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MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 2

1. Mughal emperor, played an d) Bahadur Shah-II important role in the fall of Sayyid 6. With reference to the Mughal brothers, regarded as king makers was: buildings, which of the following is not a) Shah Alam II correctly matched? b) Farrukh-Siyar a) : fort in Red sand c) stone d) Bahadur Shah I b) : Moti Masjid at 2. Bahadur Shah’s successor Jahandar c) : at Delhi Shah ascended the throne with the help d) : Bibi ka Makbara in of:

a) Abdullah Khan 7. In Mughal administration Khan-i- b) Hussain Ali Saman was department of: c) Zulfiqar Khan a) Royal House-hold d) Nizam-ul-Mulk b) Justice department 3. During the Nadir Shah’s invasion to c) Head accountant India in 1739 CE, the Mughal emperor d) Auditor General was: 8. Who invented the Gurumukhi script a) Jahandar Shah for the Punjabi language? b) Muhammad Shah a) Guru Nanak c) Alamgir-II b) Guru Angad d) Farruk Siyar c) Guru Amar Das 4. Zulfiqar Khan promoted ijarah or d) Guru Ramdas revenue farming system but it was 9. Guru Amardas divided his spiritual disliked by the peasants because: empire into 22 parts called: a) It would often lead to a) Langar fragmentation of land b) Sahib b) It involved collection of revenue c) Manjis at a fixed rate d) Takht c) It was a semi-annual feature d) It involved farmers and 10. Which of the following Sikh Guru middlemen who could collect was executed by the Muhgal emperor whatever they could from them Jahangir for helping his rebellious son?

5. Later Mughal ruler, ruled for the a) Guru Arjun Dev longest period was: b) Guru Har Govind c) Guru Har Rai a) Muhammad Shah d) None of the above b) Alamgir-II c) Shah Alam-II

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 3

11. With reference to the significant a) Bombay work of Guru Gobind Sing, which of the b) Chinsura following is not correct? c) Madras d) Calcutta a) He fortified Amritsar b) Organised Sikhs as a community 17. The Battle of Wandiwash was of warriors fought between the English and: c) He summoned a big assembly of a) Nizam of Sikhs at Anantpur b) Hyder Ali d) None of the above c) Nawab of Carnatic 12. Under the different the d) The French Maratha kingdom was divided in to 18. The immediate cause of the First several principalities. With reference to Carnatic war was: this, which of the following is not correctly matched? a) Anglo-French rivalry b) Austrian war od succession a) Gaekwad: Baroda c) Issues of the Carnatic b) : Nagpur Succession c) : d) Capture of the French ships by d) None of the above the British 13. Of the seven Peshwas, the ablest 19. The official ambassador of King of one was: England arrived in the court of Jahangir a) was: b) Baji Rao-I a) William Hawkins c) b) Sir Thomas Roe d) Baji Rao-II c) Sir Edward Terry 14. signed treaty of Purandhar in d) All of the above 1665 with: 20. The English East India company a) Afzal Khan established its first factory at Surat b) Shaista Khan during the reign of: c) Raja Jai Singh a) Akbar d) Raja Jaswant Singh b) Jahangir 15. The Plato of Jat tribe was: c) Shah Jahan d) Aurangzeb a) Gokul b) Rajaram 21. The most significant causes for the c) Suraj Mal French failure in India was: d) Badan Singh a) Dupleix was called back at a 16. Fort St George, the first English crucial time fortress in India was founded at:

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b) They conspired against the b) It placed at the mercy of Indian powers the English c) They sided with the weak Indian c) It firmly established the British rulers as masters of Bengal, and d) The French company was Odisha heavily dependent on the French d) It demonstrated the superiority government of the English arms over the combined army of two of the 22. Tranqueber on the Tamil Nadu major Indian Power coast was a colonial outpost of the:

a) Portuguese b) French 27. The treaty of Alinagar signed c) Dutch between the English and the Nawab of d) Danish Bengal in 1757 did not provide for:

23. The founder of the French East a) Compensation for damages to India company was: the East India company b) Permission to fortify fort William a) Dumas c) the English will have the liberty b) Colbert to coin money in Calcutta. c) Dupleix d) None of the above d) De la Haye 28. The main objectives of Lord 24. The English company’s trading Wellesley in concluding a subsidiary activities in India began at the port of: treaty in 1798 with the Nizam of a) Surat Hyderabad was: b) Musalipatnam a) Create a buffer state between c) Hoogly the British possessions and the d) Balasore Mysore 25. The Mughal farman has been b) Exterminate French influence regarded as the Magna Carta of the and intrigues in India English company in India was issued in: c) Improves his relations with the Nizam with a view to creating a a) 1616 permanent rivalry against Tipu b) 1648 Sultans c) 1708 d) Eliminate the possibility of an d) 1717 alliance between the Nizam and 26. The historical significance of the the Marathas in 1764 was: 29. The true significance of the treaty of a) It abolished formally the Mughal Amritsar of 1809 was: empire

