DOCSLIB.ORG

Salix, Willow

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Salix, Willow Salix, willow Klaus Ammann, 28. January 2007, For feedback, email [email protected] 1. Taxonomy ......................................................................................................................................................... 2 1.1. General remarks...........................................................................................................................................................2 1.2. Family Salicaceae........................................................................................................................................................2 1.2. The genus Salix ...........................................................................................................................................................8 5. Reproduction biology ..................................................................................................................................... 17 6. Risk assessment of transgenic salices............................................................................................................. 20 6.3. Risk assessment: some characteristics for transgenic trees and poplar in particular..................................................20 7. Cited literature ............................................................................................................................................... 26 Fig. 1 (Below) List of the European species of Salix according to the system of (Skvortsov, 1968), taken from (Rechinger, 1992) .................................................................................................................................................. 3 Fig. 2 The single most-parsimonious combined tree found with successive weighting. The tree has 10.271 steps (Fitch length: i.e. equal weights) with CI = 0.16 and RI = 0.38. Numbers avobe the branches are the numbers of estimated changes (ACCTRAN optimization). Underlined numbers below branches are bootstrap values; branches without an underlined number had bootstrap percentages of less than 50%. – A (left). First-branching portion of the tree, arranged with Ceratophyllaceae as the outgroup. Magnoliids form a grade composed of two major subclades (magnolid I and II) with the former sister of the eudicods. Within eudicots, ranunculids and hamamelids form a grade. The caryophyllids are sister to the asterids/rosids (for rosids, see Fig 4B). - B (right). Rosid clade. Note that the glucosinolate and nitrogen-fixing families form clades. Taxa for rbcL sequences were unabailable. + Nitrogen-fixing familiy outside the main nitrogen-fixing clade Fabaceae). From (Nandi et al., 1998) p. 153..................................................................................................................................................................... 6 Fig. 3 Dendrogram of Populus and Salix accessions, constructed from AFLP fragment similarities (Dice coefficient), with the UPGMA clustering method, and based on AFLP markers resolved by five primer combinations (EcoRI+ATA/MseI+ACAA, EcoRI+ ATA/MseI+ACAC, EcoRI+ATA/MseI+ACAG and EcoRI+ ATA/MseI+ACAT, EcoRI+AAA/MseI+ACAT). Accessions marked with an asterisk are potentially mislabeled species or hybrids (see text and Table 2). Species are marked by brackets and arrows, whereas lines group sections. Fig. 1 from (Cervera et al., 2005)............................................................................................................................................. 8 Fig. 4 Relationships of Salicaceae and putative related families based on rbcL data. 1. The single minimum length Fitch parsimony tree. Branch length (number of nucleotide substitutions) is indicated above the branches and bootstrap values (100 replicates) are indicated below them. 2. The tree obtained from neighbor-joining method. Numbers near branches are bootstrap values (100 replicates). Scale of branches indicates numbers of nucleotide substitutions per sites calculated by Kimura’s two-parameter method (Kimura, 1980). From (Azuma et al., 2000)................................................................................................................................................................ 8 Fig. 5 Relationships of Salicaceae based on rbcL data. 3. The single minimum length Fitch parsimony tree. Branch length (number of nucleotide substitutions) is indicated above the branches, and bootstrap values (100 replicates) are indicated below them. 4. The tree obtained from neighbor-joining analysis. Numbers near branches are bootstrap values (100 replicates). Scale of branches indicates numbers of nucleotide substitutions per sites calculated by Kimura’s two-parameter method (Kimura, 1980), from (Azuma et al., 2000)..................... 9 Fig. 6 Relationships of grouping in previous studies and the single minimum length Fitch parsimony tree obtained for taxa of Salicaceae based on rbcL sequences. Bootstrap values are indicated below branches. From (Azuma et al., 2000).............................................................................................................................................................. 10 Fig. 7 Plot of Salix specimens by first- and second-factor scores derived from PCA of: (a) morphology characters; (b) original 20 RAPD markers; (c) 43 RAPD markers. Filled circles represent the e-type cpDNA; hybrids misidentified in the field as S. eriocephala are indicated by squares (see text). .................................................. 