URBAN DEVELOPMENT in PHNOM PENH Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized
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Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN PHNOM PENH Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................... 4 MEMORANDUM TO POLICY MAKERS IN CAMBODIA .................................................... 5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY........................................................................................................ 7 Section 1. Introduction and Context ............................................................................. 14 1.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................14 1.2 Early Stages of Urbanization with Much Growth To Come ...............................14 1.2.1 Cambodia (National Level) ....................................................................... 14 1.2.2 Spatial Form of Phnom Penh ...................................................................... 17 1.2.3 Population of Phnom Penh ........................................................................ 18 1.3 Rapid Economic Growth ....................................................................................20 1.4 Institutional and Financial Arrangements ........................................................21 1.4.1 Functional Responsibilities ........................................................................... 21 1.4.2 Financial Arrangements ............................................................................. 23 1.5 State of Urban Planning in Cambodia ...............................................................25 1.5.1 Laws, Regulations, and Decrees ................................................................ 26 1.6 State of Urban Service Delivery and Key Urban Challenges .........................29 1.6.1 Urban Transport in Phnom Penh ................................................................. 29 1.6.2 Drainage and Flood Protection in Phnom Penh ...................................... 34 1.6.3 Sewerage and Wastewater Treatment in Phnom Penh ......................... 35 1.6.4 Water Supply in Phnom Penh ..................................................................... 36 1.6.5 Solid Waste Management in Phnom Penh ............................................... 37 1.6.6 Housing Supply and Real Estate Development ....................................... 38 1.7 Sustainability and Inequality ..............................................................................40 1.7.1 Key Issues of Sustainability ......................................................................... 40 1.7.2 Urban Poor and Vulnerable Areas ............................................................ 41 Section 2: Underlying Constraints to Efficient Urbanization ......................................... 45 2.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................45 2.2 Lack of Clarity of Roles and Responsibilities. .....................................................45 2.3 Poor Implementation of Plans and Limited Institutional Capacity .................49 2.4 Unsustainable Financing ......................................................................................53 Section 3: Priorities for Improving City Competitiveness, Sustainability, and Inclusion ....................................................................................... 54 3.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................................54 3.2 Improving Institutions and Governance ..........................................................55 3.3 Improving Urban Planning and Implementation ............................................58 3.4 Investing in Sustainable Urban Infrastructure ..................................................62 3.5 Ensuring an Inclusive Approach ........................................................................72 ANNEX ..............................................................................................................................79 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN PHNOM PENH 1 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: Summary of Priority Recommendations for Phnom Penh ..............12 Table 1.1: South East Asia Population Urban, Rural, and Percentage Urban (2014) .......................................................................................15 Table 1.2: Cambodia Population Projections and Percent Urban, 1995-2050 ............................................................................................15 Table 1.3: Breakdown of Primary Employment in Phnom Penh .....................21 Table 1.4: Description of Urban, Spatial, and Land Use Planning Systems Across Administrative Levels .............................................................27 Table 1.5: Occupation or Main Sources of Income for People Living in UPCs ................................................................................................44 Table 3.1: Summary of Priority Recommendations for Phnom Penh ..............54 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Urban Population Share (%) vs GDP per Capita, Global Benchmarks 2014 ...................................................................16 Figure 1.2: GMS Southern Economic Corridor and Urban Settlements in Cambodia ..............................................16 Figure 1.3: Urban Extent of Phnom Penh in 1990 .............................................17 Figure 1.4: Urban Extent of Phnom Penh in 2015 ..............................................17 Figure 1.5: Municipal Boundary of Phnom Penh .............................................18 Figure 1.6: Population Distribution of Phnom Penh by District (Khan) ...........18 Figure 1.7: Population Projection of Phnom Penh ............................................19 Figure 1.8: Organizational Chart of PPCH ........................................................22 Figure 1.9: Phnom Penh Municipality Revenue, 2012-2017 (in Riels) .............23 Figure 1.10: Breakdown of Estimated Tax Revenue for 2017 ............................24 Figure 1.11: Phnom Penh Revenue Versus All 24 Other Provinces (Million Riels) .......................................................................................24 Figure 1.12: Urban Planning and Management in Cambodia .........................26 Figure 1.13: Phnom Penh Master Plan 2035 (Land Use Plan) ...........................28 Figure 1.14: Increase in Vehicles in Phnom Penh Between 1990 and 2012 .....29 Figure 1.15: Change in Travel Speed Between 2001 and 2012 ........................29 Figure 1.16: Existing 3 Public Bus Routes ..............................................................32 2 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN PHNOM PENH Figure 1.17: Proposed 10 Public Bus Routes ........................................................32 Figure 1.18: Water Treatment Plants in Phnom Penh .........................................36 Figure 1.19: Families Accessing Clean Water in Phnom Penh (%) ...................37 Figure 1.20: Families Using Waste Collection Services (%) ..................................37 Figure 1.21: Large Scale Developments in Phnom Penh ...................................39 Figure 1.22: Breakdown of ID Poor Households by Sangkat ..............................42 Figure 1.23: Map of Urban Poor Households in Phnom Penh, 2015 ...................43 Figure 3.1: Comprehensive and Integrated Approach to Urban Planning ...59 LIST OF BOXES Box 1: Variable Urban Infrastructure Services in Phnom Penh ...........9 Box 1.1: JICA Phnom Penh Urban Transport Master Plan (PPUTMP) ...30 Box 1.2: Current Condition of Sidewalks in Phnom Penh ....................33 Box 1.3: Urban Poor and Slums in Phnom Penh ....................................41 Box 2.1 Coordination Challenges in Provision of Public Transport .....48 Box 2.2 Phnom Penh Master Plan 2035 ................................................ 50 Box 2.3: Uncoordinated Real Estate Development ..............................51 Box 2.4 Urban Planning Capacity ..........................................................51 Box 3.1: Case Study – Using ICT to Enhance Local Government Revenue in Tanzania .................................................................56 Box 3.2: Examples of Metropolitan Planning Authorities ......................57 Box 3.3: Case Study – Urban Planning in Singapore ........................... 60 Box 3.4: Case Study – Urban Planning for Greater Tokyo, Japan ......64 Box 3.5: Case Study – Neighborhood Revitalization in Seoul, Korea ..69 Downtown Regeneration though Restoration of the Cheonggyecheon Stream ..................................................................69 Box 3.6: Ningbo Sustainable Urbanization Project: Transforming Urban Public Space and Mobility and Reducing Flood Risk ............71 Box 3.7: Improving Mobility and Density: The case of Hong Kong ...71 Box 3.8: Case Study – BRT vs. Bus Reform and Employment Accessibility in Bogota, Colombia. .................................................................73 Box 3.9: Urban Infrastructure for Low Income Communities ...............77 URBAN DEVELOPMENT IN PHNOM PENH 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This report was prepared by a World Bank team including Judy L. Baker (Team Leader and Lead Economist), Natsuko Kikutake (Urban Specialist), Sarah Xinyuan Lin (Urban Analyst), Erik Caldwell Johnson (Senior Social Development Specialist), Soriya Yin (Consultant) and Narya Ou (Program Assistant), Global Practice for Social, Urban, Rural and Resilience.