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a) It marked the beginning of an era d) None of the above of peace and prosperity in 34. The Bombay was handed over to Punjab the British by the Portuguese due to: b) It helped Ranjit Singh in Realising his ambition of a) A Peace treaty in Europe conquering Multan and Kashmir b) the marriage of Charles II with c) It recognized the power of the the Portuguese prince British as the political limit of c) The Portuguese Independence Punjab’s policy of expansion from Spain d) It made Ranjit Singh as the d) The defeat of the Spanish undisputed master of all Sikhs Armada by the British in 1588

30. The treaty of Purandhar in 1776 was 35. The Dutch company established made by British with: monopoly of trade with:

a) The Marathas a) India b) The Mysore b) China c) The Nizam c) Indonesia d) The Sikhs d) All of these

31. The Portuguese established their 36. The commercial rivalry between the first fort in India at: Dutch and English in India came to an end with: a) Calicut b) Surat a) An agreement between the c) Goa trading stations at Government d) Cochin of Britain and Holland in 1609 b) Issuance of orders granting 32. in 1510 Albuquerque captured Goa monopoly in favour of the British from the ruler of: East India Company by the Pope a) Ahmadnagar c) The defeat of the Dutch at the b) Bijapur battle of Bedara in 1759 c) Golkonda d) The Massacre at Amboyna d) Berar 37. Dutch set up their factory in Pulicat 33. With reference to the causes of in: downfall of Portuguese power in India, a) 1605 which of the following is not correct? b) 1610 a) Religious fanaticism c) 1616 b) The Mughals thoroughly hated d) 1641 the Portuguese 38. The European power, last to came c) Portuguese lost their monopoly India as trader was: of Indian ocean to the Dutch in 1659 a) Danes

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 6

b) Dutch d) Lord Hastings c) French 44. The first Indian native ruler to d) English accept the system of Subsidiary 39. The first Carnatic war was ended Alliance was: with the treaty of: a) Scindhia of Gwalior a) Aix-la-Chappale b) Gaikwad of Baroda b) Paris c) Dillip Singh of Punjab c) Ryswick d) d) Bassein 45. The war regarded as a disaster for 40. The first European power to start a the British power in India was: joint stock company for the trade with a) First Anglo-Burmese War India was: b) First Anglo-Afghan war a) Portuguese c) First Anglo-Sikh war b) Dutch d) Second Anglo-Afghan war c) French 46. With reference to the terms of the d) English Subsidiary Alliance system, which of 41. The treaty of Mangalore was signed the following is not correct? at the end of: a) A subsidiary British army was to a) First Anglo-Mysore war be maintained by the Indian b) Second Anglo-Mysore war state c) Third Anglo-Mysore war b) The Indian state had to keep a d) Fourth Anglo-Mysore war British resident in her capital c) Indian soldiers could be used by 42. With reference to treaty and war, the company commanders which of the following is not correctly d) None of the above matched? 47. The Main reason for the British to a) First Anglo-Mysore war: Treaty annex Sambalpur in 1850 was: of Madras b) Fourth Anglo-Mysore war: Treaty a) Lack of proper governance of Serirangapatnam b) Subsidiary Alliance c) First Anglo-Sikh war: Treaty of c) Death of its ruler without a male Lahore heir d) None of the above d) Its involvement in a conspiracy against British rule 43. Tipu Sultan died fighting the English forces under: 48. Who was appointed as the Deputy Diwan of Bihar by Robert Clive? a) Lord Cornwallis b) Lord Wellesley a) Omi Chand c) Lord Dalhousie b) Manik Chand

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 7

c) Rai Durlabh drive the English away from d) Raja Shitab Rai India d) None of the above 49. The dual government recommended by Lord Clive in Begal 53. The British East India company provided that the: secured the Diwani right of the Bengal, Bihar and Odisha from: a) Criminal justice would be left to the Nawabi officials, while civil a) Suja-ud-Daula and fiscal matters would be b) Akbar-II controlled by the company c) Bahadur Shah b) Company will look after fiscal d) Shah Alam-II matter and all the rest of would 54. The British Governor general be dealt by the Indian rulers formed the triple alliance against Tipu c) Indian rulers were only titular Sultan was: head and all the powers shall be directly dealt by the company a) Warren Hastings d) None of the above b) Lord Cornwallis c) Lord Wellesley 50. Hyder Ali was defeated at Proto d) Lord William Bentinck Novo by: 55. The first Governor General of a) Sir Eyre Coote Bengal was: b) Captain Hector Munro c) Captain Pophem a) Robert Clive d) None of the above b) Warren Hastings c) John Shore 51. The successor of Ranjit d) Lord Cornwallis Singh was: 56. What do you understand by the term a) Kharak Singh Nizamat of Bengal? b) Sher Singh c) Nihal Singh a) Revenue d) None of the above b) Administration c) Trade 52. With reference to the causes of the d) None of the above Third Anglo-Maratha war, which of the following is not correct 57. Who organised a Maratha confederacy against the English a) The attack of Baji Rao leading to the Third Anglo-Mysore war? on the residency at Khirki b) The determination of the English a) Peshwa to give a finishing blow to the b) Sindhia Maratha power c) Holkar c) The Pindari design to seek d) Bhonsle support from the Marathas to