12 Fig. 8 Chromosome-level reorganization of the most recent genome-wide duplication event in Populus. Common colors refer to homologous genome blocks, presumed to have arisen from the salicoid-specific genome duplication 65 Ma, shared by two chromosomes. Chromosomes are indicated by their linkage group number (I to XIX). The diagram to the left uses the same color coding and further illustrates the chimeric nature of most linkage groups, from (Tuskan et al., 2006)........................................................................................................... 13 Fig. 9 (A) The 4DTV metrics for paralogous gene pairs in Populus-Populus and Populus-Arabidopsis. Three separate genome-wide duplications events are detectable, with the most recent event contained within the Salicaceae 2 and the middle event apparently shared among the Eurosids. (B) Percent identity distributions for mutual best EST hit to Populus trichocarpa CDS, from (Tuskan et al., 2006). ........................................................................ 14 Fig. 10 The single most parsimonious bifurcating unrooted tree, based on the Wagner method, representing the phylogeny of Populus, including a branch for Salix (179-181). Plain and circled numbers correspond to accession codes (Table 2) and bootstrap values (only those above 50% are shown for main branches, grouping several species), respectively. Fig 2 from (Cervera et al., 2005). ........................................................................ 15 Fig. 11 Scatter diagram of specimens plotted by stipule length and stipule width. An asterisk (*) represents the e-type cpDNA. Circle shading indicates the rDNA genotype: white, –e/e; black, s/s; half-white and half-black, –e/s (see text). Hatched boxes indicate two standard deviations about the means for pure parents, determined by the second ML iteration. Arrows indicate specimens discussed in the text. From (Hardig et al., 2000)..................... 16 Fig. 12 Caption see above, from (Alliende & Harper, 1989) ......................................................................................... 18 Fig. 13 Caption see above, from (Alliende & Harper, 1989) ......................................................................................... 19 Fig. 19 Transgenic trees in tree physiology and biotechnology from (Herschbach & Kopriva, 2002) ........................... 20 1. Taxonomy 1.1. General remarks As an introduction, first a warning word from one of the most knowledgable plant taxonomists of Europe: Why is the taxonomy of Salix so notoriously difficult ?, (Rechinger, 1992) asks and considers Salix as the ‘crux et scandalum botanicorum’: He names several reasons: All willows are dioecious, developing male and female flowers in different individuals. Flowers in many species are precocious, the flowers appearing before the leaves. There is a tendency for the current year's terminal and past year's lateral branches to differ in indumentum, leaf shape and leaf sequence. In some species, e.g. the Capreae group in addition to S. nigricans and S. hastata, parallel variation in leaf form is frequent and has misled some authors erroneously to assume hybridisation. Hybridisation has been suspected from very early times (Smith 1805) and has been proven experimentally by Wichura (1865), Nils Heribert-Nilsson (1918), etc. Periods of over- and under-estimation of hybridisation have alternated in the past. Fertility of Salix hybrids in many cases is not at all or only slightly reduced. The lack of a fertility barrier between many species makes discrimination between certain species difficult. In hybridisation one has to distinguish between primary hybrids of scattered occurrence and widespread hybrid swarms occurring where the areas of the parents overlap. In such cases it is essential to begin with the study of variation of the parental species from areas far from their overlapping areas. 1.2. Family Salicaceae Salicaceae is a family of dioecious woody trees and shrubs with a distribution primarily in
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Populusspp. Family: Salicaceae Aspen
    Populus spp. Family: Salicaceae Aspen Aspen (the genus Populus) is composed of 35 species which contain the cottonwoods and poplars. Species in this group are native to Eurasia/north Africa [25], Central America [2] and North America [8]. All species look alike microscopically. The word populus is the classical Latin name for the poplar tree. Populus grandidentata-American aspen, aspen, bigtooth aspen, Canadian poplar, large poplar, largetooth aspen, large-toothed poplar, poplar, white poplar Populus tremuloides-American aspen, American poplar, aspen, aspen poplar, golden aspen, golden trembling aspen, leaf aspen, mountain aspen, poplar, popple, quaking asp, quaking aspen, quiver-leaf, trembling aspen, trembling poplar, Vancouver aspen, white poplar Distribution Quaking aspen ranges from Alaska through Canada and into the northeastern and western United States. In North America, it occurs as far south as central Mexico at elevations where moisture is adequate and summers are sufficiently cool. The more restricted range of bigtooth aspen includes southern Canada and the northern United States, from the Atlantic coast west to the prairie. The Tree Aspens can reproduce sexually, yielding seeds, or asexually, producing suckers (clones) from their root system. In some cases, a stand could then be composed of only one individual, genetically, and could be many years old and cover 100 acres (40 hectares) or more. Most aspen stands are a mosaic of several clones. Aspen can reach heights of 120 ft (48 m), with a diameter of 4 ft (1.6 m). Aspen trunks can be quite cylindrical, with little taper and few limbs for most of their length. They also can be very crooked or contorted, due to genetic variability.
