion.Mudpuppies-thesecondlargest aquaticspecies-retain external crevices onlyatnighttofeedoncrayfish andotheraquaticinvertebrates. Their wrinklyskinisbelieved prehistoric lookinghellbenderthatcanexceed24inchesinlengthleavesitsunderwater hiding streamside, red, northernslimy, mud,cave,andlongtail)canbefoundinoralongstreams. The Ohio’s 24salamanderspecies(, mudpuppy, dusky, mountaindusky, two-lined,spring, are amphibianswithtails.Twelve of Salamanders double life.” comes from Greek words thatmean“livinga into adults.Infact,theword “amphibious” adults, andtheyhavetotransform from larvae water, theyoungdonotgenerally resemble the Salamanders andfrogs laytheireggsinthe glandular skinandfourlegswithclawlesstoes. other vertebrates becausetheyhavemoist, Frogs, andToads) asadultsare different from Amphibians Bass Act Bass The passageofthe 1926 boundaries. bass acrossstateorU.S. caught orpossessedblack offense totakeunlawfully (Crptobranchus alleganiensis) (Crptobranchus hellbender makesitafederal (Order Anura) undergo markedchanges Black (Class Amphibia-Salamanders, (Order Caudata) (Eurycea bislineata) (Eurycea two-lined salamander of 49navigationdams. Cincinnati withthecompletion River nearlydoublespast River freighttrafficontheOhio 1928 © 2000 Information Design Group forOCAFS. 06.30.00 CH6.4 LT A guidetoOhioStreams fish, birds, andmammals. Tadpoles andfrogs are prey forturtles,snakes, feed oninsects,snails,worms,andcrayfish. change toacarnivorous dietasadultswhenthey food chains.Tadpoles feedmainlyonalgae,but females. Frogs are animportantpartofstream in malesandaboutthesamesizeaseye size oftheireardrums.Itislarger thantheeye adult frogs canbeidentifiedbycomparingthe (Gyrinophilus porphyriticus) (Gyrinophilus spring salamander long. and mostoftheother of asevereeconomic depression. market plunge signalingthebeginning prosperity, pricesontheU.S.stock Hoover. Afteradecadeofeconomic to modernnavigationby Herbert pollution. TheOhioRiver isopened cabinet orauthorityonstream representation intheGovernor's Sportsman stillhaveno Department ofAgriculture. the DivisionofConservationin Division ofFishandGamebecomes melting snow, andicejams.Ohio’s February astheresultofheavyrains, Flooding occursacrossOhioin 1929 (Necturus maculosus) (Necturus mudpuppy thanfiveinches salamanders thatlive inoralongsmaller andusuallyless streams are lungless (Rana catesbeiana) (Rana Bullfrog Streams… Ohio In Threatened Common Locally Common Pollution Tolerance: intolerant Abundance: uncommon Size: <10 inches Habitat: large streams Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins Family: freshwater mussels(Unionidae) Order: Unionoida Class: Bivalvia Phylum: Mollusca Scientific Name:Ligumiarecta Common Name:blacksandshell Pollution Tolerance: moderate Size: <3inches Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins (Calopterygidae) Family: broad-winged damselflies Suborder: damselflies(Zygoptera) Order: dragonflies &damselflies(Odonata) Class: Insecta Phylum: Arthropoda Scientific Name:Calopteryxsp. Common Name:damselflylarva Pollution Tolerance: Size: <39inches Habitat: mediumtolarge streams Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins Number ofStreams: Family: drums() Order: Perciformes Class: bonyfishes(Osteichthyes) Phylum: Chordata Scientific Name:Aplodinotusgrunniens Common Name: moderate 114 6.4 7.0 Streams are one of Ohio’s best kept secrets when it comes to a variety of recreational opportunities. Fishing, canoeing, and wildlife viewing are just a few of the many ways to enjoy your leisure time along streams. And what about beautiful scenery? Giant sycamore trees, misty mornings, and reflections are just a few of the breathtaking views streams have to offer.

ChapterSeven Recreation

Gone Fishin’

More Sport Fishes

Recreational Opportunities

Useful Terms and Definitions

Canoe- a light boat over a pointed frame. River Left- left side of a sought after by anglers. propelled by paddles. stream when facing Recreate- to impart new downstream. Tailwaters- the area in a Fossil- petrified forms of vigor to; refresh after labor. stream downstream from prehistoric plants and River Right - right side of a dam. animals. Recreation- refreshment a stream when facing of body or mind; downstream. Waders- waterproof boots Unequaled in their aesthetic value, streams like Big Darby Creek are a Kayak- the hunting canoe amusement as a (chest or hip high) used by great place to get away from crowds. (Photo courtesy of Dan Armitage). of arctic America made pleasurable exercise or Sport Fish- bass, trout, anglers and others in with sealskins stretched occupation. catfish, and other fishes streams.

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH7.0 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH7.0 RT Recreation

timeline Gone Fishin’ on themap. areas asindicatedbythedots they canbefoundinmost , andOhioRiver, but Best Streams: SciotoRiver, 21.9 inchesofprecipitation. history withanaverageof only the driest12monthsinOhio’s following Marchwillbecome inches. FromApriltothe average rainfallofonly1.52 degrees Fandastatewide temperatures exceeding108 driest monthinOhiohistorywith 6,646,697 residents.Julyisthe Ohio's populationincreasesto 1930 species —canalsobecaughtinmanystreams. Largemouth andspottedbass—Ohio'stwootherblackbass that astreamnearbyhasmorethanonehungry“smallie." No matterwhereyouareinOhio,there'sagoodchance understand whyit’sOhio’smostsought-afterstreambass. Hook intoafeistysmallmouthbassandyouwillquickly Largemouth Bass (Micropterus salmoides) largemouth bass River valley. for residentsintheMahoning creates apotablewatersupply the MeanderCreekReservoir protected byawaterdistrict, With itsupperwatershed 1931 the spinesandsoftrays. The fin isdeeplynotchedbetween the headtotailanddorsal dark lateral bandextendsfrom jaw extendspasttheeye.A closed, theendofupper Identification: Withmouth embayments, andcanals. streams, backwater does wellinimpounded beds ofvegetation.Thisbass and numerous snagsanddense little current, siltybottoms, medium tolarge streams with Largemouth bassthrivein © 2000 Information Design Group forOCAFS. 06.30.00 CH7.1 LT stewardship of naturalresources. consciousness forresponsible program ignitesapublic soil conservationprojects. The wildlife habitatdevelopment, and construction, treeplanting, Projects includedam and forestrestorationjobs. The CCCgivesyoungmenland Civilian ConservationCorps(CCC). Bill 598whichcreatesthefederal F. RooseveltsignsintolawSenate periods ofheavyrain.President other citiesinMarchafterseveral Ohio RiverfloodsCincinnatiand 1933 popular. baits suchashellgramites, softcraws, andminnowsare also of lures are allpopularwaysofcatchinglargemouth bass.Live Fishing Tips:Flyfishing,baitcastingandspincastingwithavariety fish. gizzard shad,andothersmall Favorite Foods: Ohio's largest bassspecies. and weigh1-3pounds.Thisis normally 12-15incheslong species ofbass.Theyare odor thantheothertwo sheen. Thisfishhasastronger olive-green withasilvery color ofitssidesare usually Crayfish, frogs, bass,andcatfish. 7. Liveminnowsforcrappies, shadforcatfish. 6. Cutbait-especiallygizzard bottom. 5. Softcraws fishedonthe 4. Smallin-linespinners. withaminnow. 3. Jigandtwistertailtipped ofworm. 2. "Hairjigs"tippedwithapiece wire hook. 1. Worms threaded onathin Great Stream Baits Worms Stamp Act Stamp recorded statewide inJuly. (96 to113degreesF)are Extremely hightemperatures during thehotsummer. conditions developagain duck stamp.Drought required topurchaseanannual years ofageandolderarenow swans. Waterfowl hunters16 wild ducks,geese,brant,and the acquisitionofhabitatfor The 1934 Migratory Bird Hunting Bird Migratory providesfundsfor Hellgramites Crayfish River. Big DarbyCreek, andOhio Fourmile Creek, SanduskyRiver, Portage River, SevenmileCreek, Licking River, OlentangyRiver, Great MiamiRiver, N.Fork Best Streams: SciotoRiver, Smallmouth Bass Salt Creek, RaccoonCreek. River, E.ForkLittleMiamiRiver, Creek, OhioRiver, Hocking River, SciotoRiver, BigDarby Best Streams: Muskingum Spotted Bass (Micropterus punctulatus) spotted bass a tri-colored tail.Theyare largemouth bass.Young have distinguishes itfrom a shallow notchinthedorsal fin below thelateral band,anda on thetongue,rows ofspots past theeye.Apatchofteeth the upperjawdoesnotextend mouth isclosed,theendof Identification: Whenthe substrates. slow current, androcky Ohio withgoodwaterquality, to large streams insouthern Spotted bassthriveinmedium of theupperjawdoesnot mouth closed,theend Identification: With "smallie" stream. indication ofagood of waterwilloware alsoan lined withdensepatches banks andgravel bars or rock bottoms.Stream current, andgravel with goodwaterquality, medium tolarge streams Smallmouth bassthrivein © 2000 Information Design Group forOCAFS. 06.30.00 CH7.1 RT A guidetoOhioStreams several citiesduringJuly. 110 degreesF-occursin high temperaturesof104to wave -withrecord-setting An extremestatewideheat 1936 minnows are popularbaits. such ashelgrammites, and and flyfishinggear. Livebaits using spin-casting,baitcasting of natural andartificialbaits be caughtonawidevariety Fishing Tips:Spottedbasscan minnows, andaquaticinsects. Favorite Foods:Crayfish, species. This isOhio'ssmallestbass weigh lessthanonepound. normally 8-12incheslongand minnows are alsopopular. hellgrammites, softcraws, and Live baitssuchas of catchingsmallmouthbass. with lures are allpopularways baitcasting, andspincasting Fishing Tips: Flyfishing, minnows, andaquaticinsects. Favorite Foods:Crayfish, less thantwopounds. 10-15 incheslongandweigh iridescence. Theyare normally to olive-green withbronze varies from yellow-green extend pasttheeye.Itscolor (Micropterus dolomieu) smallmouth bass September 1866.The the wettestmonthsince of 9.57inchesmakesJanuary Astatewidemonthlyaverage flows duringJanuaryflooding. experience record-setting All citiesalongtheOhioRiver 1937 Pittman-Robertson Act Pittman-Robertson equipment. ammunition andotherhunting a federaltaxonguns, places Streams… Ohio In Extirpated Common Common Pollution Tolerance: intolerant Abundance: none Size: <4inches Habitat: large streams Distribution: OhioRiver Family: freshwater mussels(Unionidae) Order: Unionoida Class: Bivalvia Phylum: Mollusca Scientific Name:Obovariaretusa Common Name:ringpink Pollution Tolerance: moderate Size: <1inch Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins Family: Haliplidae Order: beetles(Coleoptera) Class: Insecta Phylum: Arthropoda Scientific Name:Peltodytes sp. Common Name:crawling waterbeetle Pollution Tolerance: Size: <10.8 inches Habitat: smalltomediumstreams Distribution: OhioRiver&LakeErieBasins Number ofStreams: Family: sunfishes(Centrarchidae) Order: Perciformes Class: bonyfishes(Osteichthyes) Phylum: Chordata Scientific Name:Lepomiscyanellus Common Name:green sunfish highly tolerant 724 7.1 Recreation A guide to Ohio Streams In 7.2 Ohio More Sport Fishes Streams… Rock bass, sauger, and huge flathead catfish Locally Common

are but a few of the many other game fishes rock bass white crappie black crappie bluegill that can be caught in many Ohio streams. No (Ambloplites rupestris) (Pomoxis annularis) (Pomoxis nigromaculatus) (Lepomis macrochirus) Best Streams: Chagrin Best Streams: Scioto River, Best Streams: Huron River, Great Best Streams: Ohio River, Leith matter where you are in Ohio, there is some River, Lost Creek, Buck Portage River, Fourmile Creek, Miami River, Black Fork Mohican Run, Muskingum River, Nimisila great stream fishing nearby. Creek, Scioto River, Mill , and Mahoning River. River, Creek, Sandusky Creek, Turtle Creek, Scioto River, Common Name: brook silverside Creek, Auglaize River, and River, Pymatuning Creek, Cuyahoga Tuscarawas River, Portage River, Scientific Name: Labidesthes sicculus Big Darby Creek, and River, and Ohio River. Mosquito Creek, , and Phylum: Chordata channel catfish Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) Sandusky River. Big Darby Creek. Order: (Ictalurus punctatus) Family: silversides (Atherinidae) Best Streams: Muskingum River, Number of Streams: 117 Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Great Miami River, Ohio River, Habitat: medium to large streams Scioto River, Whiteoak Creek, Paint Size: < 4.2 inches Creek, E. Fork Little Miami River, Pollution Tolerance: moderate Licking River, and Whitewater Common River.