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 8

58. The Mughal successor state a) It allowed the Company’s Hyderabad was founded by: monopoly of tea trade and trade with China a) b) It put an end to the Company’s b) Muzaffar Jung tea trade and trade with China c) Zulfiqar Khan c) It allowed the Company’s d) Chin Qilich Khan monopoly of tea trade and trade 59. Later Mughal emperor, who was with China for 10 more years credited to give Raja title to Rammohan d) None of the above Roy was: 64. The Governor General of India a) Ahmad Shah responsible for the lading the first rail- b) Alamgir-II road in India was: c) Akbar-II a) Lord Ripon d) b) Lord Wavell 60. The Maratha forces in the 3th battle c) Lord Curzon of Panipat was commanded by: d) Lord Dalhousie

a) Vishwanath Rao 65. The first definite step to provide b) Sadashiv Rao parliamentary control over East India c) Madhav Rao company was taken by the Act of: d) Dattaji Scindhia a) Regulating Act 61. With reference to the measures of b) Pitt’s India Act Lord William Bentinck, which of the c) Charter Act 1793 following is correct? d) Government of India Act 1858

a) Partition of Bengal 66. Which of the following Act allowed b) Introduction of Postal system the Christian Missionaries to enter c) Preservation of Ancient India? monuments a) Charter Act of 1813 d) Imposition of tax on opium b) Charter Act of 1833 62. The Anarchial and Revolutionary c) Charter Act of 1793 Act of 1919 was popularly known as: d) None of the Above

a) Rowlatt Act 67. The Government of India Act 1935 b) Indian Arms Act was based on the principle of: c) Ilbert Act a) Federation and Parliamentary d) None of the above system 63. With reference to Charter Act of b) Secession of the British Indian 1833 during the Colonial rule of India, Province which of the following statements is c) Acceptance of Independence of correct? India

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 9

d) None of the above 72. Who among the following was not a member of the Royal Commission on 68. Why the capital of British Indian the Public Services in India in 1912? Empire was shifted from Calcutta to Delhi? a) Abdur Rahim b) Valentine Chirol a) Delhi was located at the centre c) of the Empire d) Gopal Krishna Gokhle b) The climate of Delhi was more suitable for the Europeans 73. During the British period Ilbert Bill c) Calcutta was the hot bed of the was introduced to: revolutionaries a) Remove racial discrimination in d) Delhi was the traditional seat of employment imperial powers b) Enable Indian District 69. During the British period, the Magistrates and Session purpose of the Whitley Commission Judges to try Europeans was to: c) Save Indians from racial humiliation a) Review the fitness of India for d) Change the method of further political reforms recruitment in the Indian Civil b) Report on existing conditions of Services Labour and to make recommendations 74. The purpose of the setting up of c) Draw up a plan for financial Indian Parliamentary Committee in reforms for India 1893 by Sir William Wedderburn and d) Develop a comprehensive WS Caine was to: scheme for Civil service in India a) Agitate for Indian political 70. First Act to made provision of the reforms in the House of appointment of the Indian High Commons Commissioner in the Great Britain was: b) Campaign for the entry of Indians into the imperial a) Indian Council Act of 1892 judiciary b) Indian Council Act of 1909 c) Facilitate a discussion on India’s c) Government of India Act 1919 independence in the British d) Government of India Act of 1935 Parliament 71. The Vernacular Press Act was d) Agitate for the entry of eminent repealed by: Indians into British Parliament

a) Lord Lytton 75. British General associated with the b) Lord Rippon Suppression of Thugs was: c) Lord Dufferin a) Captain Sleeman d) Lord Lansdowne b) Alexander Burnes

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 10

c) General Henry 81. Who established the Fort William d) Captain Pemberton College in Calcutta to train the company’s civil servants in literature 76. What came to be called as the and language? Magna Carta of English Education in India? a) Lord Cornwallis b) Lord Wellesley a) Lord Macaulay’s Education c) Lord William Bentinck Policy d) Warren Hastings b) Wood’s despatch c) Hunter Commission 82. With reference to the d) Hartog Committee recommendations of the Aitchison Commission, which of the following is 77. The General Committee of Public not correct? Instruction was replaced by a Council of Education in: a) Abolition of Statutory Civil Service a) 1813 b) Setting of Provincial Civil Service b) 1823 c) 25% of the posts in the superior c) 1841 civil service should be filled d) 1854 among Indians 78. Aligarh Muslim University was d) None of the Above established on the recommendation of 83. The first association founded by the: Raja Ram Mohan Roy was: a) Hunter Commission a) Atmiya Sabha b) Hartog Committee b) Brahma Sabha c) Sergeant Plan c) Arya Samaj d) Sadler Commission d) Brahma Samaj 79. The Printing Press in India was 84. With reference to Keshab Chandra introduced by: Sen’s Brahma Samaj, which of the a) The Portuguese following statements is not correct? b) The Dutch a) It puts women’s education in the c) The English forefront d) The French b) It discarded image worship 80. Who was referred as the “Liberator c) It opposed polygamy, caste, of the Indian Press”? child marriage d) It believed in the divinity and a) James Augustus Hickey infallibility of the Vedas b) Lord Rippon c) Charles Metcalfe 85. Which of the following was not the d) Lord Curzon point in the programme of social reform of the Prarthana Samaj?