    [Show full text]
  • Towards an Understanding of the Evolution of Violaceae from an Anatomical and Morphological Perspective Saul Ernesto Hoyos University of Missouri-St
    University of Missouri, St. Louis IRL @ UMSL Theses Graduate Works 8-7-2011 Towards an understanding of the evolution of Violaceae from an anatomical and morphological perspective Saul Ernesto Hoyos University of Missouri-St. Louis, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://irl.umsl.edu/thesis Recommended Citation Hoyos, Saul Ernesto, "Towards an understanding of the evolution of Violaceae from an anatomical and morphological perspective" (2011). Theses. 50. http://irl.umsl.edu/thesis/50 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Works at IRL @ UMSL. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of IRL @ UMSL. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Saul E. Hoyos Gomez MSc. Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, 2011 Thesis Submitted to The Graduate School at the University of Missouri – St. Louis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science July 2011 Advisory Committee Peter Stevens, Ph.D. Chairperson Peter Jorgensen, Ph.D. Richard Keating, Ph.D. TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE BASAL EVOLUTION OF VIOLACEAE FROM AN ANATOMICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Saul Hoyos Introduction The violet family, Violaceae, are predominantly tropical and contains 23 genera and upwards of 900 species (Feng 2005, Tukuoka 2008, Wahlert and Ballard 2010 in press). The family is monophyletic (Feng 2005, Tukuoka 2008, Wahlert & Ballard 2010 in press), even though phylogenetic relationships within Violaceae are still unclear (Feng 2005, Tukuoka 2008). The family embrace a great diversity of vegetative and floral morphologies. Members are herbs, lianas or trees, with flowers ranging from strongly spurred to unspurred.
    [Show full text]
  • Willows of Interior Alaska
    1 Willows of Interior Alaska Dominique M. Collet US Fish and Wildlife Service 2004 2 Willows of Interior Alaska Acknowledgements The development of this willow guide has been made possible thanks to funding from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service- Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge - order 70181-12-M692. Funding for printing was made available through a collaborative partnership of Natural Resources, U.S. Army Alaska, Department of Defense; Pacific North- west Research Station, U.S. Forest Service, Department of Agriculture; National Park Service, and Fairbanks Fish and Wildlife Field Office, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Department of the Interior; and Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks. The data for the distribution maps were provided by George Argus, Al Batten, Garry Davies, Rob deVelice, and Carolyn Parker. Carol Griswold, George Argus, Les Viereck and Delia Person provided much improvement to the manuscript by their careful editing and suggestions. I want to thank Delia Person, of the Yukon Flats National Wildlife Refuge, for initiating and following through with the development and printing of this guide. Most of all, I am especially grateful to Pamela Houston whose support made the writing of this guide possible. Any errors or omissions are solely the responsibility of the author. Disclaimer This publication is designed to provide accurate information on willows from interior Alaska. If expert knowledge is required, services of an experienced botanist should be sought. Contents
    [Show full text]
  • Salicaceae Cottonwood Cottonwood (The Genus Populus) Is Composed of 35 Species Which Contain the Aspens and Poplars
    Populus spp. Family: Salicaceae Cottonwood Cottonwood (the genus Populus) is composed of 35 species which contain the aspens and poplars. Species in this group are native to Eurasia/north Africa [25], Central America [2] and North America [8]. All species look alike microscopically. The word populus is the classical Latin name for the poplar tree. Populus angustifolia-balsam, bitter cottonwood, black cottonwood, lanceleaf cottonwood, mountain cottonwood, narrowleaf cottonwood, narrow leaved poplar, Rydberg cottonwood, smoothbark cottonwood, willow cottonwood, willowleaf cottonwood Populus balsamifera-balm, balm of Gilead, balm of Gilead poplar, balm cottonwood, balsam, balsam cottonwood, balsam poplar, bam, black balsam poplar, black cottonwood, black poplar, California poplar, Canadian balsam poplar, Canadian poplar, cottonwax, hackmatack, hairy balm of Gilead, heartleaf balsam poplar, northern black cottonwood, Ontario poplar, tacamahac, tacamahac poplar, toughbark poplar, western balsam poplar Populus deltoides*-aspen cottonwood, big cottonwood, Carolina poplar, cotton tree, eastern cottonwood, eastern poplar, fremont cottonwood, great plains cottonwood, Missourian poplar, necklace poplar, northern fremont cottonwood, palmer cottonwood, plains cottonwood, Rio Grande cottonwood, river cottonwood, river poplar, southern cottonwood, Tennessee poplar, Texas cottonwood, valley cottonwood, Vermont poplar, Virginia poplar, water poplar, western cottonwood, whitewood, wislizenus cottonwood, yellow cottonwood Populus fremontii-Arizona cottonwood,