flathead catfish (Pylodictis olivaris) Best Streams: Muskingum River, Common Name: predaceous diving beetle Scioto River, Ohio River, Great Scientific Name: Deronectes sp. Miami River, Little Miami River, and Phylum: Arthropoda Hocking River. Class: Insecta Order: beetles (Coleoptera) Family: Dytiscidae Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Size: < 1 inch sauger Pollution Tolerance: moderate (Stizostedion canadense) Best Streams: Ohio River, Scioto muskellunge River, Beaver Creek, and Little Endangered (Esox masquinongy) Miami River. Best Streams: Mahoning River, saugeye Alum Creek, Sunfish Creek, Grand (S. canadense x S. vitreum) River, S. Fork Licking River, and Best Streams: Deer Creek, Scioto Paint Creek. River, Muskingum River, Great Miami River, and Olentangy Common Name: hickorynut River. Scientific Name: Obovaria olivaria (Esox lucius) Phylum: Mollusca walleye Best Streams: Breakneck Creek, Class: Bivalvia (Stizostedion vitreum) Order: Unionoida Killbuck Creek, Portage River, Scioto Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) Best Streams: Maumee River, River, Maumee River, Cuyahoga Distribution: Ohio River Sandusky River, Muskingum River, Habitat: large streams River, Stillwater Creek, Tenmile Mahoning River, and Ohio River. Size: < 4 inches Creek, and Tiffin River. Abundance: very rare Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

1938 1940 1942 The U.S. Army Corps of Eagle Act passes to protect Ohio’s native pirate perch will Engineers builds the first high- bald eagles. Prohibits the be collected from the Auglaize lift roller dam on the Ohio River. 1939 taking, possession, sale, 1941 River for the last time. The Division of Conservation purchase, barter, Soil and Water Conservation and Natural Resources is transportation, export and Districts and boards of county formed. New stream programs import of bald and golden commissioners have the are initiated including stream eagles, their parts, nests, and authority to construct habitat improvement and eggs without a permit. Ohio's conservation improvement pollution abatement. Shovel- population increases to projects. These projects may nose sturgeon will be collected 6,907,612 residents. Reaching be for the purpose of natural 1943 for the last time in the Ohio a historic low, Ohio woodlands resource conservation and Akron and Steubenville River along the Ohio shoreline. cover an estimated 10 percent development, flood experience urban flooding The longhead darter will be of the state’s land. prevention, or the after heavy July rains. Berlin collected for the last time in the conservation, development, Dam is constructed across Walhonding River . utilization or disposal of water. the Mahoning River. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.30.00 CH7.2 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.30.00 CH7.2 RT Recreation A guide to Ohio Streams In 7.3 Wildlife Viewing Ohio Recreational Opportunities Streams are great places to Streams… view a variety of birds, Hiking, biking, canoeing, and wildlife viewing are but a few mammals, fish, reptiles, Locally Common amphibians, and invertebrates. of the other recreational opportunities that streams and their corridors have to offer. Don’t know where to go? Try one of Ohio’s Scenic, Wild, or Recreational Rivers. Just taking a walk, having a picnic, or just skipping rocks can be an Common Name: trout-perch Scientific Name: Percopis omiscomaycus enjoyable stream adventure. Have you visited a stream lately? Phylum: Chordata Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) Order: Percopsiformes Family: trout-perches (Percopsidae) Number of Streams: 90 Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Habitat: small to large streams Size: < 5 inches Pollution Tolerance: moderate Common River Classifications: Wild 100% Free Flowing, Canoeing 75% Forrested Canoeing is one of Ohio’s most popular types of Banks. stream recreation. Two popular streams for float Scenic Natural Setting, Common Name: water strider trips are the Little Miami and the Mohican 25% Forrested Scientific Name: Gerris sp. Banks. rivers. Phylum: Arthropoda Recreational Class: Insecta Historically or Cult- Order: true bugs (Hemiptera) urally Significant, Family: water striders (Gerridae) Some Developement. Hunting Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Streams and riparian corridors are great places to Size: < 2 inches Pollution Tolerance: tolerant hunt waterfowl, deer, wild turkeys, and squirrels. Waterfowl hunting is best in the early season when For great views and relaxation, try canoeing or picnicking along one wood ducks are abundant and during the late winter of Ohio’s state designated Wild, Scenic, or Recreational Rivers. after lakes and marshes are covered with ice. Fossil Collecting The warm shallow seas of the Extinct Hiking, Biking, and Paleozoic Era left many fossils The large trilobite, Isotelus in Ohio’s sedimentary rocks. Trapping Photography maximus, is the official invertebrate fossil of Ohio. Trapping muskrats, beaver, Stream corridors are great For some great collecting try mink, and raccoon not only places to hike or bike for Stream Safety small streams in southwestern Ohio where the limestone provides beautiful fur coats, beautiful views, natural sounds, Canoeing, fishing, and other activities in or along streams can Common Name: leafshell bedrock (formed during the Scientific Name: Epioblasma flexuosa but is also an effective wildlife and great wildlife viewing be very dangerous - especially near dams or during flooding or period) contains Phylum: Mollusca management tool and source opportunities. Stream cold weather. Children should never be near a stream without Class: Bivalvia numerous brachiopods, corals, Order: Unionoida of extra income for many corridors are becoming the supervision of an adult. For more information about stream crinoids, trilobites, and other Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) Ohioans. increasingly popular safety contact your district office of the Ohio Department of Distribution: Ohio River recreational areas in many fossils. Habitat: large streams Natural Resources, Division of Watercraft. Size: < 4 inches cities. Abundance: none Pollution Tolerance: very intolerant

1944 1946 1948 The Mosquito Creek Reservoir An will be Water Pollution Control Act passes and 1949 is constructed within the collected from the Ohio River is signed by president Truman. This is the The Ohio Department of Natural Mahoning River watershed. for the last time along Ohio’s first comprehensive federal initiative on Resources (ODNR) is created. A Mussel shell button factories 1946 shoreline. water quality. It authorizes assistance to number of state agencies engaged in begin to close as plastic Fish kill investigations upheld. states in creating uniform laws to control the conservation of natural resources buttons become increasingly Ohio's Attorney General rules pollution and provide low interest loans are brought together to avoid popular. that the Commission has the for the construction of sewage plants and duplication of effort. The Division of authority to bring an action grants for pollution studies. This federal Wildlife is formed. The Water Pollution against the introduction of a act will be amended many times. The Control Act “Reagan Act” makes it substance into a stream that Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation unlawful to discharge untreated injures or destroys wild Commission, an interstate compact, is sewage and industrial wastes into state animals. An $18,000 settlement 1947 formed to control and abate water waterways. Violations are made is made for aquatic life killed Flash floods in June tear pollution in the Ohio River valley. Northern criminal offenses, but procedures for by pollution discharges into the through Adams, Scioto, and Ohio streams experience heavy flooding administration are lacking and Little Miami River. Lawrence counties. in March. enforceability is questioned. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.30.00 CH7.3 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 06.30.00 CH7.3 RT 8.0 What do point source dischargers, anglers, and many other stream users have in common? They are regulated by a variety of environmental and conservation laws, permits, and other regulations. We usually do not like laws, but they are needed to protect our health, environment, and natural resources in a variety of ways. Most have been developed to permit the balanced and reasonable uses of resources for multiple activities.

Chapter Eight Stream Laws

U.S. Environmental Laws

U.S. Wildlife and Conservation Laws

Ohio Environmental Laws

Ohio Wildlife and Conservation Laws

Useful Terms and Definitions Act- a document formally Ordinance- a local, organization, or individual. direction or enactment. stating what has to be generally municipal law. done, made into law, etc. Regulation- a rule of a Standard- something Permit- a document group or organization established for use as a Law- all of the rules of granting permission to do enforced by authority by rule or basis of comparison conduct established and something. which conduct, etc. is in measuring or judging enforced by the authority, regulated. capacity, quantity, etc. legislation, or custom of a Policy - a principle, plan, given community, state, or course of action, Rule- a legal principle or - a law enacted by A view of the Ohio River at Racine, Ohio (Meigs County, OH and Mason County, WV). country, or other group. pursued by a government, maxim; an authoritative a legislative body.

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH8.0 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH8.0 RT Stream Laws A guide to Ohio Streams In 8.1 1972 WPCA Amendments Ohio As one of the most famous Acts, it established a national goal to “restore and maintain the chemical, physical, U.S. Environmental Laws and biological integrity of the nation’s surface waters.” Wherever attainable, water quality that provides for the Streams… Historically, federal initiatives have been the crucial first step in the establishment Locally Common of dedicated government programs to address complex environmental and natural resource problems throughout the United States. Federal laws - common to all states - have provided legal guidance and funding to protect and restore water quality, Common Name: Scientific Name: Noturus miurus habitat, and wildlife. Phylum: Chordata 1899 Rivers and Harbors Act Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) 1977 Clean Water Act (CWA) Order: Siluriformes Section 10 makes it unlawful to construct any structure (dams, bridges, Family: catfishes (Ictaluridae) Since 1977, the WPCA has been known as Number of Streams: 71 piers, retaining walls, etc.) in any navigable water or to deposit refuse the Clean Water Act. According to the Act, Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins without federal approval. In combination with Section 404 of the 1972 anyone (including private citizens, federal, Habitat: medium to large streams WPCA and other federal regulations, this law establishes a permit system Size: < 5.2 inches state and local agencies) who wishes to Pollution Tolerance: intolerant for building, dredging, and filling navigable waterways. Special emphasis discharge dredged or fill material into waters is to be placed on water quality and other environmental values in issuing of the United States, regardless of whether Common any permits for such activities. It is administered by the U.S. Army Corps on private or public property, must obtain of Engineers in consultation with the U.S. EPA and other federal and state 1948 Water Pollution a Section 404 permit from the U.S. Army agencies. Control Act (WPCA) Corps of Engineers and a Section 401 water This was the first comprehensive federal initiative on water quality. It quality certification from the Ohio EPA. authorized assistance to states in creating uniform laws to control pollution, Activities which may require a Section 404 permit and Section 401 water quality provided low interest loans for construction of sewage plants and grants Common Name: riffle bug for pollution studies. This is the primary federal act that has had subsequent certification include: the construction of Scientific Name: Rhagovelia sp. Phylum: Arthropoda amendments. Since 1977, it has been known as the Clean Water Act. boat ramps, placement of riprap for erosion Class: Insecta protection, placing fill, grading, dredging, 1956 WPCA Amendments Order: true bugs (Hemiptera) ditching, mechanically clearing a wetland, Family: broad-shouldered water striders Provided permanent authorization of WPCA and grants to help states building in a wetland, construction of dams (Veliidae) The same view of the Ottawa River at Lima, Ohio in 1996 showing prepare pollution control plans and build new wastewater treatment Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins markedly improved conditions. Water-willow and more than 26 or dikes, or stream channelization, diversion, fish species - including darters and smallmouth bass - have Size: < 1 inch plants. returned to this section of the river. and straightening. Pollution Tolerance: moderately tolerant

1961 WPCA Amendments 1987 CWA Amendments “Water Quality Act” Provided more grants for construction of treatment plants and broadened A 1969 view of the Ottawa River at Lima, Ohio. The stream was so The control of nonpoint pollution is addressed in Section 319 which allowed for the provisions for abatement and enforcement. polluted it supported few aquatic organisms (Photo courtesy of financial assistance to states with approved nonpoint source pollution control programs. Extirpated 1969 National Environmental Ronald Stuckey and Allen Wentz). The 1987 amendments also created a revolving funding program for wastewater 1965 WPCA Amendments “Federal Water Quality Act” Policy Act (NEPA) treatment plants and control strategies for industries contributing toxic pollution. Greater redhorse - a pollution Mandated states to develop water quality criteria along with a plan for sensitive fish species - now Mandated all proposed federal action be objectively examined to More than $30 million has been spent on local projects across Ohio. inhabit the lower Ottawa River implementation and enforcement of the criteria. States had to consider as a result of improved water determine the effects such action would have upon the environment, quality from upstream point uses and values for public water supplies, propagation of fish, recreation, source discharges. including dam building, federal funding, and permits. The act required 1990 CWA Amendments “ Critical Programs Act” agriculture, industrial water supplies and other uses. If a state failed to an environmental impact statement (EIS) for major federal actions. It This law established the Great Lakes Water Quality Guidance adopt interstate standards, the federal government could take action to Common Name: tubercled blossom is administered by the President’s Council on Environmental Quality Initiative (GLI) to set minimum uniform water quality standards Scientific Name: Epioblasma t. torulosa establish them. Phylum: Mollusca and the U.S EPA. for all of the Great Lakes to protect human health, aquatic life, Class: Bivalvia 1966 WPCA Amendments “Clean Water Restoration Act” and wildlife. The Act also required the development of local, Order: Unionoida Authorized a significant increase in grants for the construction of community led remedial action plans to restore the most degraded Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) Distribution: Ohio River wastewater treatment plants. tributaries to the Great Lakes. Habitat: large streams Size: < 3 inches Abundance: none Pollution Tolerance: very intolerant