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 11

a) Remarriage of widows to reinterpret the Islam religion, which b) Preaching of unity of God of the following was not correct? c) Intermarriage among different a) To fortify Islam against the castes attacks of Christians d) None of the above missionaries 86. With reference to the Ishwar b) To purge it of its superstitious Chandra Vidyasagar which of the accretions in order to restore following is not correct? self-respect c) To meet the challenge of a) He represented a happy blend of modern science Indian and Western Culture d) To make it more receptive to the b) He fought for the uplift of the Indian conditions women c) He protested against polygamy 90. Ahmediya Movement in Punjab was d) None of the above started by:

87. With reference to the Swami a) Muhammad Iqbal Vivekananda, which of the following b) Sir Syed Ahmed Khan statements is not correct? c) Mirza Ghulam Ahmed d) Altaf Hussain a) Ramakrishna Mission was founded by him 91. The most important contribution of b) He denounced the touch-me- the Anglo-Indian, Henry Vivian Derozio notism of religions was: c) He has nothing to say on the a) He inspired students to think economic life of people rationally and freely and d) None of the above question authority 88. How did the Theosophists b) He attacked old and decadent contributes towards the growth of customs but said no good word modern India? on women c) He wanted youngsters to a) They helped Indians recover worship truth and love liberty their self-confidence d) He encouraged youngsters to b) They proved the truth of the take to non-vegetarian food mysterious phenomena of yogic lore 92. The Servants of India Society was c) They helped promote Hindu- founded in 1905 by: Muslim amity a) Dadabhai Naoroji d) They helped to improve the b) Motilal Nehru position of women in India c) Madan Mohan Malviya 89. With reference to the reasons for d) Gopal Krishna Gokhle Syed Ahmed Khan and his supporters

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93. The most important contribution of c) Lord Auckland Asiatic Society of Bengal was: d) None of the above

a) Historical writings 97. The first Indian to join ICS was: b) Revealing Indian heritage to the a) Surendranath Banerjee West b) Satyendranath Tagore c) Helped the re-interpretation of c) R.C. Dutt Hindu scriptures d) Aurobindo Ghosh d) Bridged the gulf between the Bengali nationalists and the 98. The journal “Bahishkrit Bharat” was started by:

94. The Satya Shodhak Samaj was a) B.R. Ambedkar founded by: b) M.K. Gandhi c) B.G Tilak a) Jyotibha Phule d) Jyotiba Phule b) Dr BR Ambedkar c) MK Gandhi 99. The All-India Kishan Sabha was d) None of the Above formed in:

95. Who gave the call “Return to the a) 1920 Vedas”? b) 1932 c) 1936 a) Raja Rammohan Roy d) 1940 b) Swami Vivekananda c) Swami Dayananda Saraswati 100. The Indian Women’s university d) Bal Gangadhar Tilak was set up in Bombay in 1916 by:

96. Slavery was abolished during the a) Jyotiba Phule Governor Generalship of: b) Vishnu Pandit c) M.G. Ranade a) Lord Hardinge d) D.V. Karve b) Lord Ellenborough

OBJECTIVE IAS

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MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 1

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ANSWER BOOKLET

MODERN INDIA

TEST- 3

1. D 26. A 51. A 76. B 2. C 27. A 52. A 77. C 3. B 28. B 53. D 78. D 4. D 29. C 54. C 79. A 5. C 30. A 55. B 80. C 6. B 31. D 56. B 81. B 7. A 32. B 57. A 82. C 8. B 33. D 58. D 83. A 9. C 34. B 59. C 84. D 10. A 35. C 60. B 85. B 11. A 36. C 61. D 86. D 12. C 37. B 62. A 87. C 13. B 38. C 63. B 88. A 14. C 39. A 64. D 89. D 15. C 40. B 65. A 90. D 16. C 41. B 66. A 91. B 17. D 42. B 67. A 92. D 18. D 43. B 68. A 93. B 19. B 44. D 69. B 94. A 20. B 45. B 70. C 95. C 21. C 46. C 71. B 96. B 22. D 47. C 72. C 97. B 23. B 48. D 73. B 98. A 24. A 49. A 74. A 99. C 25. D 50. A 75. A 100. D

1. (D) The term Sayyid brothers refers to Syed Abdullah Khan and Syed Husain Ali Khan Barha, who were powerful in the during the early 18th century.

They claimed to belong to the family of Sayyids or the descendants of the Prophet Muhammad through his daughter Fatima and son-in-law and cousin Ali who belonged to the Banu Hashim Clan of the Quraish Tribe.

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 2

The Sayyid Brothers became highly influential in the Mughal Court after Aurangzeb's death and became king makers during the anarchy following the death of emperor Aurangzeb in 1707.[1] They created and dethroned at their will during the 1710s. Bahadur Shah I died in 1712, and his successor Jahandar Shah was assassinated on the orders of the Sayyid Brothers.