    [Show full text]
  • Poplars and Willows: Trees for Society and the Environment / Edited by J.G
    Poplars and Willows Trees for Society and the Environment This volume is respectfully dedicated to the memory of Victor Steenackers. Vic, as he was known to his friends, was born in Weelde, Belgium, in 1928. His life was devoted to his family – his wife, Joanna, his 9 children and his 23 grandchildren. His career was devoted to the study and improve- ment of poplars, particularly through poplar breeding. As Director of the Poplar Research Institute at Geraardsbergen, Belgium, he pursued a lifelong scientific interest in poplars and encouraged others to share his passion. As a member of the Executive Committee of the International Poplar Commission for many years, and as its Chair from 1988 to 2000, he was a much-loved mentor and powerful advocate, spreading scientific knowledge of poplars and willows worldwide throughout the many member countries of the IPC. This book is in many ways part of the legacy of Vic Steenackers, many of its contributing authors having learned from his guidance and dedication. Vic Steenackers passed away at Aalst, Belgium, in August 2010, but his work is carried on by others, including mem- bers of his family. Poplars and Willows Trees for Society and the Environment Edited by J.G. Isebrands Environmental Forestry Consultants LLC, New London, Wisconsin, USA and J. Richardson Poplar Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada Published by The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and CABI CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI CABI Nosworthy Way 38 Chauncey Street Wallingford Suite 1002 Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Boston, MA 02111 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 800 552 3083 (toll free) Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Tel: +1 (0)617 395 4051 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org © FAO, 2014 FAO encourages the use, reproduction and dissemination of material in this information product.
    [Show full text]
  • Climatic Change Can Influence Species Diversity Patterns and Potential Habitats of Salicaceae Plants in China
    Article Climatic Change Can Influence Species Diversity Patterns and Potential Habitats of Salicaceae Plants in China WenQing Li 1, MingMing Shi 1, Yuan Huang 2, KaiYun Chen 1, Hang Sun 1 and JiaHui Chen 1,* 1 CAS Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650201, China; [email protected] (W.L.); [email protected] (M.S.); [email protected] (K.C.); [email protected] (H.S.) 2 School of Life Sciences, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan 650092, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] (J.C.) Received: 18 January 2019; Accepted: 25 February 2019; Published: 1 March 2019 Abstract: Salicaceae is a family of temperate woody plants in the Northern Hemisphere that are highly valued, both ecologically and economically. China contains the highest species diversity of these plants. Despite their widespread human use, how the species diversity patterns of Salicaceae plants formed remains mostly unknown, and these may be significantly affected by global climate warming. Using past, present, and future environmental data and 2673 georeferenced specimen records, we first simulated the dynamic changes in suitable habitats and population structures of Salicaceae. Based on this, we next identified those areas at high risk of habitat loss and population declines under different climate change scenarios/years. We also mapped the patterns of species diversity by constructing niche models for 215 Salicaceae species, and assessed the driving factors affecting their current diversity patterns. The niche models showed Salicaceae family underwent extensive population expansion during the Last Inter Glacial period but retreated to lower latitudes during and since the period of the Last Glacial Maximum.