1950 1952 1954 Passage of the Sport Fish The Wildlife Council liberalizes The Watershed Protection Restoration Act provides a new fishing in all public waters with and Flood Prevention Act source of revenue for fisheries no seasons or size limits. Ohio 1953 authorizes the Secretary of management, research, and experiences very dry weather The Little Miami Sewage Agriculture to make surveys public access. The burrowing during the summer and autumn Treatment Plant is one of two and recommendations mayfly Hexagenia - an months. municipal wastewater concerning the conservation important food of walleye and treatment plants operating and development of wildlife 1956 other game fish are the 1951 along the Ohio River. All resources on small watershed The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Act dominant benthic invertebrate The Water Pollution Control Act municipalities had previously projects. Severe to extreme authorizes the development in the substrate of the western is amended to create a Water discharged untreated sewage drought conditions continue and distribution of fish and basin of Lake Erie. Ohio's Pollution Control Board in the into the river. The Ohio County through the summer months wildlife information and the population increases to Ohio Dept. of Health. This law Ditch Law is revised. Extreme in Ohio and many other states. development of policies and 7,946,627 residents. represents the first real effort heat and dry conditions during procedures necessary to to establish a comprehensive the autumn is the beginning of carry out laws relating to fish program for pollution control. a severe drought. and wildlife. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.05.00 CH8.1 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.05.00 CH8.1 RT Stream Laws A guide to Ohio Streams In 8.2