In 1713, Jahandar's nephew (1713–1719) became the emperor with the brothers' help. His reign marked the ascendancy of the brothers, who monopolised state power and reduced the Emperor to a figurehead. The brothers conspired to send Nizam-ul-Mulk to Deccan, away from the Mughal Court, to reduce his influence. In 1719, the Brothers blinded, deposed and murdered Farrukhsiyar. They then arranged for his first cousin, Rafi ud-Darajat, to be the next ruler in February 1719. When Rafi ud- Darajat died of lung disease in June, they made his elder brother, Rafi ud-Daulah (Shah Jahan II), ruler. After Rafi ud-Daulah also died of lung disease in September 1719, Muhammad Shah (1719–1748) ascended the throne at the age of seventeen with the Sayyid Brothers as his regents until 1720.

Muhammad Shah, to take back control of his rule, arranged for the brothers to be killed with the help of Nizam-ul-Mulk Asaf Jah. Syed Hussain Ali Khan was murdered at in 1720, and Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha was fatally poisoned in 1722.

2. (C) Zulfikhar Khan: Zulfiqar Khan Nusrat Jung was born Muhammad Ismail son of renowned nobleman of Emperor Aurangzeb named Asad Khan and his wife Mehr-un- Nisa Begam (daughter of Asaf Khan IV). He was born in 1657 CE. and held several appointments under Emperor Aurangzeb in the Mughal Empire. He was married to the daughter of Shaista Khan (the son of Asaf Khan).

It was with Zulfiqar Khan's aid and intrigues that Jahandar Shah after the death of his father Bahadur Shah I, overcame all his brothers and ascended the throne of Delhi when he was appointed as Vizir-e-Azam or Prime Minister. Zulfiqar Khan was the first prime minister of the Mughal Empire to have more power in the government of the empire than any Emperor since the early years of the reign of Akbar.

After the defeat of Jahandar Shah in the battle against Farrukhsiyar, he was taken up and strangled by order of the latter as a punishment for his conduct. His head together with that of the late emperor Jahandar Shah, were carried on poles and their bodies hanging feet upwards across an elephant were exposed in the new emperor's train when he made his triumphant entry to the palace at Delhi. This event took place in January 1713 CE.

3. (B) Nasir-ud-Din Muḥammad was Mughal emperor from 1719 to 1748.[3] He was son of Khujista Akhtar, the fourth son of Bahadur Shah I. With the help of the Sayyid brothers, he ascended the throne at the young age of 17. He later got rid of them with the help of Asaf Jah I – Syed Hussain Ali Khan was murdered at Fatehpur Sikri in 1720 and Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha was fatally poisoned in 1722. Muhammad Shah was

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 3

a great patron of the arts, including musical, cultural and administrative developments. His pen-name was Sadā Rangīla (Ever Joyous) and he is often referred to as "Muhammad Shah Rangila", also sometimes as "Bahadur Shah Rangila" after his grandfather Bahadur Shah I.

4. (D) Ijara means farming of revenue. The Ijara was a well-known practice in the land- revenue administration under the sultans of Delhi. But it fell into disrepute under sher- shah and akbar. It was revived again during the reign of jahangir, and became quite widespread in the course of seventeenth century. Under shahjahan, the Portuguese obtained certain mahals in Bengal on ijara. During his reign the practice of ijara was widespread and in fact brought ruin to large parts of the Empire.

An Ijara arrangement implied the right of collecting land-revenue on behalf of the state or the Jagirdar for a fixed period and paying a fixed amount to the Jagirdar or the government officer as stipulated in the agreement. An Ijaradar had no proprietary right in land and in this he differed from the zamindar as an intermediary.

5. (C) Later Mughals: Aurangzeb was the last illustrious king of Mughal empire. The Mughal emperors who succedded him were known as later Mughals. Their list is given below.

• Bahadur Shah I (1707 AD-1712 AD): Aurangzeb died in 1707 AD and he was succeeded by his son prince Muazzam who sat on the throne with the title, Bahadur Shah I. He tried to reverse the orthodox policies of his father, Aurangzeb. He also tried to have friendly relations with Sikhs and Marthas. He died in 1712. • Jahandar Shah (1712-1713): Bahadur Shah was succeeded by his son Jahandar Shah. He married a dancing girl who became his queen. He was attacked and killed by his nephew and son-in-law Farrukhsiyar. • Farrukhsiyar (1713-1719): He became the king of Mughal kingdom with the help of Sayyid brothers, the two Mughal Vazirs named Syed Abdullah Khan Barha and Syed Hassan Ali Khan Barha. • Farrukhsiyar behaved like a mere puppet in the hands of Sayyid brothers and when he resisted their control on him, he was deposed and executed by the latter. • Rafi ud-Darajat (1719 AD): He sat on the throne with the help of Sayyid brothers in 1719 AD but could rule only for four months and died of some unknown disease. • Muhammad Shah Rangile (1719-1748): After Rafi ud- Darajat, Muhammad Shah Rangile sat on the Mughal throne. During his rule, Nadir Shah attacked and plundered Delhi. He also took the Peacock Throne with himself. As a consequence of Nadir Shah’s attack, Mughal empire disintegrated fast and independent kingdoms of Bengal, Awadh, Hyderabad broke away from the empire.

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• After Muhammad Shah, Ahmad Shah Bahadur(1748-1754), Alamgir II(1754- 1759), Shah Alam-II(1759-1806), Akbar II(1806-1837) and Bahdur Shah-II(1837- 1858) ascended the Mughal throne who were just nominal rulers of Mughal empire.