    [Show full text]
  • Poplar Chap 1.Indd
    Populus: A Premier Pioneer System for Plant Genomics 1 1 Populus: A Premier Pioneer System for Plant Genomics Stephen P. DiFazio,1,a,* Gancho T. Slavov 1,b and Chandrashekhar P. Joshi 2 ABSTRACT The genus Populus has emerged as one of the premier systems for studying multiple aspects of tree biology, combining diverse ecological characteristics, a suite of hybridization complexes in natural systems, an extensive toolbox of genetic and genomic tools, and biological characteristics that facilitate experimental manipulation. Here we review some of the salient biological characteristics that have made this genus such a popular object of study. We begin with the taxonomic status of Populus, which is now a subject of ongoing debate, though it is becoming increasingly clear that molecular phylogenies are accumulating. We also cover some of the life history traits that characterize the genus, including the pioneer habit, long-distance pollen and seed dispersal, and extensive vegetative propagation. In keeping with the focus of this book, we highlight the genetic diversity of the genus, including patterns of differentiation among populations, inbreeding, nucleotide diversity, and linkage disequilibrium for species from the major commercially- important sections of the genus. We conclude with an overview of the extent and rapid spread of global Populus culture, which is a testimony to the growing economic importance of this fascinating genus. Keywords: Populus, SNP, population structure, linkage disequilibrium, taxonomy, hybridization 1Department of Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506-6057, USA; ae-mail: [email protected] be-mail: [email protected] 2 School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Drive, Houghton, MI 49931, USA; e-mail: [email protected] *Corresponding author 2 Genetics, Genomics and Breeding of Poplar 1.1 Introduction The genus Populus is full of contrasts and surprises, which combine to make it one of the most interesting and widely-studied model organisms.
    [Show full text]
  • A Guide to the Identification of Salix (Willows) in Alberta
    A Guide to the identification of Salix (willows) in Alberta George W. Argus 2008 Devonian Botanical Garden Workshop on willow identification Jasper National Park, Alberta 2 Available from: George W. Argus 310 Haskins Rd, Merrickville R3, Ontario, Canada K0G 1N0 email: [email protected] http://aknhp.uaa.alaska.edu/willow/index.html 3 CONTENTS Preface............................................................................................................................... 5 Salicaceae ...........…………………...........……........................................……..........…. 8 Classification ..........……………….…..….................................................….............…. 9 Some Useful Morphological Characters .......................................................….............. 11 Key to the Species.............................................................................................................13 Taxonomic Treatment .........................................................…..……….………............ 18 Glossary .....………………………………………....…..................………...........….... 61 Cited and Selected References ......................................................................................... 64 Salix Web Sites ...................……..................................……..................……............…. 68 Distribution Maps ............................................................................................................ 69 TABLES Table 1. Comparison of Salix athabascensis and Salix pedicellaris ..............................
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 10 • Principles of Conserving the Arctic's Biodiversity
    Chapter 10 Principles of Conserving the Arctic’s Biodiversity Lead Author Michael B. Usher Contributing Authors Terry V.Callaghan, Grant Gilchrist, Bill Heal, Glenn P.Juday, Harald Loeng, Magdalena A. K. Muir, Pål Prestrud Contents Summary . .540 10.1. Introduction . .540 10.2. Conservation of arctic ecosystems and species . .543 10.2.1. Marine environments . .544 10.2.2. Freshwater environments . .546 10.2.3. Environments north of the treeline . .548 10.2.4. Boreal forest environments . .551 10.2.5. Human-modified habitats . .554 10.2.6. Conservation of arctic species . .556 10.2.7. Incorporating traditional knowledge . .558 10.2.8. Implications for biodiversity conservation . .559 10.3. Human impacts on the biodiversity of the Arctic . .560 10.3.1. Exploitation of populations . .560 10.3.2. Management of land and water . .562 10.3.3. Pollution . .564 10.3.4. Development pressures . .566 10.4. Effects of climate change on the biodiversity of the Arctic . .567 10.4.1. Changes in distribution ranges . .568 10.4.2. Changes in the extent of arctic habitats . .570 10.4.3. Changes in the abundance of arctic species . .571 10.4.4. Changes in genetic diversity . .572 10.4.5. Effects on migratory species and their management . .574 10.4.6. Effects caused by non-native species and their management .575 10.4.7. Effects on the management of protected areas . .577 10.4.8. Conserving the Arctic’s changing biodiversity . .579 10.5. Managing biodiversity conservation in a changing environment . .579 10.5.1. Documenting the current biodiversity . .580 10.5.2.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular Phylogenetics of Turkish Salix L. Species A
    MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS OF TURKISH SALIX L. SPECIES A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY PELİN ACAR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN BIOLOGY MAY 2017 Approval of the Thesis: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS OF TURKISH SALIX L. SPECIES Submitted by PELİN ACAR in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Biology Department, Middle East Technical University by, Prof. Dr. Gülbin Dural Ünver _______________ Dean, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Prof. Dr. Orhan Adalı _______________ Head of the Department, Biological Sciences Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya _______________ Supervisor, Biology Dept., METU Examining Committee Members: Prof.Dr. Musa Doğan _______________ Biology Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Zeki Kaya _______________ Biology Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Sertaç Önde _______________ Biology Dept., METU Prof. Dr. Emine Sümer Aras _______________ Biology Dept., Ankara University Prof. Dr. İrfan Kandemir _______________ Biology Dept., Ankara University Date:05/05/2017 I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name : Pelin Acar Signature : iv ABSTRACT MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS OF TURKISH SALIX L. SPECIES ACAR, Pelin Ph.D., Department of Biological Sciences Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Zeki KAYA May 2017, 123 Pages Chloroplast (trnT-F, matK and rbcL) and nuclear genome (ITS) regions were used to explore the evolutionary relationships of Salix species which are native to Turkey.