1958 Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act 1981 Farmland Protection Policy Act Ohio U.S Wildlife and This act ensured that wildlife conservation should receive Purpose is to minimize the extent to which federal Streams… equal consideration with other factors in water-resource programs contribute to the unnecessary and irreversible Many stream development projects. Whenever fish and wildlife habitat conversion of farmland to nonagricultural uses, and to Locally Common Conservation Laws is altered in any way by a federal agency, the responsible assure federal programs are administered to be related federal agency must consult with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife compatible with state, local government, and private laws have also been enacted to protect and restore wildlife and other natural Service and State fish and wildlife agency to consider programs and policies to protect farmland. steps to protect, conserve, and restore fish and wildlife resources as well as the environment. Landowners, the general public, and resources. 1985 Food Security Act (Farm Bill) other Ohioans have benefited from many of the federal, state, and local programs This law helped change the way farmers treated wetlands Common Name: 1964 Land and Water Conservation Fund Scientific Name: Macrhybopsis storeriana and highly erodible land. All opportunity to receive that have evolved from these statues. U.S. laws are passed in Washington DC Act (LWCF) Phylum: Chordata federal farm subsidy payments would be forfeited by Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) Established a program using revenues from offshore oil by Congress and usually signed by the President. any farmer who would knowingly drain a wetland, or Order: Cypriniformes and gas receipts for the purchase of property to support Family: minnows & carps (Cyprinidae) plow highly erodible land to plant a crop. The Act was the creation of national and community parks, forests, Number of Streams: 15 1900 Lacey Act reauthorized in 1990 as the Food, Agriculture, Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins wildlife refuges, and open spaces to guarantee outdoor Habitat: very large streams This Act for the first time regulated the interstate and international Conservation, and Trade Act with wetlands receiving 1937 Wildlife Restoration Act recreation opportunities and a clean environment. Size: < 9.1 inches commerce of wild animals, birds, amphibians, reptiles, mollusks, and even more protection. Since 1985, Ohio has had more Pollution Tolerance: intolerant Also known as the Pittman-Robertson Act, From parks to playgrounds, wilderness to wetlands, and crustaceans, or their dead bodies, parts, eggs, and offspring. than 280,680 acres enrolled into the Conservation this well-known Act placed a federal tax on trails to greenways, this fund has been an American Reserve Program, more than 11,277 acres enrolled in Common guns, ammunition, and other hunting success story. 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA) the Wetland Reserve Program, and 1,205 acres enrolled equipment for wildlife restoration. Since 1939, Ohio has received more in the Wildlife Habitat Incentive Program. Except as permitted by regulations, this law made it unlawful, to pursue, than $85 million of federal aid to purchase wildlife habitat and manage 1968 Wild and Scenic River Act hunt, take, capture, kill, possess, offer for sale, barter, purchase, exchange, Established official stream designations of Scenic, Wild, game species. 1990 Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance deliver for shipment, cause to be shipped or exported any migratory bird, and Recreational to preserve vestiges of vanishing wild, Prevention and Control Act or part thereof, or any egg, or nest of such a bird. It also authorized and 1940 Eagle Act scenic, and historic areas adjacent to river systems to Driven by the introduction of zebra mussels, this law directed the Secretary of Interior to establish seasons and methods of Protected bald eagles, but was amended in 1962 to also include golden provide greater enjoyment, beauty, and conservation Common Name: water scorpion was created to prevent and control the spread of harmful hunting and shipping. eagles. Prohibited the taking, possession, sale, purchase, barter, for present and future generations. Included sections Scientific Name: Ranatra sp. nonnative aquatic species. It created an Aquatic Nuisance Phylum: Arthropoda transportation, export and import of bald and golden eagles, their parts, of the Little Miami River in Ohio. largemouth bass Species Task Force and a Great Lakes Panel on Aquatic Class: Insecta (Micropterus salmoides) nests, and eggs without a permit. Order: true bugs (Hemiptera) Freshwater mussels are one of Nuisance Species (ANS). It also mandated the study and Family: water scorpions (Nepidae) the most endangered group of 1926 Black Bass Act animals in North America. implementation of ways to prevent the spread of harmful Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins 1950 Sport Fish Restoration Act 1973 Endangered Size: < 3 inch nonnative species through ballast water discharges and Originally covered only black bass, but amendments have extended it to Also known as the Dingell-Johnson Act, this Species Act (ESA) Pollution Tolerance: moderately tolerant cover all fresh and saltwater fish, shellfish, and foreign commerce. The allowed for federal funds for State ANS Plans. legislation did for sport fishing what the Required all federal Act provides that fish caught, killed, taken, sold, purchased, possessed, agencies to take whatever Wildlife Restoration Act did for hunters. The unintentional introduction of or transported contrary to the law of a state or foreign country and action is necessary to ensure 1996 National harmful nonnative species like the Under this measure, the monies from a 10 threatens native stream transported across a state line or U.S. boundary set up a violation of the that their activities do not Invasive Species Act species and the socioeconomic and Endangered percent excise tax on fishing tackle were set recreational well-being of all Ohioans. Act. jeopardize endangered NISA reauthorized the 1990 aside and apportioned to states for approved fisheries projects at a 75 1934 Migratory Bird species, or habitat critical Act, but expanded it to a Federal Duck Stamp percent federal to 25 percent state match. It was expanded as the 1984 to their survival. Administered by the U.S. Fish and national level. It also Wallop-Breaux Act to items such as tackle boxes, other types of fishing Wildlife Service within the Department of the Interior. allowed for other regional equipment, and motorboat fuel. Since 1950, Ohio has received more ANS panels. than $81 million for sport fish restoration. 1977 Surface Mining Control and Common Name: snuffbox Reclamation Act (SMCRA) Scientific Name: Epioblasma triquetra 1954 Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act Based in part on Ohio’s law, this federal law set strict Phylum: Mollusca Hunting Stamp Act The Act allowed for technical and financial help to local groups wishing Class: Bivalvia uniform standards for coal mining throughout the U.S. Order: Unionoida Was created to supplement the 1918 to carry out small watershed projects. It allowed for land treatment for It required any state that wished to administer its own Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) MBTA by providing funds for the watershed protection and structural measures for flood prevention, Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins acquisition of habitat for wild ducks, geese, brant and swans. Waterfowl regulatory program adopt regulations that are as effective Habitat: medium to large streams drainage, irrigation, fish and wildlife, recreation, and water supply. Size: < 3 inches hunters 16 years of age and older were now required to purchase the as federal regulations. Abundance: rare and sporadic Pollution Tolerance: intolerant 1964 1957 1960 1963 The U.S. Congress creates the Milt Trautman publishes the Increased amounts of industrial Very cold January Land and Water Conservation first edition of The Fishes of pollution kill fish in more than temperatures (-31 to -15 Fund (LWCF). It establishes a Ohio. Scioto madtoms (Noturus 50 river miles of the Ottawa and degrees F) are recorded program that uses revenues trautmani) are collected in Big Auglaize rivers downstream throughout Ohio. Torrential from offshore oil and gas Darby Creek for the last time. from the city of Lima. Ohio's rains cause severe local receipts for the purchase of land population increases to flooding in June across and water to create national and 9,706,397 residents. Guernsey County. Statewide local parks, forests, wildlife drought conditions occur after refuges, and open spaces for 1959 only 26.5 inches of outdoor recreation and a clean Heavy rainfall on frozen ground precipitation is recorded for environment. Heavy rainfall in produces severe statewide the entire year. March causes flooding across flooding. Approximately 200 Ohio. Pollution investigations pounds of blue pike are 1962 become a new responsibility for harvested from the waters of Drought conditions - that will the Division of Wildlife Lake Erie. last over two years - begin. Enforcement Section. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.06.00 CH8.2 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.06.00 CH8.2 RT Stream Laws A guide to Ohio Streams In 8.3 1953 Ohio County Ditch Law Ohio (ORC 6131, 6133, 6135, and 6137) Ohio Environmental Laws Ohio drainage laws are very broad in scope and apply to a wide variety of activities Streams… that are administered by the boards of county commissioners. Permanent maintenance After a state law is passed by the Ohio General Assembly and signed by the Stream Biocriteria: of the practices is provided. The activities possible under the drainage laws include: Common , it becomes part of the Ohio Revised Code (ORC). The ORC is comprised (Ohio Water the location, construction, reconstruction, reconditioning, widening, deepening, Quality Standards) straightening, altering, boxing, tiling, filling, walling, arching, or any change in the of 31 Titles of which most state environmental laws can be found in Chapter course, location or terminus of any petitioned ditch, drain, water course or floodway. 3745 of Title 37 (Environmental Protection Agency) and Chapter 6111 of The Act also allowed for the removal of obstructions such as silt bars, log jams, debris, Fish - Wading Sites and drift from any petitioned ditch, drain, watercourse, floodway, river, IBI/MIwb Title 61 (Water Pollution Control). The ORC also gives state agencies and creek or run. Common Name: channel catfish Scientific Name: Ictalurus punctatus departments authority to adopt rules which become part of the Ohio 1972 Ohio Environmental Protection Agency Phylum: Chordata 3745) Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) Administrative Code (OAC). 32/7.3 38/7.9 Order: Siluriformes Fish - Boat Sites Ohio EPA is created the same year as the federal Clean Water Act passes. Family: catfishes (Ictaluridae) 1941 Soil and Water Conservation IBI/MIwb The law enables the Ohio EPA to impose state water quality standards Number of Streams: 164 Districts (SWCDs) Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins over surface and ground water, while also meeting the requirements of Habitat: medium to large streams 1841 Ohio Drainage Law Under the authority of Sections the federal WPC Act. This law also protected wetlands and prohibited Size: < 46 inches Ohio’s first drainage law was amended in 1852 and repealed 1515.01 - 1515.29 ORC, Pollution Tolerance: moderately tolerant 40/8.3 the spilling of oil and hazardous substances into waters of the state. in 1853. A new law in 1859 provided for a system of SWCD boards of supervisors 44/8.4 public ditches for farming, development, and public health work voluntarily with 34/8.6 40/8.7 Locally Common purposes. landowners on natural resource 1979 Agricultural Pollution Abatement management. District boards 50/ EWH Amendments 1893 Ohio’s First Water Pollution Law determine priority conservation 9.4 The chief of the ODNR Division of Soil and Water Conservation 40/8.1 Municipalities were required to submit plans of proposed needs for their county and have the 42/8.5 has authority to control animal waste, soil erosion, and sewerage treatment works to the Ohio Department of authority to inventory, plan, design, attached pollutants from areas within the state used for Health (ODH). In 1925, it was clarified and amended to agricultural production or silvercultural operations, including construct, and maintain group projects Common Name: alderfly H Macroinvertebrates address water pollution control and industrial waste disposal. for public benefit. Projects may be for 40/8.6 48/ EW land being used for the production or keeping of animals Scientific Name: Sialis sp. ICI It also gave ODH general supervision over the operation the purpose of natural resource conservation 9.6 or the production of agricultural crops on private, Phylum: Arthropoda 34 Class: Insecta of treatment plants, imposed obligations upon ODH to and development, flood prevention, utilization, 38/8.7 industrial, commercial and public woodlands. Broader 34 Order: fishflies & alderflies (Megaloptera) study lakes and streams and determine uses. ODH was and disposal of water. Past projects include authority was given with amendments in 1989 that Family: alderflies (Sialidae) Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins authorized to adopt and enforce regulations relative to construction of retention basins, wetlands, allowed for the issue of Chief’s Orders. Fish - Headwater Sites Size: < 2 inch water pollution control. erosion control structures, riparian buffers, and IBI Pollution Tolerance: moderately tolerant drainage improvements. 36 36 1990 Ohio Biocriteria Adopted 1914 Conservancy District Act 28 (OAC 3745.1) 40 In 1990, Ohio became the first state to adopt Due to the great flood of 1913, this law was passed to 1949 Water Pollution Control Act Special Interest allow local watershed districts to solve their own flood numerical criteria for biological assemblages into Reagan Act made it unlawful to discharge untreated and drainage problems. In 1915, the Upper Scioto Ohio Water Quality Standards. Ohio’s biocriteria sewage and industrial wastes into state waterways. H 44 Conservancy District was formed as a result of a petition 40 46 EW consists of numerical values for two fish indices (Index Violations were made a criminal offense but procedures 30 filed in the Hardin County Common Pleas Court. Its purpose of Biotic Integrity and Modified Index of well-being) for administering were lacking and enforcement was was to establish ways of preventing floods; regulate stream and one macroinvertebrate index (Invertebrate Community questioned. Huron-Erie Lake Plain - HELP channels by changing, widening, and deepening; reclaim Index) which measure structural, functional, and health characteristics of stream fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages. and fill wet and overflow lands; regulate the flow of Interior Plateau - IP Common Name: deertoe streams; and divert or in whole or in part eliminate water 40 Scientific Name: Truncilla truncata 1951 Water Pollution Control Act Phylum: Mollusca courses for public health, safety, convenience, and welfare. H Eastern-Ontario Lake Plain - EOLP 1990 Littering From a Vessel The Deddens Act created a Water Pollution Control Board 50 EW Class: Bivalvia A number of flood control projects followed in the Great No operator or occupant of a vessel shall, regardless of intent, throw, drop, discard Order: Unionoida in ODH. This law represented the first real effort to establish Western - WAP Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) Miami River and Muskingum River watersheds. or deposit litter from any vessel in operation or control upon the waters in this state, a comprehensive program for water pollution control. Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Eastern Corn Belt Plain - ECBP except into a litter receptacle in a manner that prevents its being carried away or Habitat: large streams deposited by the elements. Size: < 3 inches Abundance: locally common Pollution Tolerance: moderately intolerant 1969 1965 1968 The Ohio Stream Litter Law becomes effective 1970 1971 The U.S. Water Quality Act 1966 Ohio becomes a pioneer in stream with game protectors given the responsibility The Ohio Scenic Rivers Program Ohio’s commercial mussel mandates states to develop The state of Ohio sues the preservation with the passage of the as a public service. The law and its transfers to the Division of season runs from June 1 - water quality criteria along with Commonwealth of Kentucky nation's first scenic rivers law - the Ohio enforcement is well received in Ohio courts. Natural Areas in ODNR. Ohio's August 31 with a total take a plan for implementation and requesting a declaration Scenic Rivers Act. The official designation The passage of the National Environmental population increases to limited to 500 tons a year and enforcement of the criteria. establishing the state boundary line of Scenic Rivers is to identify and preserve Policy Act (NEPA) requires all proposed federal 10,652,017 residents. Approx- a minimum size limit of three The U.S. Water Resources in regards to the northerly side of vestiges of vanishing wild, scenic, and actions be objectively examined to determine imately 25 percent live in rural inches across the shell. The Planning Act combined federal the Ohio River in 1792. The U.S. historic areas adjacent to river systems to the effects of such actions upon the areas. The Sandusky River is State Scenic designation for and state efforts in creating Clean Water Restoration Act provide greater enjoyment, beauty, and environment. The Little Miami River is designated State Scenic from the the Little Miami River is river basin commissions to do authorizes a significant increase in usefulness to Ohio's citizens. The program designated State Scenic from the East Fork to Roger Young Memorial Park in extended downstream from comprehensive planning. grants for construction of is first administered by the Ohio Water its headwaters, including the North Fork. Some Fremont to U.S. Route 30 in Upper the East Fork to the Ohio River. Pollution sensitive burrowing wastewater treatment plants. Commission. The federal act is passed six community drinking water systems suffer Sandusky. Steel industries in the Nearly all of Ohio’s open mayflies have virtually Ohio’s commercial mussel industry months after the Ohio law. Central and considerable damage from summer flooding Mahoning River Valley use 1.5 dumps are closed. An Ohio disappeared from the western begins to revive as freshwater shell southern Ohio streams flow out of their after severe storms drop six to 14 inches of rain billion gallons of river water per River lake sturgeon is basin of Lake Erie due to poor material is being increasingly used banks after heavy rains in May. Ohio has in northcentral Ohio. The Cuyahoga River day - about four times the normal captured along the Ohio shore water quality. by the Japanese pearl industry. 640 recognized dumps and landfills. experiences another fire. river flow. for the last time. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.06.00 CH8.3 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.06.00 CH8.3 RT Stream Laws A guide to Ohio Streams 8.4 1929 Division of Conservation In Division of Fish and Game becomes the Division of 1949 Ohio Department of Natural Ohio Conservation in the Department of Agriculture. Resources (ODNR) Ohio Wildlife and Sportsmen still had no representation in the Governor’s State agencies engaged in the conservation of natural Streams… cabinet and there was no legal authority for stream resources are brought together as a department to Locally Common Ohio was the first pollution. New wildlife employees begin actively working avoid duplication of effort. state to pass a Conservation Laws on the survey and inventory of wildlife and habitat restoration. In the late 1930s, Dr. Aldo Leopold of 1964 Pollution Investigations Scenic Rivers Act and adopt Biological Criteria into State Water Quality Wisconsin was at the height of his career as the pioneer Pollution investigations became a new responsibility of of science-based wildlife management that Regulations. There are a number of stream-related state wildlife and conservation the Division of Wildlife’s Enforcement Section which emphasized the importance was directed to investigate every instance where pollution laws in Chapters 1501 to 1571 of Title 15 (Conservation of Natural of habitat. Common Name: killed wild animals. Scientific Name: Ichthyomyzon unicupis Resources). They range from the protection of endangered animals Phylum: Chordata Class: lampreys (Cephalaspidomorphi) and plants to water withdrawl. Although the water in all streams 1968 Ohio Scenic Rivers Act Order: Petromyzontiformes Ohio became a pioneer in stream preservation with the Family: lampreys (Petromyzontidae) Number of Streams: 14 is “waters of the state”- the right to use the water is closely nation’s first scenic river law. It established official Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins tied to a “riparian system of rights” or the ownership of the land designations to identify and preserve vestiges of vanishing Habitat: large streams wild, scenic, and historic areas adjacent to Ohio streams. Size: < 14 inches beside or within which the water flows. Pollution Tolerance: intolerant Common 1829 Ohio’s First Wildlife Law 1969 Stream Litter Law The new stream litter law became effective and game The first conservation-related law in Ohio was passed to 1883 Fishing Regulations protectors were given the responsibility as a public “protect the fur trade.” It established a season for the It became a misdemeanor to catch fish except by hook and line in specified service. The enforcement of this law has been well legal taking of muskrats. waters or to sell fish caught contrary to law. By 1884, the legislature received in Ohio courts. was tinkering annually with the fishing laws. Protection of fish centered on fishing restrictions, closed seasons, and enforcement. In 1885, the first 1972 Ohio Strip Mine Law Common Name: mayfly nymph funds were allocated for the enforcement of fish laws. New methods of reclamation that were stricter than Scientific Name: Caenis sp. neighboring states were required. It contained a Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta 1912 Conservation of Natural Resources severance tax to be used for reclamation of abandoned Order: mayflies (Ephemeroptera) The Constitution of the state of Ohio (Article ll: Sect. 36) mine lands. Impacts from coal mining in Ohio have Family: mayflies () Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins was amended to provide the passage of laws concerning been markedly reduced by this law. Size: < 1 inch 1837 Ohio Geological Survey the conservation of natural resources. Pollution Tolerance: moderate In addition to geologic studies, Ohio’s first natural resource 1974 Ohio Endangered Species Act agency was responsible for investigation of the flora, 1913 Division of Fish and Game 1940 Stream This law provided protection to species in Ohio that fauna, soils, and agriculture of Ohio. Improvement were in danger of being extirpated from the state. It Governor Cox abolished the Commission of Fish and Game Threatened 1857 Ohio’s First Fish Law and created a Division in the Agriculture Commission. Programs restricted possession of native species threatened with Because so many dams had been constructed on streams, Ohio’s first Civil Service Code was enacted. The first resident In 1939, the Division of Conservation and Natural statewide extinction. a law was passed making it illegal to prevent the natural hunting license was required for $1 and trapping was Resources was formed and new stream programs are transit of fish in navigable streams and lakes. added in 1917. Game restoration was funded by sportsmen, initiated including stream habitat improvement and 1993 NatureWorks Bond Issue not taxpayers. pollution abatement. Ohio voters approved a permanent source of funding 1873 Ohio Fish Commission (OFC) for the maintenance and improvement of Ohio’s parks With an annual budget of $1000, a commission was formed 1946 Fish Kill Investigations Upheld 1919 Statewide Fish Stocking and natural resources including habitat protection. Common Name: fawnsfoot to examine ways to improve fish populations. It promoted Ohio’s Attorney General ruled that the Commission had Scientific Name: Truncilla donaciformis The “Buckeye Fish Car” was removing 25 to 40 carloads stocking and approved the introduction of the exotic the authority to bring an action against the introduction Phylum: Mollusca of fish annually from Lake Erie to stock inland and the 1999 Ohio Farmland Preservation Act Class: Bivalvia German carp. By 1880, fish populations were declining of a substance into a stream that injures or destroys Order: Unionoida first $2 nonresident fishing license was required. In 1925, This law allows state and local governments to hold so rapidly that they believed the total extinction of fish wild animals. An $18,000 settlement was made for Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) residents were also required to purchase a license. deed restrictions on farmland that prohibits certain land life was drawing near. In 1886, the OFC became the aquatic life killed by pollution discharged into the Little Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Habitat: large streams Commission of Fish and Game and the first fish and game uses such as suburban development. Miami River. Size: < 2 inches wardens were appointed. Abundance: rarely common Pollution Tolerance: intolerant 1975 1972 1974 Norfolk and Western Railroad trestle Gould, Inc. is fined $260,000 for toxic 1976 U.S. Water Pollution Control 1973 The passage of the Ohio Endangered south of Painesville to the pollution that killed more than 43 Ohio EPA begins sampling Act Amendments require President Nixon signs the U.S. Species Act restricts possession of Harpersfield covered bridge and million mussels in the Muskingum surface water sources of National Pollutant Discharge Endangered Species Act. All federal native species threatened with State Scenic from the Harpersfield River between 1971 through 1974. For drinking water for nitrates, Elimination System (NPDES) agencies are now required to take statewide extinction. Ohio EPA is covered bridge to the SR 322 bridge the year, 1,061 spills are reported to nitrites, and ammonia. The permits and establishes whatever action is necessary to given authority to operate the in Ashtabula Co. The Cuyahoga the Ohio EPA. Sections of Little U.S. Resources Conservation national water quality goals to ensure their activities do not NPDES program. An Ohio ban is put River is designated Scenic from U.S. Beaver Creek and its W. Fork, M. Fork, and Recovery Act (RCRA) is restore and maintain the jeopardize endangered species, or on the commercial harvesting of Rt. 14 to the Troy-Burton Township and N. Fork are designated National enacted. chemical, physical, and habitat critical to their survival. mussels in the Muskingum River due line in Geauga Co. The Maumee Scenic. The Stillwater River from the biological integrity of the NPDES permits are issued jointly with to large mussel kills downstream River from the state line to the SR 24 Englewood Dam to the Great Miami 1977 nation’s waters. Ohio Senate the U.S. EPA. The Little Miami River from the Gould Engine Parts and Foil bridge west of Defiance is River is designated State The U.S. Water Pollution Bill 397 creates Ohio EPA. is designated National Scenic from Plant in Morgan Co. Sections of designated State Scenic and from Recreational. The Ohio Division of Control Act becomes the About 50 commercial mussel Clifton Gorge to Foster. The Little Beaver Creek, W. Fork, M. Fork, the SR 24 to the U.S. Rt. 25 bridge Wildlife begins a nongame program. Clean Water Act which allows harvesters are operating on the Olentangy River is designated State and N. Fork are designated State near Perrysburg is designated State Benthic assemblages in western states to manage construction Muskingum River. Scenic from the Old Wilson Bridge Wild and Scenic. The Grand River is Recreational. The U.S. Safe Drinking Lake Erie are dominated by pollution grants, dredge and fill, and Road to the Delaware Dam. designated State Wild from the Water Act is enacted. tolerant sludge worms. NPDES programs. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.06.00 CH8.4 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.06.00 CH8.4 RT 9.0 In 1938, stream improvement included building dams, rescuing fish during droughts, and stocking Lake Erie fish throughout Ohio. Today, stream protection and restoration include dam removal, watershed-based partnerships, monitoring and assessment, point source and nonpoint pollution control, education, land use planning, mitigation, and the conservation of stream habitats, riparian forests, floodplains, and water resources.