6. (B) Jahangir built Moti Masjid at Lahore. Other two Moti Masjids:

• Moti Masjid at Agra: Shah Jahan • Moti Masjid at Delhi: Aurangzeb

7. (A) Quazi-ul-quzat: Judicial Department

Quanungo: Head Accountant

Mustaufi: Auditor-General

8. (B) After the death of Guru Nanak (1469-1539) Guru Angad (1539-52) became his successor. He invented Gurumukhi script for the Panjabi language

9. (C) Guru Amardas (1552-74) divided his spiritual empire into 22 parts called Manjis and each manjis was put under the charge of a Sikh.

10. (A) Guru Arjun Dev (1581-1606) compiled the Adi Granth and completed the construction of Amritsar. He executed by Jahangir for helping his rebellious son- Khusro.

11. (A) Guru Har Govind Rai (1606-44) fortified Amritsar. 12. (C) Holkar-

Scindhia at Gwalior

13. (B) Among the seven Peshwas, the ablest was Bajirao-I and the weakest and most incompetent was Baji Rao II

14. (C) The Treaty of Purandar was signed on June 11, 1665, between the ruler Jai Singh I, who was commander of the Mughal Empire, and Maratha Shivaji. Shivaji was forced to sign the agreement after Jai Singh besieged Purandar fort. When Shivaji realised that war with the Mughal Empire would only cause damage to the empire and that his men would suffer heavy losses, he chose to make a treaty instead of leaving his men under the Mughals. Following are the main points of the treaty:

1. Shivaji kept twelve forts, along with an area worth an income of 100,000 (1 lakh) huns. 2. Shivaji was required to help the Mughals whenever and wherever required. 3. Shivaji's son was tasked with the command of a 5,000-strong force under the Mughals. 4. If Shivaji wanted to claim the area under Bijapur's control, he would have to pay 4 million (40 lakh) hons to the Mughals.

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 5

5. He had to give up his forts at Purandar, Rudramal, Kondana, Karnala, , Isagad, Tung, , Rohida fort, Nardurga, Mahuli, Bhandardurga, Palaskhol, Rupgad, Bakhtgad, Morabkhan, Manikgad (Raigad), Saroopgad, Sakargad, Marakgad, Ankola, Songad, and Fort Mangad. 6. Along with these requirements, Shivaji agreed to visit Agra to meet Aurangzeb for further political talks.

15. (C) Maharaja Suraj Mal (February 1707 – 25 December 1763) or Sujan Singh was a Hindu Jat ruler of Bharatpur in , India. Under him, the Jat rule covered the present-day districts of Agra, Aligarh, Bharatpur, Dholpur, Etawa, Gurgaon, Hathras, Mainpuri, , , Meerut, Rewari, and Rohtak.

A contemporary historian had described him as "the Plato of the Jat tribe" and by a modern writer as the "Jat Odysseus", because of his "political sagacity, steady intellect and clear vision". The Jats, under Suraj Mal, overran the Mughal garrison at Agra. Suraj Mal was killed in an ambush by the Mughal Army on the night of 25 December 1763 near Hindon River, Shahadra, Delhi. In addition to the troops stationed at his forts, he had an army of 25,000 infantry and 15,000 cavalries when he died.

16. (C) In 1639, Francis Day founded the city of Madras where the Fort St. George was built.

17. (D) The Battle of Wandiwash was a decisive battle in India during the Seven Years' War. The Count de Lally's army, burdened by a lack of naval support and funds, attempted to regain the fort at Vandavasi, now in Tamil Nadu. He was attacked by Sir Eyre Coote's forces and decisively defeated. The French general Marquis de Bussy- Castelnau and the French were then restricted to Pondichéry, where they surrendered on 22 January 1760. Wandiwash is the Anglicised pronunciation of Vandavasi.

This was the Third Carnatic War fought between the French and the British. Having made substantial gains in Bengal and Hyderabad, the British, after collecting a huge amount of revenue, were fully equipped to face the French in Wandiwash, whom they defeated.

18. (D) Hostilities in India began with a British naval attack on a French fleet in 1745

First Carnatic War:

• France and Britain were on opposite sides of the camp at the War of Austrian Succession that had broken out in Europe in 1740. • This Anglo-French rivalry led to their trading companies in India vying with each other for supremacy. • The French Governor of Pondicherry Dupleix had raised an army of Indian sepoys under French officers in India. • The French East India Company was nationalized in 1720 and France had imperialistic designs on India.

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 6

• In 1745, there was a naval attack on a French fleet by Britain in which even Pondicherry in danger. • Dupleix, along with additional French troops from Mauritius defended against this attack and captured Madras, which had been controlled by the English. • The English made another attack on Pondicherry but instead faced a heavy loss. The English sought help from the Nawab of Carnatic (Arcot) Anwaruddin Khan. • The Nawab asked the French to return Madras to the British. • Dupleix tried convincing the Nawab unsuccessfully that Madras would be handed over to him at a later stage. • Then, the Nawab sent a huge army to fight the French forces. This army was defeated by the relatively small number of French forces in Mylapore (in modern-day Chennai) in 1746. • This exposed the weakness of the armies of the Indian rulers vis-à-vis the efficiently trained armies of the European powers. • The war ended in 1748 with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle also called Treaty of Aachen.

