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Contributions to Management of Diseases of Peanut (Arachis

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Contributions to Management of Diseases of Peanut (Arachis CONTRIBUTIONS TO MANAGEMENT OF DISEASES OF PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA) THROUGH BOLIVIAN-DERIVED HOST RESISTANCE, INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT AND KNOWLEDGE OF PATHOGEN VARIABILITY by SARA KATHERINE GREMILLION (Under the Direction of Albert K. Culbreath) ABSTRACT Applied and basic research experiments were conducted to improve current management of the fungal pathogens Cercospora arachidicola, cause of early leaf spot, Cercosporidium personatum, cause of late leaf spot, Puccinia arachidis, cause of peanut rust, and Tomato spotted wilt (TSW), caused by Tomato spotted wilt virus. A series of breeding lines and the Bolivian cultivar, Bayo Grande (BG), were evaluated for resistance to these diseases compared to Georgia Green (GG), a cultivar with high susceptibility to early and late leaf spot and moderate resistance to TSW. When grown in the U.S., BG and the breeding lines showed improved leaf spot resistance compared to GG. When grown in Bolivia, no improved leaf spot resistance was observed among any genotypes tested. No improved rust resistance was observed among genotypes in any experiment. When evaluated as part of an integrated disease management (IDM) system, the improved resistance of BG and the breeding lines coupled with zero to four reduced fungicide sprays reduced leaf spot to levels comparable to those seen under a full season, six to eight spray fungicide regimes. The addition of the cultural practice of strip tillage negated the need for fungicides in most genotypes in one year, when compared to those genotypes grown under conventional tillage. However, in the following year, strip tillage did not contribute to spray reduction. To predict the potential for development of resistance in populations of C. arachidicola, genetic diversity was measured in populations from the U.S. and Bolivia by comparing sequences of the β-tubulin and calmodulin genes and by comparing spore length. Genetic and phenotypic results indicate that populations of C. arachidicola have low diversity. INDEX WORDS: leaf spot, Cercospora arachidicola, Passalora, Cercosporidium personatum, tomato spotted wilt, peanut rust, Puccinia arachis, tillage, fungicide, host resistance, breeding CONTRIBUTIONS TO MANAGEMENT OF DISEASES OF PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA) THROUGH BOLIVIAN-DERIVED HOST RESISTANCE, INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT AND KNOWLEDGE OF PATHOGEN VARIABILITY by SARA KATHERINE GREMILLION B.A. Hendrix College, 2001 A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of The University of Georgia in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY ATHENS, GEORGIA 2007 © 2007 Sara K. Gremillion All Rights Reserved CONTRIBUTIONS TO MANAGEMENT OF DISEASES OF PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA) THROUGH BOLIVIAN-DERIVED HOST RESISTANCE, INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT AND KNOWLEDGE OF PATHOGEN VARIABILITY by SARA K. GREMILLION Major Professor: Albert K. Culbreath Committee: Anthony E. Glenn Robert C. Kemerait, Jr. Katherine L. Stevenson Electronic Version Approved: Maureen Grasso Dean of the Graduate School The University of Georgia August 2007 DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to Dr. Ralph H. Gremillion. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my friends and family for their support as well as my undergraduate mentors Drs. Joyce Hardin and Matthew Moran for early encouragement. I am appreciative for the guidance from my committee members Drs. A. Glenn, R. Kemerait and K. Stevenson, and my colleagues, Drs. E. Cantonwine and J. Woodward. Thank you to my advisor, Dr. A. Culbreath, who educated me on how to be a good scientist and a good person. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.............................................................................................................v LIST OF TABLES........................................................................................................................ vii LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 2 LITERATURE REVIEW............................................................................................10 3 INCORPORATION OF BOLIVIAN RESISTANCE TO FUNGAL DISEASES OF PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA)........................................................................34 4 RESPONSE OF BOLIVIAN-BRED RESISTANCE IN INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS FOR LEAF SPOT AND TOMATO SPOTTED WILT OF PEANUT (ARACHIS HYPOGAEA).......................................................93 5 GENETIC VARIABILITY OF CERCOSPORA ARACHIDICOLA POPULATIONS IN NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICA.................................................................135 6 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................157 vi LIST OF TABLES Page Table 3.1: The effect of peanut genotype and fungicide on the rate of leaf spot disease progress and AUDPC at multiple U.S. locations, 2004-05..........................................................67 Table 3.2: The effect of peanut genotype and fungicide sprays on AUDPC at Tifton, GA U.S. in 2005...............................................................................................................................69 Table 3.3: The effect of genotype and fungicide on AUDPC of leaf spot of peanut at Saavedra and San Pedro, Bolivia in 2005-06................................................................................70 Table 3.4: The effect of a fungicide by genotype interaction on AUDPC at Veintiséis de Agosto in Bolivia in 2005-06.....................................................................................................71 Table 3.5: The effect of peanut genotype on rust at multiple locations in Bolivia in 2005-06 .....72 Table 3.6: The effect of peanut genotype and fungicide on yield at Plains and Tifton, GA, U.S. in 2004...................................................................................................................73 Table 3.7: The effect of a fungicide by genotype interaction in yield at Attapulgus, GA, U.S. in 2004...............................................................................................................................74 Table 3.8: The effect of peanut genotype and fungicide on yield at multiple locations in the U.S. in 2005...........................................................................................................................75 Table 3.9: The effect of peanut genotype and fungicide on yield at multiple locations in Bolivia in 2005...........................................................................................................................76 Table 3.10: The effect of peanut genotype and fungicide on yield at Veintiséis de Agosto, Bolivia in 2006 ..............................................................................................................77 vii Table 3.11: The effect of a fungicide by genotype interaction on yield at Saavedra, Bolivia in 2006...............................................................................................................................78 Table 3.12: The effect of genotype on AUDPC of early leaf spot incidence taken during pre- defoliation stage of epidemics, 2002-03........................................................................79 Table 3.13: Components of early leaf spot resistance of detached peanut leaves inoculated with Cercospora arachidicola...............................................................................................80 Table 3.14: The effects of genotype on rust in greenhouse trials in 2002-03................................82 Table 4.1: The effect of genotype and number of fungicide sprays on AUDPC of leaf spot, %TSW and yield in the fungicide response experiment in 2002-03...........................124 Table 4.2: The effect of a fungicide by genotype interaction on AUDPC in the fungicide response experiment in 2003.......................................................................................125 Table 4.3: The effect of tillage by fungicide by genotype interaction on AUDPC in the tillage and fungicide response experiment in 2002................................................................126 Table 4.4: The effect of tillage by fungicide by genotype interaction on AUDPC in the tillage and fungicide response experiment in 2003................................................................127 Table 4.5: The effect of genotype, number of fungicide applications and tillage on yield (kg/ha) in the tillage and fungicide response experiment in 2003...........................................129 Table 5.1: Geographical origin of fifty Cercospora arachidicola isolates used in this study.....155 Table 5.2: Spore length of six C. arachidicola isolates from Bolivia and the U.S......................157 viii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 3.1: Peanut leaf spot disease progress curves at multiple locations in the U.S. in 2004-05..........................................................................................................................61 Figure 3.2: Peanut leaf spot disease progress curves at multiple locations in Bolivia in 2005-06..........................................................................................................................63 Figure 3.3: Disease progress curves of pre-defoliation early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola) of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) in 2002-03.....................................................................65
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