Chapter Nine Protection and Restoration Status and Trends

Partnerships, Science, and Programs

A Stream Ethic

Water Resources: Americans’ Top Resource Priority

Useful Terms and Definitions Collaborate- to labor or or the purchase of to protect its conservation government and industrial cooperate with another, development rights. values. representatives, and other especially in literacy or stakeholders who scientific pursuits. Perpetual Conservation Protection- the act of collectively work together Easement- a legal keeping something in its to protect and restore Conservation- the wise agreement between a current condition. streams and other use of natural resources. landowner and a state resources in a defined area. agency, conservation watershed. Farmland Preservation- organization, or land trust Watershed Partnership- Persecution of our streams ensures continued benefits for future generations to restrict land uses to that permanently limits an assemblage of agriculture through zoning uses of the land in order landowners, citizens,

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH9.0 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. CH9.0 RT Protection and Restoration A guide to Ohio Streams In 9.1 Ohio Status and Trends Streams… With more than $6 billion spent on the control of point sources of pollution, Endangered it is not surprising that the quality of many Ohio streams has improved during the past 25 years. Since 1988, there has been a 48% decline in point sources as a major source of impairment. Today, impacts from habitat and hydrologic

modifications, the loss of streamside forests, urban and agricultural stormwater, Common Name: In 1938, Ohio Division of Conservation crews built dams on small headwater streams. Today, more Scientific Name: elongatus and excessive sedimentation are becoming increasingly evident. dams are being removed than built. Stream protection and restoration today include the formation Phylum: Chordata Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) Trends in IBI (Fish) Scores From 1978 - 1997 of community-based watershed partnerships, land use planning, pollution control, education, and Order: Cypriniformes the protection and restoration of stream channels, riparian forests, floodplains, and wetlands. Family: suckers (Catostomidae) Improved Number of Streams: 4 Distribution: Ohio River Basin Number of Monitored Stream Miles Impaired in Ohio (1998) Habitat: large streams No Change Size: < 40 inches 0 200 400 600 800 1000 Pollution Tolerance: intolerant Declined Percent Habitat Alteration 0 10 20 30 40 Common 1978-1997 Organic/Low D.O. Full 47% Change in Metals Partial 25% IBI Scores: Flow Alteration Non 28% Earliest vs Nutrients Common Name: riffle beetle

Aquatic Life Use Status 0 300 500 200 400 600 100 Latest Year 700 Other Scientific Name: Ancyronyx sp. (Post 1988) Phylum: Arthropoda Sites Unknown Class: Insecta Order: beetles (Coleoptera) The aquatic life use attainment pH Family: riffle beetles () status is a measure of the Priority Organics Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Size: < 1 inch fishable-swimmable goal of Ammonia Pollution Tolerance: moderate the Clean Water Act. Today, 0 5 10 15 20 25 about 47% of Ohio stream Percent miles are fully meeting the Habitat alteration and siltation from excessive erosion are two goal, 25% are partially Common of the three leading causes of non-attainment of aquatic life meeting, and 28% are not use in Ohio streams. The removal of streamside forests along meeting. The above map illustrates fish many streams has caused severely eroding banks - a source of assemblages trends - based on Index siltation - in many streams. of Biotic Integrity (IBI) scores - in Ohio streams sampled between Unassessed The increasing presence of blue 1978 and 1997. Fish assemblages Common Name: fragile papershell <10% suckers - an Ohio endangered Scientific Name: Leptodea fragilis in many streams have improved Phylum: Mollusca 10 - 25% species - is a good Subbasin Attainment Status (indicated by blue triangles) as the Class: Bivalvia >25 - 50% The above map illustrates - by subbasin - the environmental indicator for Order: Unionoida result of reduced amounts of Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) the Little Miami River and >50 - 75% percent of assessed stream miles in attainment sewage and other pollutants Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins of their aquatic life use designations. other large tributaries to the Habitat: small to large streams >75% discharged by municipal and Size: < 6 inches Ohio River. industrial point sources. Abundance: common Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 Blizzard conditions strike Ohio Using fish and aquatic The U.S. Supreme Court supports U.S. Farmland Protection The State Scenic designation As amended House Bill 5 is signed in January. Snow cover ranges macroinvertebrates as indicators Ohio’s claim against Kentucky Policy Act is enacted to for the Stillwater River is into law, Ohioans now have a from 70 to 110 inches of water quality, Ohio EPA begins that the state boundary extends minimize the extent to which extended upstream from the system which permits them to throughout Ohio. Ohio EPA an intensive stream monitoring into the impounded Ohio River to federal programs contribute Riffle Rd. bridge to the city of contribute all or a portion of their performs the first priority program to assess point source the low water mark of 1792. to the unnecessary and Ansonia. With seven to ten state income tax refund to the pollution determination for pollution. The from Ohio's population increases to irreversible conversion of inches of snow and ice ODNR Division of Wildlife’s organic contaminants of the confluence of Aurora Branch 10,797,630 residents. The Little farmland to nonagricultural covered ground in Nongame and Endangered Species ground waters serving public to the St. Rt. 6 bridge, the Aurora Miami River is designated uses. Clean Water Act northwestern Ohio, March Program or the Division of Natural water systems. Branch from SR 82 to the National Recreational from Foster amendments established July rainfall and warmer Areas and Preserve’s Scenic Rivers mainstem, and the East Branch to the Ohio River. The Stillwater 1, 1988, as the deadline for temperatures cause the most Program. The program raises over from Heath Road to the mainstem River from the Riffle Rd. bridge in publicly-owned treatment severe flooding in the $1.1 million with the 1983 tax returns. are designated State Scenic. A Darke County to the Englewood works to be in compliance. Maumee River since March The effectiveness of the voluntary September hurricane causes Dam, and in Ohio The number of spills reported 1913. donations and programs is to be severe flooding in Ohio from are designated State Scenic. to the Ohio EPA continue to reevaluated in 1987 under a sunset Cincinnati to Cleveland. increase - 2,987 are reported. provision. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.06.00 CH9.1 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.06.00 CH9.1 RT Protection and Restoration A guide to Ohio Streams In 9.2 Ohio Partnerships, Science, Streams… Partnerships, science, and programs are Uncommon but a few of the many things needed to and Programs A variety of strategies are often needed to conserve Ohio. While it protect, manage, and restore Ohio streams and their watersheds. And just may be difficult to understand how each effort makes a difference, they all cumulatively add up at the Technical assistance related like a mathematical equation or a jigsaw puzzle, the pieces all add up and watershed level. Science-based to streams and watersheds is assessments of streams and available from many government watersheds are important to agencies. Common Name: bowfin fit together to make a difference. determine the status of aquatic life and causes and sources of Scientific Name: Amia calva impairment. Phylum: Chordata A variety of cost-share programs Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) for landowners are available to Order: Amiiformes help establish stream buffers. Partnerships Family: bowfins (Amiidae) Citizens Threats Number of Streams: 28 Geology Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Businesses Water Uses Urban Sprawl Habitat: medium to large streams Relief Watershed Landowners Fish Advisories Size: < 31 inches Aquatic Life Assessment Pollution Tolerance: tolerant Communities Bedrock Agricultural DELT Anomalies Chemical Spills Organizations Sediment Recreational Miles Threatened Beach Closures Locally Common Local Government Glacial History Public Supply Community Needs Nutrient Enrichment State Government Water Resources Industrial Supply Cause(s) Impairment Water Quality Violations U.S. Government Source(s) Impairment Miles in Full Attainment Science Biological Miles in Non-Attainment Water Quality Miles in Partial Attainment Common Name: back swimmer Geographic Information Diversity Education Scientific Name: Notonecta sp. System (GIS) pH No. Fish Species No. Stream Visits Phylum: Arthropoda BOD Class: Insecta Data No. Birds Species No. Presentations Order: true bugs (Hemiptera) Metals Genetics No. Reptile Species Pollution No. Student Projects Family: back swimmers (Notonectidae) Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Bacteria No. Plant Species Technical Assistance Controls No. School Programs Size: < 1 inch Nutrients No. Insect Species anagement Pollution Tolerance: moderate Research and Technology Best M Temperature No. Mussel Species Ps) Monitoring and Assessment Practices (BM Dissolved Oxygen No. Mammal Species No. Point Source(s) No. Amphibian Species Measures of Programs Percent Effluent Success Extirpated Funding NPDES Violations Miles Restored Volunteer Water Quantity Land Use Nonpoint Source(s) Biological Diversity Education No. Lakes Percent Urban Recreational Use Recreation Climate Percent Forests Habitat Miles Greenways No. Wetlands Mitigation Percent Water No. Dams and Impoundm No. Banks Stabilized Protection No. Stream Miles No. People Miles In Full Attainment Total No. Stream M ents Common Name: scaleshell Restoration Drainage Area No. Livestock No. Natural Stream Miles Miles Riparian Forests Scientific Name: Leptodea leptodon Phylum: Mollusca Regulatory Volume of Effluent Percent Agriculture No. M iles Community Based Projects odified Stream M Class: Bivalvia Planning Inches of Precipitation Percent Impervious Miles Streamside Forestsiles Miles Permanently Protected Order: Unionoida Monitoring Ground Water Resources Surfaces Miles of Culverted Streams Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) Distribution: Ohio River Basin Assessment Habitat: large streams Size: < 4 inches Abundance: none Pollution Tolerance: intolerant 1990 Lakes Critical Programs Act 1984 1987 1988 Ohio becomes the first state to establishes the Great Lakes Water U.S. Wallop-Breaux Act expands the Ohio EPA publishes Biological Criteria By June, a severe drought adopt numerical criteria for Quality Initiative to develop 1950 Sport Fish Restoration Act. New for the Protection of Aquatic Life - a with extremely hot biological assemblages into State uniform water quality standards provisions extend the excise tax to 1985 three volume set of manuals developed temperatures (95 to 105 Water Quality Standards. The for all of the Great Lakes. The U.S. items such as tackle boxes and other Statewide low temperatures in for consideration of adoption into state degrees F) occurs throughout Ohio Environmental Education Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance fishing equipment. A portion of the January range from -15 to -30 water quality standards. U.S. Clean Ohio. Large fish kills occur Fund is created. A memorandum Prevention and Control Act is motorboat fuel tax is also devoted. degrees F. The number of spills Water Quality Act amendments downstream from electric 1991 of under-standing that allows for created to prevent and control the Sections of Big Darby Creek from the reported to the Ohio EPA provide financial assistance to states generating plants in the Four mussel interstate fisheries manage-ment spread of zebra mussels and other Champaign-Union County line to the continues to rise - 4,423 are with approved nonpoint source Muskingum and Great Miami poachers are arrested along of the Ohio River is signed by five harmful nonnative aquatic Conrail railroad trestle crossing and reported. Publicly-owned pollution control programs. There have rivers. The Ohio Department the Muskingum River near bording states. In June, flash species. Extensive flooding from Little Darby Creek to the Scioto treatment works discharging to been no major outbreaks of of Health issues a swimming, Beverly for possessing 4,529 flooding occurs in the steep- occurs on New Year’s Eve. A River, and Little Darby from the the Lake Erie basin must waterborne disease from public water wading, and fish consumption live mussels - including 29 sloped watersheds of Wegee statewide average of 51.38 inches Layfayette-Plain City Rd. bridge comply with a one mg/liter systems for 30 years. Due to their advisory for the lower 30 miles individuals of three Creek and Pipe Creek. With the is recorded for the year - the downstream to 0.8 miles upstream phosphorus limit to prevent success and popularity, Ohio’s General of the Mahoning River in Ohio. endangered species. Ohio's lives of 26 persons lost, it highest amount since records from the confluence with Big Darby excessive algae blooms in the Assembly makes ODNR’s tax return Zebra mussels invade Lake population increases to becomes the deadliest flooding began in 1854. Creek are designated State Scenic. lake. check-off programs permanent law. Erie. 10,932,000 residents.