19. (B) In 1614, Roe was elected Member of Parliament for Tamworth. The East India Company persuaded King James to send Roe as a royal envoy to the Agra court of the Great Mughal Emperor, Jahangir. Roe resided at Agra for three years, until 1619. At the Mughal court, Roe allegedly became a favourite of Jahangir.

The immediate result of the mission was to obtain permission and protection for an East India Company factory at Surat.

20. (B) A permanent factory of East India company was established at Surat in 1613.

21. (D) The causes for the French failure can be summed up as follows:

• Commercial and naval superiority of the English. • Lack of support from the French government. • French had support only in the Deccan but the English had a strong base in Bengal. • English had three important ports – Calcutta, Bombay and Madras but French had only Pondicherry. • Difference of opinion between the French Generals. • England’s victory in the European wars decided the destiny of the French in India.

22. (D) Denmark also established trade settlements in India. Their settlement at Tranquebar was founded in 1620. Another important Danish settlement in India was Serampore in Bengal. Serampore was their headquarters in India. They failed to

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 7

strengthen themselves in India and they sold all their settlement in India to the British in 1845.

23. (B) The French East India Company was a commercial Imperial enterprise, founded on 1 September 1664 to compete with the English (later British) and Dutch East India companies in the East Indies.

Planned by Jean-Baptiste Colbert, it was chartered by King Louis XIV for the purpose of trading in the Eastern Hemisphere. It resulted from the fusion of three earlier companies, the 1660 Compagnie de Chine, the Compagnie d'Orient and Compagnie de Madagascar. The first Director General for the Company was François de la Faye, who was adjoined by two Directors belonging to the two most successful trading organizations at that time: François Caron, who had spent 30 years working for the Dutch East India Company, including more than 20 years in Japan, and Marcara Avanchintz, an Armenian trader from Isfahan, Persia.

24. (A) In 1611, Captain Middleton obtained the permission of the Mughal Governor of Surat to trade at the place

25. (D) The farman obtained by John Surman from Farrukhsiyar in 1717.

26. (A) Significance of the Battle of Buxar:

• The victory of the British in the Battle of Buxar established them as masters of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa. • It gave them political influence and control over Awadh and the Mughal emperor.

Therefore, it laid the foundation of British rule in India.

27. (A) The Treaty of Alinagar was signed on 9th February 1757 between Robert Clive of the British East India Company and the Nawab of Bengal, Mirza Muhammad Siraj Ud Daula. Alinagar was the short-lived name given to Calcutta given by the Nawab after it was captured by him. The Nawab had seized the English fort at Calcutta, but facing the threat of Afghans in the rear and the military might of the English, he signed the treaty.

Based on the terms of the accord, the Nawab would recognize all the provisions of Mughal Emperor Farrukh Siyar's farman of 1717. Moreover, all British goods that passed through Bengal would be exempt from duties. In other tenets of the agreement, the British would not be hindered from fortifying Calcutta, as well as mint coins in Calcutta. The signing of the treaty was one of the events leading up to the famous Battle of Plassey. The Nawab was defeated and killed by Clive and his allies the same year.

29. (C) The Treaty of Amritsar of 1809 was an agreement between the British East India Company and Maharaja Ranjit Singh, the Sikh leader who founded the Sikh

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 8

empire. Among the outcomes was that Singh gained a carte blanche to further consolidate his territorial gains north of the Sutlej river at the expense both of other Sikh chiefs and their peers among the other dominant communities. It was a pact between Charles T. Metcalfe and Maharaja Ranjit Singh.

Ranjit Singh (1780-1839) was a Sikh warrior who had been establishing a kingdom in what was at that time northern India. He had established a capital at Lahore in 1799 when he defeated Zaman Shah, an Afghan leader, and this emphasized his status among the Sikhs. He proclaimed himself maharajah of the Punjab in 1801 and expanded his territories to such an extent that by 1808 he had control of an area bounded by , Ludhiana and Multan. He had , on the south side of the Sutlej river, as his next target but the Sikh chiefs in that area appealed to the British for protection. The protection was forthcoming and the British, who until recently had been occupied in Hindustan obtaining victory in the Second Anglo-Maratha War, attempted to resolve the issue using diplomacy. This failed, Singh invaded Malwa in September 1808 and in February 1809 the British successfully attacked Singh's forces there. Realising his relative military weakness, Singh conceded with the Treaty of Amritsar. They promised that they will not interfere his affairs.

Although the terms of the treaty prevented Singh from any further territorial expansion south of the Sutlej, they also permitted him complete freedom of action to the north of it. This enabled him to extract tribute from less powerful chieftains, including Jats and other Sikhs, and ultimately to gain control of areas such as Peshawar and Kashmir. The unification of these territories, which was aided by him Westernizing his armies, formed the that last until British subjugation in 1849.

30. (A) The Treaty of Purandar (or Treaty of Purandhar) was a doctrine signed on 1 March 1776 by the peshwa of the Maratha people and the British East India Company's Supreme Council of Bengal in Calcutta. Based on the terms of the accord, the British were able to secure Salsette. Treaty was signed between the then Governor General Warren Hasting who sent Colonel Upton and Nana Phadnavis of Peshwa in which British accepted Sawai Madhav Rao as a new Peshwa and Maratha accepted not to recognize existence of French in India.

