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A Rare Teratology in the Harvestman Lophopilio Palpinalis (Opiliones

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A Rare Teratology in the Harvestman Lophopilio Palpinalis (Opiliones 100 Teratology in the harvestmanNew Allochernes Lophopilio frompalpinalis Iran with a threatened Sri Lankan rainforest rodent, with a review of MAHNERT, V. 1997: New species and records of pseudoscorpions host associations of Megachernes. Journal of Natural History 46: (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones) from the Canary Islands. Revue 2519–2535. Suisse de Zoologie 104: 559–585. HENDERICKX, H. 2011: A new myrmecophilous Allochernes from MAHNERT, V. 2009: Order Pseudoscorpiones. Arthropod Fauna of the ant nests in the high altitude of the eastern Spanish Pyrenees UAE 2: 26–42. (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae). Bulletin de la Société MENGE, A. 1855: Ueber die Scheerenspinnen, Chernetidae. Neueste Royale Belge d’Entomologie 147: 79–83. Schriften der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft 5: 1–43. HENDERICKX, H. & VETS, V. 2003: A new myrmecophilous Allochernes MORIKAWA, K. 1960: Systematic studies of Japanese pseudoscorpions. Memoirs of Ehime University (2B) : 85–172. (Arachnida: Pseudoscorpiones: Chernetidae) from Catalunya, 4 REDIKORZEV, V. 1934: Neue paläarktische Pseudoscorpione. Spain. Zootaxa 366: 1–10. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung für Systematik, Ökologie und HOFF C. C. 1956: Pseudoscorpions of the family Chernetidae from New Geographie der Tiere 65: 423–440. Mexico. American Museum Novitates 1800: 1–66. RESSL, F. & BEIER, M. 1958: Zur Ökologie, Biologie und Phänologie der JUDSON, M. L. I. 2007: A new and endangered species of the heimischen Pseudoskorpione. Zoologische Jahrbücher, Abteilung pseudoscorpion genus Lagynochthonius from a cave in Vietnam, für Systematik, Ökologie und Geographie der Tiere 86: 1–26. with notes on chelal morphology and the composition of the TÖMÖSVÁRY, O. 1882: Egy új alak hazánk Arachnoida faunájában Tyrannochthoniini (Arachnida, Chelonethi, Chthoniidae). Zootaxa Zemplén megyéböl. Természetrajzi Füzetek 6: 226–228, 296–298. 1627: 53–68. TURIENZO, P., IORIO, O. di & MAHNERT, V. 2010: Global checklist of LECLERC, P. & HEURTAULT, J. 1979: Pseudoscorpions de l’Ardèche. pseudoscorpions (Arachnida) found in birds’ nests. Revue Suisse de Revue Arachnologique 2: 239–247. Zoologie 117: 557–598. Arachnology (2016) 17 (2), 100–102 A rare teratology in the harvestman Lophopilio the review papers of Juberthie (1963a) and Mitov (1995), palpinalis (Opiliones: Phalangiidae) many abnormalities are given, like the fusion between tergites, sternites and deformaties of the prosoma, trident and abdominal sculpture. Jinze Noordijk There are also published records on eye abnormali- Theodoor Heijerman European Invertebrate Survey/Naturalis Biodiversity Center, ties in harvestmen. Cirdei (1955 in Juberthie 1963a) and PO Box 9517, Stoll (1998) each described an individual, respectively of 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands Lacinius ephippiatus C. L. Koch, 1835 and Oligolophus email: [email protected] tridens C. L. Koch, 1836, without an ocularium but with a single eye positioned fat on the prosoma. Holmberg & Roy Morssinkhof Kokko (1983) described an individual of Togwoteeus biceps Nobelweg 22, 6706 GA Wageningen, The Netherlands (Thorell, 1877) (as Homolophus biceps) without eyes and ocularium, similar to the abnormality we describe here. Introduction Material and methods In many animal species, harvestmen alike, abnormalities in individuals occur. Synonyms of these deviations of the In order to gain insight in the distribution of the body are, among others, deformities, anomalies and malfor- harvestman fauna of the Netherlands, pitfall trapping is mations (e.g. Juberthie 1963a, Stoll 1998). Abnormalities employed at many locations across the country. Two decid- that are the result of embryonal or post-embryonal devel- uous forests where we collected samples are Wijlre Bossen opment are specifcally called teratologies or monstrosities (Wijlre, community Gulpen-Wittem) in 2011–2015, and (e.g. Juberthie 1968). Some abnormalities might arise from Meerdink Estate (Woold, community of Winterswijk) in damage to the body, as has been shown in regenerating legs 2013. of Trogulus harvestmen that have probably been eaten by From the samples of these forests, deformed specimens of shrews (Novak et al. 2006). An eye-catching abnormality is Lophopilio palpinalis (Herbst, 1977) (Fig. 1) were retrieved. gynandromorphy, an organism having both male and female As the pitfall traps were flled with a formol solution, the characteristics. These are conspicuous anomalies, that are harvestmen were shrunk and stiffened. The specimens were relatively often described in harvestmen (e.g. Blaszak 1968; not examined on maturity and sex, but left intact and stored Chemini 