timeline in Ohio since 1969. The U.S. Great

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.06.00 CH9.2 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.06.00 CH9.2 RT Protection and Restoration Ways You Can Help A guide to Ohio Streams In 9.3 There are many ways you can help conserve Ohio’s streams and Ohio watersheds. A Stream Ethic Aquatic Life Streams… Streamside landowners are one of the most important parts of a stream • Join a local watershed group. Locally Common • Learn more about the fish and other species that live in your ecosystem. The water and wildlife belong to the people of Ohio, but the quality watershed. of habitat it flows through is determined by the conservation stewardship of • Support stream monitoring and assessment programs that assess the biological and chemical conditions of Ohio streams. local landowners. And the ability to distinguish between right and wrong as • Direct efforts and funds to the biggest problem(s) within your it relates to preserving the integrity, sustainability, and beauty of flowing watershed. Common Name: orangspotted sunfish Habitat Scientific Name: Lepomis humilis waters and its aquatic life is as important as any law. • Protect natural stream channels. Phylum: Chordata • Protect and restore riparian forests, floodplains, and wetlands. Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) Order: Perciformes Stream Principles • Control soil erosion and stabilize stream banks. Family: sunfishes (Centrarchidae) • Support the removal of nonessential dams. Number of Streams: 155 1) Natural is best. Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins Streams and Watersheds • Minimize blacktop, rooftops, and other impervious surfaces. Habitat: medium to large streams Since more than 88 percent of Ohio is privately or locally owned, the well- 2) If you protect water quality and • Use Best Management Practices (BMPs). Size: < 4 inches Pollution Tolerance: moderately tolerant being of Ohio’s streams and watersheds is very dependent upon the attitudes habitat, streams and their wildlife • Support farmland preservation, parks, greenways, and other and conservation stewardship of landowners and local communities. will take care of themselves. conservation and open space programs. Locally Common Increasingly, community-based watershed groups and partnerships comprised 3) It is easier and more economical to • Support agencies and organizations that protect streamside of many stakeholders are collectively working to protect and restore their protect a healthy stream than to property through acquisition and conservation easements. local streams and watersheds. As water resources become increasingly Water Quality restore it later. important, it will be the willingness of private landowners and these groups • Make sure your pollution is properly treated and not harming State Government to practice voluntary conservation on private and local lands that will determine 4) The fewer pollutants, the better. aquatic life in a stream. Check your septic system or call your Ohio DNR the need for future regulations related to the health of streams and watersheds 5) Watersheds are not only the wastewater treatment plant and ask if they are meeting their Ohio EPA Common Name: water boatmen throughout Ohio. NPDES permit limits. Ohio DOT Scientific Name: Sigara sp. drainage area of a stream - it’s Phylum: Arthropoda Property Ownership in Ohio where we live, work, and send our • Minimize the amounts of fertilizer, pesticides, and other State Universities Class: Insecta chemicals you use. Order: true bugs (Hemiptera) Lake Erie/State children to school. U.S. Government Family: water boatmen (Corixidae) • Protect and restore streamside forests, floodplains, and wetlands. Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins 7.8% 6) What we do to streams, we do to Department of the Interior • Control soil erosion. Size: < 1 inch ourselves - everything is connected Department of Agriculture Pollution Tolerance: moderate State/ODNR • Dispose of all chemicals and products properly. 1.6% and we all live downstream. • Attend workshops and read books to learn more about the Local Government Federal conservation of streams and watersheds. Soil and Water Conservation 1.3% 7) The more we learn about streams, Districts Inland Lakes the better we will care for them. • Use Best Management Practices (BMPs). Uncommon 0.8% Park Districts 8) Large streams are formed by many Careers and Opportunities Wastewater Treatment Plants small ones, every stream is a tributary, Ever consider a stream related career or voluntary work? Water Treatment Plants Compared to the 1970s, there are many more opportunities today and every stream location has a Private Companies as a result of new laws and more concern for the environment. watershed. Consultants Some examples include aquatic 9) Healthy resources are the ones we Industries and Businesses Common Name: rainbow biologists, water quality chemists, Scientific Name: Villosa iris put more into than we take from. wildlife officers, environmental Nongovernment Phylum: Mollusca Class: Bivalvia Private/Local 10) We must recognize existing stream scientists, and sanitary engineers. Organizations Order: Unionoida 88.5% For more information or technical Conservation Organizations Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) uses where they provide important Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins community functions. assistance contact the following Watershed Groups Habitat: medium to large streams and learn more about their stream-related programs. Sportsmen’s Groups Size: < 3 inches Abundance: uncommon and sporadic Land Trusts Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 Blue suckers are captured in Statewide low temperatures in January Ohio's population increases to Ohio and natural The Joint Environmental the Little Miami River for the range from -18 to -37 degrees F. The 11,150,606 residents. resource trustees settle Assessment and Restoration Plan first time. In September, a 1984 State Scenic segments of Big claims for damages to Fish for the Fish Creek #2 Diesel Fuel pipeline ruptures and spills an Darby and Little Darby creeks are Creek caused by the 1993 Spill is published. The Kokosing estimated 30,000 gallons of designated as National Scenic. The diesel fuel spill. A $2.5 million River from the Mohican River to diesel fuel into an Indiana field State Scenic designated segments are court registry account is the Knox-Morrow County line and within the Fish Creek extended in Big Darby Creek from Little established to be used the North Branch from the East watershed. The fuel flows Darby upstream to the northern exclusively for the restoration Branch to the mainstem is 1998 through a small drainage ditch boundary of Battelle-Darby Metro Park of Fish Creek. The U.S. designated State Scenic. The Tennessee Shell Company and contaminates seven miles and from the U.S. Rt. 40 bridge upstream National Invasive Species Act Populations of pollution sensitive pleads guilty to a felony for of Fish Creek - a high quality to the Conrail Railroad trestle. The reauthorizes the 1990 Aquatic burrowing mayflies have purchasing illegally taken tributary of the St. Joseph River. lower 0.8 miles of Little Darby Creek are Nuisance Species (ANS) Act, recovered to the point of being a mussels from streams in Ohio, Fish Creek is the last known also designated. Sport fishing but on a national level. It also nuisance to Port Clinton and other , Kentucky, and West stream with the endangered regulations are unified for the Ohio River allows for regional ANS Lake Erie cities. Virginia. The Japanese-owned white castpaw mussel. between the bordering states. panels. business is fined $1 million. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.06.00 CH9.3 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.06.00 CH9.3 RT Protection and Restoration A guide to Ohio Streams In 9.4 Ohio Survey Results Water Resources: Americans’ Numerous surveys conducted during the past 10 years show that Streams… water quality and water resource protection consistently rise to Endangered the surface among the most important natural resource issues Top Natural Resource Priority for Americans. Rarely does an issue come along that crosses so many boundaries it unites the public with conservation and By far, one of the most important natural resource and environmental issues environmental efforts. Americans’ health depends on a clean for Americans in the new millennium will be related to water - clean water, water supply as does the health of our stream resources. Any future programs that are linked directly to clean water will Common Name: goldeye water resource protection, and the clean-up of our waterways. Resource inevitably touch upon the most prominent resource concern Scientific Name: Hiodon alosoides Phylum: Chordata managers that fully comprehend the magnitude of the public’s concern over within the hearts and minds of the American public. Water and Class: bony fishes (Osteichthyes) the protection of waterways is one of those rare issues that will Order: Osteoglossiformes Family: (Hiodontidae) the nation’s water resources will be many steps closer to putting programs be the resource and environmental issue of the new millennium Number of Streams: 2 (Responsive Management 1999). Distribution: Ohio River Basin into action for the benefit of people and wildlife resources (Responsive Habitat: large streams Size: < 20 inches Management 1999). Pollution Tolerance: intolerant Indiana In a study of Indiana residents’ attitudes toward fish and wildlife management conducted for the Indiana Division Common of Fish and Wildlife, residents were asked to rate the importance of 12 fish and wildlife management programs. Of the 12 presented, improving water quality was by far the most important. Several other studies conducted by Responsive Management show similar results (Responsive Management 1999). Common Name: water strider Scientific Name: Metrobates sp. Ohio Similar results have also been found in Ohio. When Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta the development of this book began, a questionnaire was mailed Order: true bugs (Hemiptera) to 200 streamside landowners in Ohio. A part of the survey Family: water striders (Gerridae) Distribution: Ohio River & Lake Erie Basins asked them to rank the importance of this book’s chapters. Not Size: < 1 inch surprisingly, Chapter 4 Water Quality and Pollution Control and Pollution Tolerance: moderate Chapter 9 Protection and Restoration were scored as the most important (Ohio Chapter of AFS 1996).

West Virginia In a survey conducted for Endangered the Division of Natural Resources Wildlife Resources Section, the top program for increased effort, among 13 programs presented to West Virginia residents, was restoring streams that have been damaged by acid rain or acid mine drainage (Responsive Management 1999). Common Name: little spectaclecase Idaho In a study conducted for the Idaho In a major needs assessment conducted to Scientific Name: Villosa lienosa Department of Fish and Game on Idaho residents’ Phylum: Mollusca assist the state of Florida’s environmental education programs, Class: Bivalvia attitudes toward natural resources, protecting water resources completely dominated the entire study, even Order: Unionoida water resources was rated by far the most Family: freshwater mussels (Unionidae) though other important issues were covered as well, including Distribution: Ohio River Basin important program for increased efforts for the endangered species, growth and development, habitat loss, and Habitat: small streams Department (Responsive Management 1999). Size: < 2 inches air pollution, to name a few (Responsive Management 1999). Abundance: very rare Pollution Tolerance: intolerant

1999 Governor Hollister signs the Ohio Farmland Preservation Act into law. Severe droughts 2000 occur throughout much of Ohio. The new Millennium begins. Black bass limits are reduced statewide from a daily possession limit of eight to five. Ohio woodlands cover 33 percent of the land. For the first time in more than 28 years, an adult lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens) is captured and released in an Ohio stream - the lower Maumee River during May. timeline

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.06.00 CH9.4 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.06.00 CH9.4 RT 10.0 Watersheds are best viewed from high above - that’s where precipitation, relief, principal streams, land use, flora, and fauna all become one. Since the first Ohioans arrived to the twenty-first century, streams and their watersheds continue to be an integral part of life for both humans and wildlife.

Chapter Ten Major Ohio Watersheds Lake Erie Basin

Maumee River Sandusky River

Cuyahoga River Grand River

Ohio River Basin

Great Miami River Little Miami River Scioto River

Hocking River Muskingum River Mahoning River View of the lower Scioto River valley near Portsmouth (Scioto County, Ohio, Photo by Tim Daniel).

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.07.00 CH10.0 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.07.00 CH10.0 RT Major Ohio Watersheds A guide to Ohio Streams 10.1 Maumee River State Scenic and Recreational River After Europeans settled Marietta and Cincinnati, Ohio’s last Maumee River (in Ohio) frontier was still almost entirely covered by unbroken forests Watershed Facts Named Streams: 327 and the - a huge wetland approximately Endangered Stream Species: 10 40 miles wide by 120 miles long. The Clean Water Act Goals (miles) in 1794 followed by the Treaty of Greenville the next year, Meeting: 156 (21.6%) Partially Meeting: 266 (36.9%) however, would change the landscape forever. Although the and its Environs. Not Meeting: 299 (41.5%) Defiance Land Office did not open until 1848, Lima and Population Estimate Total: 654,413 Findlay became the world’s largest producers of oil by 1900. Toledo People/Square Mile: 134 With more than 16,000 miles of drainage ditches and few Mainstem Facts remaining forests today, the largest Great Lakes watershed is iver Average Gradient: 1.3 feet/ mile ee R um one of Ohio’s most agriculturally productive and intensively a Fish Species: 94 farmed landscapes. Formed at the confluence of the St. Joseph M Mussel Species: 42 er Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Taxa: 231 Riv and St. Marys rivers in Indiana, the Maumee River flows ee State Scenic River Designations (miles) um northeasterly into and Lake Erie at Toledo. Ma Scenic River: 43 Recreational River: 53 Stream Flow (cfs) Principal Streams Maximum: 180,000 A Average: 5,040 u g la Minimum: 17 Length Drainage Area i z Findlay e Dams: 2

Stream Name (miles) (sq. mi.) R

i

v

e Aquatic Life Use Designations (miles) r Maumee River (in OH) 105.4 4862 Warmwater Habitat: 105.4 Auglaize River (in OH) 101.9 2337 St. Joseph River (in OH) 44.3 238 St. Marys River (in OH) 59.1 458 Tiffin River (in OH) 59.2 557 Lima Blanchard River 91.0 771 Ottawa River 52.7 365 View of the lower Maumee River (Wood County, Ohio). r Little Auglaize River 45.5 405 Rive ze lai white bass (in OH) (Morone chrysops) Stream Habitat (in Ohio) Flatrock Creek 34.0 98 ug A Throughout most of its length, the Maumee River Swan Creek 38.5 204 flows slowly through large pools within an Beaver Creek 26.0 186 intensively farmed ancient lake bed with little relief E. Br. St. Joseph (in OH) 5.8 25 and clay soils. Three long sections of the river are S. Turkeyfoot Creek 20.9 149 impounded by the backwaters of Lake Erie and Water/Wetlands Urban Land two dams located at Grand Rapids and 1.3% 1.7% Independence. Free-flowing sections of river contain long pools interspersed by swifter flowing Forested rocky riffles, runs, and rapids. 8.2%

Illustration of Maumee battles.

white catspaw (Epioblasma obliquata perobliqua) Agricultural Land 88.6% View of Maumee River valley at Perrysburg in 1846 (Henry Howe).