    [Show full text]
  • Cultivated Willows Would Not Be Appropriate Without Mention of the ‘WEEPING WILLOW’
    Alexander Robertson Notes on willows cultivated in Scotland and a few sketches of willows sampled from my clonal collection HISTORICAL NOTES Since the knowledge of willows is of great antiquity, it is with the ancient Greeks and Romans we shall begin, for among these people numerous written records remain. The growth habit, ecology, cultivation and utilization of willows was well— understood by Theophrastus, Ovid, Herodotus, Pliny and Dioscorides. Virgil was also quite familiar with willow, e.g. Damoetas complains that: “Galatea, saucy girl, pelts me with apples and then runs off to the willows”. ECLOGIJE III and of foraging bees: “Far and wide they feed on arbutus, pale-green willows, on cassia and ruddy crocus .. .“ GEORGICS IV Theophrastus of Eresos (370—285 B.C.) discussed many aspects of willows throughout his Enquiry into Plants including habitats, wood quality, coppicing and a variety of uses. Willows, according to Theophrastus are lovers of wet places and marshes. But he also notes certain amphibious traits of willows growing in mountains and plains. To Theophrastus they appeared to possess no fruits and quite adequately reproduced themselves from roots, were tolerant to flooding and frequent coppicing. “Even willows grow old and when they are cut, no matter at what height, they shoot up again.” He described the wood as cold, tough, light and resilient—qualities which made it useful for a variety of purposes, especially shields. Such were the diverse virtues of willow that he suggested introducing it for plant husbandry. Theophrastus noted there were many different kinds of willows; three of the best known being black willow (Salix fragilis), white willow (S.
    [Show full text]
  • Salix L.) in the European Alps
    diversity Review The Evolutionary History, Diversity, and Ecology of Willows (Salix L.) in the European Alps Natascha D. Wagner 1 , Li He 2 and Elvira Hörandl 1,* 1 Department of Systematics, Biodiversity and Evolution of Plants (with Herbarium), University of Goettingen, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; [email protected] 2 College of Forestry, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The genus Salix (willows), with 33 species, represents the most diverse genus of woody plants in the European Alps. Many species dominate subalpine and alpine types of vegetation. Despite a long history of research on willows, the evolutionary and ecological factors for this species richness are poorly known. Here we will review recent progress in research on phylogenetic relation- ships, evolution, ecology, and speciation in alpine willows. Phylogenomic reconstructions suggest multiple colonization of the Alps, probably from the late Miocene onward, and reject hypotheses of a single radiation. Relatives occur in the Arctic and in temperate Eurasia. Most species are widespread in the European mountain systems or in the European lowlands. Within the Alps, species differ eco- logically according to different elevational zones and habitat preferences. Homoploid hybridization is a frequent process in willows and happens mostly after climatic fluctuations and secondary contact. Breakdown of the ecological crossing barriers of species is followed by introgressive hybridization. Polyploidy is an important speciation mechanism, as 40% of species are polyploid, including the four endemic species of the Alps. Phylogenomic data suggest an allopolyploid origin for all taxa analyzed Citation: Wagner, N.D.; He, L.; so far.
    [Show full text]