1984; Cokendolpher & Sissom 1988; Gnaspini in the collection of JN. 2007). Other reported abnormalities in harvestmen are Lophopilio palpinalis is restricted to Europe, where it is aberrations on or fusions between legs, chelicera and pedi- wide ranging (Martens 1978). In the Netherlands, it lives palps and its segments (e.g. Hadži 1928; Juberthie 1968; in the litter layer of forests, thickets, roughs and grasslands Schultz & Pinto-da-Rocha 2007; Kozel & Novak 2013). In (personal observations JN). M.J. Noordijk, Nassirkhani Th. Heijerman & R. Morssinkhof 101 A Fig. 1: A living, normal subadult of Lophopilio palpinalis. Estate De Hamert (municipality Bergen, province of Limburg), 14 August 2008. Photo by Jinze Noordijk. B Results One specimen of Lophopilio palpinalis without an ocularium and eyes was collected in the Wijlre Bossen (sampling period 12 October–15 November 2011, leg. Th. Heijerman, det. & col. J. Noordijk) (Fig. 2), and one in Meerdink Estate (sampling period 10 August–27 September 2013, leg. R. Morssinkhof, J. Noordijk & Th. Heijerman, det. & col. J. Noordijk) (Fig. 3). These locations are 135 km apart (Fig. 4). The specimen from Meerdink Estate has, apart from the missing ocularium, a normal body. The spec- imen from Wijlre Bossen has, in addition to the missing eyes Fig. 2: Specimen of Lophopilio palpinalis without ocularium and eyes, and ocularium, a malformed trident. Normally, this trident Wijlre Bossen (community of Gulpen-Wittem), 12 October–15 November 2011. A lateral view, scale line 1 mm; B dorsal view. consists of three stout long teeth, of which the middle one Photos by Theodoor Heijerman. is the longest (Fig. 1). In the deformed specimen, the trident is composed of one short thick middle tooth, a short conical comes at 0.083%. The absence of an ocularium and eyes in right tooth and a missing left tooth (Fig. 2). L. palpinalis is a thus a rare teratology. The lack of eyes is a rare teratology in harvestmen anyway, with the specimens described here being only the Discussion second and third individuals reported in literature (Holm- berg & Kokko 1983). Mortality surely plays an important Deformed harvestman individuals are only occasionally role in the low frequencies of reported anomalous individ- reported. Mitov (1995) gave frequencies of separate anom- uals (Juberthie 1968). It is not known how the absence of alies in 12 species; these numbers range from 0.029–14.3%. sight affects survival, and thus how long individuals may High frequencies occurred in an aberration of the adenostyle live after hatching. Lophopilio palpinalis hatches in April– (tubercle with a gland) on a leg of Siro beschkovi Mitov, May in the Netherlands (personal observations JN). Given 1994 (7.14%), and abberations on the tarsi of Trogulus the sampling dates and the size of the two specimens, it is graecus Dahl, 1903 (14.3%). However, only 14 of the certain that they moulted several times and probably prox- former and seven of the latter were studied and, for the last imate maturity. The missing eyes, therefore, did not hinder species, it is not known if the anomaly had been caused by development of these particular individuals of L. palpinalis, predation (cf. Novak et al. 2006). The average frequency of they were able to fnd food and develop throughout several anomalies studied by Mitov (1995) is 1.465% (frequency of nymphal stages. T. graecus omitted). Abnormalities might arise from several causes. It seems Lophopilio palpinalis is most easily identifed by the unlikely that the abnormality described here is the cause of largest second tubercle on the ocularium, the trident that a genetic change. If it would be caused by a simple, single points characteristically forwards, and the tubercles on genetic change, the abnormality would probably occur more the ventral side of the palpal trochanter, femur and tibia frequently (and also in related species); the disappearance (Martens 1978). Even the frst nymphal instars can be of the eyes and the ocularium likely involves the involve- identifed this way. For these three characteristics, the ment of many genes (Holmberg & Kokko 1983; Stoll 1998). specimens need to be viewed laterally; individuals without Physical damage also seems not to be the cause, since the an ocularium would therefore readily be noticed. The frst prosoma shows no signs of a wound or other irregularities author has, in recent years, identifed 2420 specimens of L. (Holmberg & Kokko 1983; Novak et al. 2006). The most palpinalis. The frequency of the teratology described here likely cause for the deformed individuals of L. palpinalis 102 Teratology in the harvestmanNew Allochernes Lophopilio frompalpinalis Iran A B Fig. 4: Localities of the specimens of Lophopilio palpinalis without ocular- ium and eyes in the Netherlands (135 km apart). HADŽI, J. 1928: Naturfund einer Mehrfachbildung an der Chelicere von Opilio parietinus (de Geer). Bulletin des Travaux de la
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