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.07.00 CH10.1 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.07.00 CH10.1 RT Major Ohio Watersheds A guide to Ohio Streams 10.2 Sandusky River State Scenic River

Dolomite cliffs are common along the lower San,doos,tee “at the cold water”, Sa,un,dos,tee “ water within Sandusky River (Sandusky County, Ohio). water-pools”, and Po,ta,ke,sepe “a rapid river” are reported native American names and meanings for the Sandusky River. The watershed has a rich historical past that includes the Wyandots, early French fur trade, Fort Stephenson, and Ohio’s last native American reservation. Today, large spawning runs

Fort Sandusky and environs of Lake Erie fishes, all six species of Ohio redhorse, nesting (Henry Howe). bald eagles, and large flights of migrating waterfowl are but Stream Habitat As it flows from its headwaters to , a few of the Sandusky’s natural features. The Sandusky the Sandusky River changes from a small headwater River originates near Bucyrus, flows west to Upper stream into a large river. The stream contains an Sandusky and then north through Tiffin and Fremont outstanding reach of natural fish spawning habitat Fremont downstream from Tiffin, but migratory walleye, to its confluence with Sandusky Bay and Lake white bass, and other lake-run fishes can not reach Erie.Water supply, sport fishing, canoeing, and it due to a barrier dam located at Ballville. Like many agricultural streams, excessive levels of wildlife viewing are but a few of the important siltation can be found in many of its larger pools.

attributes this State Scenic River has to offer. r e v i R y k Tiffin Sandusky River s u d n Watershed Facts a elktoe

S Principal Streams (Alasmidonta marginata) Named Streams: 105 Endangered Stream Species: 5 Length Drainage Area Clean Water Act Goals (miles) Stream Name (miles) (sq. mi.) k e e Meeting: 10 (9.3%) Sandusky River 130.0 1421 r C Partially Meeting: 22 (20.6%) e Tymochtee Creek 54.8 299 e t

h Not Meeting: 75 (70.1%) Honey Creek 39.3 177 c

o Population Estimate m

Wolf Creek 23.9 153 y

T Total: 135,722 Broken Sword Creek 32.0 91 People/Square Mile: 96 East Branch 18.2 83 n er Sa dusky Riv Green Creek 22.9 83 Mainstem Facts Sycamore Creek 20.0 68 Average Gradient: 3.9 feet/ mile Fish Species: 85 bald eagle Water/Wetlands (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) Mussel Species: 29 1.5% Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Taxa: 228 Forested Urban Land State Scenic River Designations (miles) 13.1% 1.2% Scenic River: 65 Stream Flow (cfs) Maximum: 36,500 Average: 1,031 Minimum: 4.4

walleye Dams: 5 (Stizostedion vitreum) Aquatic Life Use Designations (miles) Warmwater Habitat: 130 Agricultural Land 84.0%

© 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.07.00 CH10.2 LT © 2000 Information Design Group for OCAFS. 07.07.00 CH10.2 RT Major Ohio Watersheds A guide to Ohio Streams 10.3

Stream Habitat Cuyahoga River Aquatic habitats in the Cuyahoga River markedly State Scenic River change between its headwaters and Cleveland. The Ya,sha,hia “the place at the wing” and “crooked” are two mainstem begins as slow flowing wetlands, but changes View of the upper Cuyahoga into more diverse stream habitats consisting of River near Mantua (Portage interpretations for its native American name. Although famous County, Ohio). alternating series of high for its 1969 fire, the Cuyahoga’s pollution helped establish gradient riffles, runs, and pools at Hiram Rapids. the nation’s first “earth day” a few years later. A national Downstream, sections of water quality goal “to restore the chemical, physical, and the mainstem are biological integrity of our nation’s surface water” was also impounded by a series of dams. The lower river’s established by the U.S. Congress. During the last 15 years, navigation channel pollution controls have significantly improved the middle contains poor quality habitats as the result of and lower reaches of the river. While it remains one of extensive hydro-

r e modification and ongoing our most densely populated and industrialized iv R a maintenance. g watersheds, the upper Cuyahoga still contains some Cleveland o h a

y

of Ohio’s highest quality stream habitat and aquatic u C C Cuyahoga River u y assemblages. The scenic river - an important source a h Watershed Facts o g Named Streams: 58 for drinking water - flows through , gorges, a R i Endangered Stream Species: 2 v and Ohio’s onlyNational Recreational Area. e r Clean Water Act Goals (miles) Meeting: 56 (22.3%) Partially Meeting: 59 (23.5%) Water/Wetlands Urban Land Not Meeting: 136 (54.2%) Ravine at Cuyahoga Falls (Summit County, Ohio, Henry Howe, 1846). 5.5% 16.4% Population Estimate Total: 1,009,737 Principal Streams Forested People/Square Mile: 1,248 50% Length Drainage Area Akron Mainstem Facts Stream Name (miles) (sq. mi.) Average Gradient: 7.1 feet/ mile Fish Species: 87 Cuyahoga River 101.1 813 Mussel Species: 12 Tinkers Creek 28.2 96 Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Taxa: 342 Congress Lake Outlet 26.4 79 Agricultural Land State Scenic River Designations (miles) Little Cuyahoga River 17.4 69 28.1% Scenic River Miles: 25 Stream Flow (cfs) Maximum: 16,700 Average: 860 Minimum: 21 Dams: 7 Aquatic Life Use Designations (miles) Exceptional Warmwater Habitat: 4.0 Warmwater Habitat: 91.5 Limited Resource Water: 5.6

northern pike (Esox lucius)

eastern pondmussel (Ligumia nasuta) Major Ohio Watersheds A guide to Ohio Streams 10.4

Grand River Stream Habitat State Wild and Scenic River Habitats in the Grand River markedly change as it flows from its headwaters to its confluence with Lake Erie. Located in an ancient lake bed with extensive In native American language, it was called “Sheauga sepe” wetlands, the upper river flows slowly through long pools with soft sediments. The lower river has more diverse, high gradient rocky habitats comprised of View of the Grand River downstream meaning the Raccoon River. And with large beaver swamps, from Harpersfield (Astabula County, northern brook lampreys, black bears, river otters, bald eagles, alternating series of well-defined pools and riffle-run complexes. Because the Ohio). Grand River is mostly underlain by a shallow, low yielding, shale bedrock and wild turkeys present today, the Grand River watershed is aquifer, it typically experiences one of Ohio's most wild and scenic regions. From its marshy low flows in the late summer and early fall. The mainstem headwaters in the Grand River Wildlife Area, the river meanders has many high quality north through an ancient lake bed to Mechanicsville where it tributaries. turns west and cascades through a deep and picturesque valley before entering Lake Erie. With urban sprawl occurring throughout much of northeastern Ohio, there are increasing Painesville r nd Rive partnership efforts to protect and restore the watershed’s Gra unique stream and riparian habitats, biological diversity, recreational opportunities, and rural qualities. G Grand River r

a n

d Watershed Facts R

Principal Streams i

v Named Streams: 53 e

r Endangered Stream Species: 3 Length Drainage Area Clean Water Act Goals (miles) Stream Name (miles) (sq. mi.) Meeting: 151 (84.8%) Partially Meeting: 25 (14.0%) Grand River 102.7 712 Not Meeting: 2 (1.1%) Water/Wetlands Urban Land Mill Creek 28.8 103 6.5% Population Estimate r 1.4% Rock Creek 18.4 71 e iv Total: 96,437 R Big Creek 15.6 50 d People/Square Mile: 137 an Forested Gr 52.6% Mainstem Facts Average Gradient: 5.6 feet/ mile Fishing for steelhead - lake-run rainbow trout - is becoming increasingly popular Fish Species: 87 in the lower Grand River and tributaries (Photo courtesy of Dan Armitage). Mussel Species: 26 Agricultural Land Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Taxa: 291 39.5% State Scenic River Designations (miles) Scenic River: 33 Wild River: 23 Stream Flow (cfs) Maximum: 18,700 Average: 1,047

rainbow trout Minimum: 5.1 (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Dams: 1 Aquatic Life Use Designations (miles) In 1986, the Ohio Division of Wildlife began reintroducing river otters (Lutra canadensis), Exceptional Habitat: 42.9 a state endangered species, into the Grand River watershed. Warmwater Habitat: 55.6 Seasonal Salmonid Habitat: 30.9

salamander mussel Illustration of an Ohio log cabin (Henry Howe). (Simpsonaias ambigua) Major Ohio Watersheds A guide to Ohio Streams 10.5

View of the Great Miami River Great Miami River upstream from Hamilton (Butler County, Ohio). The name Miami was originally the designation of the tribe Stream Habitat who bore the name of “Tewightewee.” In the Ottawa language, As a result of the smallmouth bass watershed’s glacial deposits, (Micropterus dolomieu) it signified “mother” and the Shawanoese called the river the Great Miami River flows Shi,me,a,mee,sepe or “Big Miamie River.” The settlers who over a buried aquifer with constructed flatboats in Piqua knew the dangerously swift and thick deposits of sand, gravel, cobble, and crooked channels downstream from Troy as the “Ninety-nine boulders. Habitat Islands.” The was also known for its lush modifications include channelization in the upper vegetation, abundant water resources, Ohio-Erie canal, and reach, numerous low-head rich archeological past. Today, the valley is known for its water dams, and some gravel supply, recreation, industries, productive farmland, and high mining. Its large watershed and abundant groundwater helps to maintain good base flows quality tributaries. Frequented by trout clubs and canoeists, throughout the year. the Mad River is Ohio’s longest coldwater stream. The Stillwater ver i Ri m River supports an exceptional diversity of aquatic wildlife and ia M r t e a iv Great Miami River (in Ohio) great sport fishing. Originating upstream from , S e R till r d wat G a er R M Watershed Facts the Great Miami River flows southwest to its confluence with iver Named Streams: 285 the Ohio River west of Cincinnati. The middle and upper Endangered Stream Species: 14 mainstem contains some of Ohio’s best smallmouth bass fishing. Clean Water Act Goals (miles) Meeting: 613 (58.8%) Partially Meeting: 206 (19.8%) Not Meeting: 223 (21.4%) Population Estimate er Principal Streams iv Springfield Total: 1,334,930 d R Ma People/Square Mile: 338 Length Drainage Area Stream Name (miles) (sq. mi.) Mainstem Facts Average Gradient: 3.9 feet/mile Dayton Great Miami River 170.3 5385 Fish Species: 114 Stillwater River (in OH) 67.2 644 Mussel Species: 37 Mad River 60.2 657 Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Taxa: 297 Fourmile Creek 38.2 297 Scenic River Designations (miles) Twin Creek 46.2 316 Water/Wetlands Scenic River: 1.4% Urban Land 36.5 265 Forested Stillwater River & Greenville Creek: 83 5.3% Greenville Creek (in OH) 40.5 201 13.3% Recreational River: Whitewater River (in OH) 7.3 145 Stillwater River: 10

View of the Great Miami River at Piqua Buck Creek 15.5 141 er Stream Flow (cfs) in 1886, Miami County, Ohio iv R Sevenmile Creek 32.5 137 i Maximum: 352,000 m Indian Creek (in OH) 22.9 72 ia Average: 3,367 M t a Cincinnati Minimum: 155 re G Dams: 15 Aquatic Life Use Designations (miles) Warmwater Habitat: 170.3 Agricultural Land 79.8%

fawnfoot (Truncilla donaciformis) Major Ohio Watersheds A guide to Ohio Streams 10.6

Stream Habitat Little Miami River With predominantly natural stream channels, good State and National Scenic River quality riparian forests, and high-gradient substrates The Shawanoese called it Che,ke,me,a,mee,sepe “the Little comprised of sand, gravel, rubble, and bedrock Miamie River.” Ohio’s first State and National Scenic River slabs, the Little Miami River and its tributaries View of the upper Little Miami contain some of the highest quality stream habitat is our longest reach of Exceptional Warmwater Habitat. River upstream from Xenia (Greene County, Ohio). in Ohio. River eMiami Endangered stream species, a high biological diversity, and tl it L one of Ohio’s oldest river groups are but a few of the many attributes of the Little Miami River watershed. Originating near South Charleston, the river flows in a southwesterly Dayton direction to its confluence with the Ohio River east of Cincinnati. Xenia

With great sport fishing, beautiful scenery, canoe liveries,

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e

parks, and trails it is easy to understand why the Little Miami v i R River is a popular recreational retreat for many Ohioans. i m i a M e tl Cascade at Clifton, Greene County, Ohio it (Henry Howe 1846). L Principal Streams Little Miami River Watershed Facts Length Drainage Area Named Streams: 141 Stream Name (miles) (sq. mi.) Endangered Stream Species: 12 Clean Water Act Goals (miles) Little Miami River 105.5 1755 r Meeting: 118 (48.4%) e East Fork 81.7 501 iv R Partially Meeting: 77 (31.6%) Todd Fork 35.0 261 i m Not Meeting: 49 (20.0%) Caesar Creek 33.9 239 ia M Population Estimate e Anderson Fork 28.3 93 tl Fork Lit Total: 610,777 st Massie Creek 9.5 87 a E People/Square Mile: 348 Stonelick Creek 22.9 78 Cincinnati Mainstem Facts Average Gradient: 6.5 feet/ mile East Fork Fish Species: 106 Mussel Species: 44 Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Taxa: 311 State Scenic River Designations (miles) Water/Wetlands Urban Land Scenic River: 105 kidneyshell 1.4% (Ptychobranchus fasciolaris) Forested 4.4% Stream Flow (cfs) 23.6% Maximum: 84,100 Average: 1,280 Minimum: 27 Dams: 2 Aquatic Life Use Designations (miles) Exceptional Warmwater Habitat: 102.5 Warmwater Habitat: 3.0

Agricultural Land

rock bass 70.6% (Ambloplites rupestris)

Fort Ancient (Warren County, Ohio). Major Ohio Watersheds A guide to Ohio Streams 10.7 Scioto River black duck (Anas rubripes) Scioto The Wyandotts named it the “Sci,o,to”, but its meaning is not Ri ver Scioto River known. An archeological past that spans more than 10,000 Watershed Facts O l

years is evidence of its importance to native Americans. A e Named Streams: 567

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a Endangered Stream Species: 36

high biological diversity, high quality tributaries, large State n g

y Clean Water Act Goals (miles) R

parks and forests, and a diverse array of landforms are but B i v Meeting: 863 (71.7%) i g S D c Partially Meeting: 199 (16.5%) a few of the watershed’s attributes. As it flows south through a i o rb B

t y i o Cre g Not Meeting: 142 (11.8%) e R central Ohio, the mainstem transforms into a large river as k W i Population Estimate

v a

e l r n Total: 1,521,367 it cuts through the edge of into u

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C People/Square Mile: 233 the rugged hill country between Chillicothe Principal Streams r e B e k i Columbus and Portsmouth. The Scioto River remains g r Mainstem Facts Length Drainage Area D a r Average Gradient: 2.3 feet/ mile important today for its water supplies, b Stream Name (miles) (sq. mi.) y C Fish Species: 116 r recreational opportunities, rich farmland, e e Mussel Species: 67 Scioto River 230.8 6510 k P abundant groundwater, and extensive deposits a Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Taxa: 372 Paint Creek 94.7 1143 i n S t c State Scenic River Designations (miles) Big Darby Creek 78.7 557 i of sand and gravel. The river south of C o r t e o Scenic River: Big Walnut Creek 74.2 557 e

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i

Columbus is Ohio’s longest free-flowing stream. v Olentangy River: 22 Salt Creek 45.4 553 e

r Big and Little Darby Creeks: 84 Olentangy River 88.5 536 Stream Flow (cfs) Deer Creek 67.1 408 Maximum: 177,000 Little Walnut Creek 49.8 281 Stream Habitat Average: 4,749 42.3 277 Throughout its length, the Scioto Minimum: 244 Scioto Brush Creek 36.0 273 River contains a wide diversity of Dams: 6 Little Salt Creek 28.6 247 aquatic and riparian habitats. The S c Aquatic Life Use Designations (miles) North Fk. Paint Creek 46.6 236 io upper river has been extensively to

R Warmwater Habitat: 228.1

i

Alum Creek 55.8 201 v

channelized, but the middle and e r Modified Warmwater Habitat: 2.7 Mill Creek 37.8 185 lower reaches contain Little Darby 69.1 176 predominantly natural habitats Sunfish Creek 26.5 145 comprised of alternating series of Rocky Fork 27.5 145 pools, riffles, and runs. Although Whetstone Creek 35.0 114 its banks are severely eroding in S. Fork Scioto Brush 18.2 113 many sections, the river maintains Little Scioto River 27.2 111 great island habitats, fast deep M. Fork Salt Creek 21.2 108 chutes, numerous snags, and Rush Creek 40.1 107 extensive sand and gravel bars.

View of the lower Scioto River Water/Wetlands near Portsmouth (Scioto County, Urban Land Ohio). 1.1% Forested 3.2% 29.3%

clubshell Extinct (Pleurobema clava) paddlefish (Polyodon spathula)

Agricultural Land The landing at Portsmouth (Scioto 66.4% County,Ohio, Henry Howe 1846). Plan of the purchase of the Ohio and Scioto Land Companies in 1787. Major Ohio Watersheds A guide to Ohio Streams 10.8 Hocking River Hock,hock,ing “a bottle” and ,tha,kagh,qua sepe “bottle river” are two native American words and meanings for the

Hocking River. The name came from a area 6 -7 pink papershell (Potamilus ohiensis) miles northwest of Lancaster where the stream was narrow and straight above the fall, but wide below and from above - resembled a bottle. Rich coal deposits, rugged wooded hills, , and abundant wildlife are but a few of the watershed’s attributes. Originating near Lancaster, the Hocking flows southeasterly to the Ohio River at Hockingport. With Mainstreet view of Lancaster in 1886 (Fairfield County, Ohio, an abundance of public lands, the watershed provides Ohioans Henry Howe). many recreational opportunities such as great stream fishing, Water/Wetlands 0.8% Urban Land canoeing, hiking, wildlife viewing, and hunting. 1.7% Forested ock 61.6% Hocking River H ing R iv Watershed Facts Lancaster e Principal Streams r Named Streams: 122 Endangered Stream Species: 3 Length Drainage Area Clean Water Act Goals (miles) Stream Name (miles) (sq. mi.) View of the Hocking River downstream from Logan Agricultural Land Meeting: 160 (56.1%) H o Partially Meeting: 49 (17.2%) ck 35.6% Hocking River 94.9 1200 in g R Not Meeting: 76 (26.7%) Rush Creek 37.2 236 ive r Population Estimate Federal Creek 23.8 145 Total: 153,314 27.2 139 People/Square Mile: 128 27.0 116 Little Rush Creek 18.0 98 Stream Habitat Mainstem Facts Clear Creek 23.0 91 The Hocking River is almost entirely free-flowing except for a dam near Average Gradient: 4.6 feet/ mile Hocking Fish Species: 97 Athens and backwaters from the Ri ver Ohio River. Although sands, Mussel Species: 27 gravels, and cobbles are the Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Taxa: 266 prevailing river substrates, most State Scenic River Designations (miles) of the river has an excessive layer none on silt covering the bottom. Stream Flow (cfs) Channel modification occurs in Maximum: 50,000 several sections of river. Average: 1,023 Minimum: 10

flathead catfish Dams: 4 (Pylodictis olivaris) Aquatic Life Use Designations (miles) Warmwater Habitat: 89.0 Modified Warmwater Habitat: 5.9 Major Ohio Watersheds A guide to Ohio Streams 10.9

Water/Wetlands Urban Land Forested 1.8% Muskingum River 1.7% 45.7% Da,righ,quay “a town or place of residence”, Mus,king,um and Wa,ka,ta,mo “a town on the river side”, and Mus,king,um “the T u s glare of an elk’s eye” are all reported native American words ca raw a and meanings for the Muskingum River. And with ancient s

R Canton

i v

Mansfield e

, the Legend of Duncan Falls, the shell button industry, r the Y bridge, the Muskingum River Parkway, and large public Agricultural Land Moh lands, Ohio's largest inland watershed is rich ic a 50.5%

n R

Principal Streams i

with history, tradition, and public recreation. v e Originating at the confluence of the Walhonding r Length Drainage Area and Tuscarawas rivers in Coshocton, the Stream Name (miles) (sq. mi.) Muskingum flows south into the Ohio River Wal honding R Muskingum River 111.9 8038 ive r at Marietta. The Muskingum River has an Tuscarawas River 129.9 2590 cara Tus was r Ancient earthworks at Marietta Riv e (Washington County, Ohio, outstanding sport fishery - especially for Walhonding River 23.5 2252 Henry Howe). Mohican River 64.2 999 spotted bass and huge flatheads. M Wills Creek 92.2 853 u s

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Newark i W

Licking River 67.5 781 n

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View of the Muskingum Killbuck Creek 81.7 613 m e Stream Habitat ek River and Philo Dam at Sandy Creek 41.3 503 R Duncan Falls (Muskingum As the result of canalization that began in 1832, i County, Ohio). ve most of Muskingum river is Stillwater Creek 63.5 485 r impounded by a series of Kokosing River 57.2 482 Muskingum River

10 dams and locks. Sugar Creek 45.0 356 M Watershed Facts u Black Fork 58.4 351 s Although most of the river k Named Streams: 675 i Lake Fork 14.7 344 n is pooled, its upper reach gu Endangered Stream Species: 31 29.2 301 m and tailwater areas provide R Clean Water Act Goals (miles) i v S. Fork Licking River 33.9 288 e

more diverse habitats r Meeting: 441 (56.9%) characteristic of large 38.7 286 Partially Meeting: 150 (19.4%) streams. N. Fork Licking River 38.4 239 Not Meeting: 184 (23.7%) Wakatomika Creek 42.6 234 Population Estimate Wolf Creek 47.4 231 Total: 1,392,980 Clear Fork 36.6 219 People/Square Mile: 173 Jonathan Creek 26.1 193 Chippewa Creek 26.7 188 Mainstem Facts Nimishillen 24.5 187 Average Gradient: 1.3 feet/ mile Salt Fork 32.0 161 View of the falls on Muskingum Fish Species: 108 spotted bass River at Eaglesport (Morgan (Micropterus punctulatus) Jerome Fork 24.5 159 County, Ohio, Henry Howe). Mussel Species: 67 Seneca Fork 30.3 151 Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Taxa: 202 State Scenic River Designations (miles) Scenic River: Fort Harmar (1786) was the second military post erected by Americans in Kokosing River: 48 Ohio (Washington County, Ohio, Henry Howe). Stream Flow (cfs) Maximum: 270,000 fanshell (Cyprogenia stegaria) Average: 7,646 Minimum: 325 Dams: 10 The Muskingum River Aquatic Life Use Designations (miles) contains some of the largest and most diverse mussel beds in Ohio (Photo by Tim Warmwater Habitat: 111.9 Daniel, ODNR, Division of Wildlife). Major Ohio Watersheds A guide to Ohio Streams 10.10

Stream Habitat Mahoning River A substantial length of the Mahoning River in Ohio is Mahoni “a lick” and Mahonink “at the lick” are two native impounded by two large American words and meanings from which the name was reservoirs and 12 lowhead dams. Free-flowing sections, derived. Located halfway between Cleveland and Pittsburgh however, have diverse habitats with abundant coal and iron ore deposits and good railroads, comprised of deep pools Youngstown and the Mahoning valley were destined to become interspersed by riffles and runs. Typical of glaciated one of Ohio’s leading steel producers. Originating in Columbiana watersheds, most riffle-run County, the mainstem flows in a horseshoe direction to its complexes have swift flows over a mixture of sand, gravel, confluence with the in Pennsylvania to form cobble, and boulder substrates. the Beaver River. With good smallmouth bass and muskellunge Streamside forests are present along much of the river’s fishing in upper mainstem, several canoe liveries, and four length - even in urban areas. Youngstown was the first settlement in the Western large state park reservoirs, the watershed Reserve (Mahoning County, Ohio, Henry Howe, 1846). offers a diversity of recreational Mahoning River opportunities. Although the water Watershed Facts quality of the Mahoning River has Named Streams: 66 A headwater view of the Endangered Stream Species: 5 Mahoning RIver improved, the protection of r (Columbiana County, Clean Water Act Goals (miles) ve Ohio). Ri g Meeting: 32 (25.2%) headwater habitat and removal of in on Partially Meeting: 11 (8.7%) h contaminated sediments and a M M Not Meeting: 84 (66.1%) ah oni lowhead dams remain challenges ng Population Estimate R ive Total: 514,219 for future restoration efforts for the r Water/Wetlands People/Square Mile: 478 Youngstown Urban Land 6.2% 5.1% Forested Mainstem Facts 50.1% Average Gradient: 4.0 feet/ mile

Principal Streams ver Fish Species: 72 Ri g Mussel Species: 14 in n o Length Drainage Area h Aquatic Macroinvertebrate Taxa: 200 a

Stream Name (miles) (sq. mi.) M State Scenic River Designations (miles) none Mahoning River (in OH) 97.1 1075 Stream Flow (cfs) Agricultural Land Mosquito Creek 33.7 139 Maximum: 21,000 38.4% West Branch 29.2 109 Average: 1,129 Eagle Creek 21.5 109 Minimum: 155 Dams: 15 Aquatic Life Use Designations (miles) Warmwater Habitat: 97.1

long-solid (Fusconaia maculata) In the summer of 1890, Youngstown extended the city limits to include the muskellunge Brier HIll Furnaces which were erected (Esox masquinongy) by Governor Tod. They had what was called a wash-metal plant where pig- iron was resmelted (Mahoning County, Ohio, Henry Howe).