31. (D) 1503 AD: The Portuguese had established their first fort in Cochin in India.

33. (D) Major Reasons of Decline of Portuguese power: Among the many reasons for the decline of Portuguese power in India include Portugal being too small a country to maintain the huge burden of a trading colony located in a far-off land, their image as notorious sea pirates created enmity in the minds of the native rulers and last but not the least Portuguese rigid religious policy made them the unpopular among the Muslims as well as Hindus of India. Besides the arrival of the Dutch and the British in India finally became nemesis of the Portuguese. Ironically, the Portuguese, who were

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 9

the first arrived India, were the last to withdraw from here in 1961 AD when the Government of India recaptured Goa, Daman and Diu from them.

39. (A) In 1740, the Austrian War of Succession broke out in Europe. In that war England and France were in the opposite camps. They came into conflict in India also. The French governor of Pondicherry, Dupleix opened attack on the English in 1746 and thus began the First Carnatic War (1746-1748). The English sought help from the Nawab of Carnatic, Anwar Uddin. But the French concluded a treaty with his rival Chanda Sahib. The English army crushed a defeat on the French in the Battle of Adyar, near Madras. In the meantime, the Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle was concluded in 1748 to end the Austrian Succession War. Thus, the First Carnatic War came to an end.

41. (B) The Treaty of Mangalore was signed between Tipu Sultan and the British East India Company on 11 March 1784. It was signed in Mangalore and brought an end to the Second Anglo-Mysore War.

42. (B) Treaty of Serirangapatnam was signed to end the Third Anglo-Mysore war in 1792.

45. (B) The First Anglo-Afghan War (Also known by the British as the Disaster in Afghanistan) was fought between the British Empire and the Emirate of Afghanistan from 1839 to 1842. Initially, the British successfully intervened in a succession dispute between emir Dost Mohammad (Barakzai) and former emir Shah Shujah (Durrani), whom they installed upon conquering Kabul in August 1839. The main British Indian force occupying Kabul along with their camp followers, having endured harsh winters as well, was almost completely annihilated during its 1842 retreat from Kabul. The British then sent an Army of Retribution to Kabul to avenge the destruction of their previous forces, defeating the Afghans and having demolished parts of the capital. After recovering prisoners, they withdrew from Afghanistan by the end of the year. Dost Mohamed returned from exile in India to resume his rule.

It was one of the first major conflicts during the Great Game, the 19th century competition for power and influence in Central Asia between Britain and Russia.

46. (C) Terms of subsidiary alliance

• An Indian ruler entering into a subsidiary alliance with the British would accept British forces within his territory and to pay for their maintenance. • The ruler would accept a British official (resident) in his state. • The ruler who entered into a subsidiary alliance would not join any alliance with any other power or declare war against any power without the permission of the British. • The ruler would dismiss any Europeans other than the British and avoid employing new ones. • The ruler would let the British rule on any conflict with any other state.

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 10

• The ruler would acknowledge the East India Company as the paramount power in India. • The ruler would have his state be protected by the Company from external dangers and internal disorders. • If the rulers failed to make the payments that were required by the alliance, part of their territory would be taken away as a penalty.

49. (A) The system of Dual Government was introduced in Bengal by Robert Clive of British East India Company. It lasted from 1765 to 1772. Under this system, the administration of Bengal was divided into Nizamat and Diwani. The Diwani was carried out by the company and the Nizamat by the Nizam.

57. (A) The Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818) was the final and decisive conflict between the British East India Company (EIC) and the in India. The war left the Company in control of most of India. It began with an invasion of the Maratha territory by British East India Company troops, and although the British were outnumbered, the was decimated. The troops were led by the Governor General Hastings (no relation to Warren Hastings, the first governor-general of Bengal) supported by a force under General Thomas Hislop. Operations began against the Pindaris, a band of Muslim mercenaries and Marathas from central India.

Peshwa Baji Rao II's forces, supported by those of Mudhoji II Bhonsle of Nagpur and Malharrao Holkar III of Indore, rose against the East India Company. Pressure and diplomacy convinced the fourth major Maratha leader, Daulatrao Shinde of Gwalior, to remain neutral even though he lost control of Rajasthan.

British victories were swift, resulting in the breakup of the Maratha Empire and the loss of Maratha independence. The Peshwa was defeated in the battles of and Koregaon. Several minor battles were fought by the Peshwa's forces to prevent his capture.

58. (D) Mir Qamar-ud-din Khan Siddiqi Bayafandi (20 August 1671 – 1 June 1748) also known as Chin Qilich Khan, Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah and Nizam I, was a nobleman of Perso-Turkic descent. He was a trusted nobleman and General in Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb army (1677-1707 AD), Mughal governor of Deccan (1713-1715 AD) and (1720-1722 AD), Mughal (1721-1724 AD) and the founder of the Asaf Jahi dynasty (1724 AD) of which he was the Nizam I (1724-1748 AD).

61. (D) Measures of Lord William Bentinck

• The Charter Act of 1833. • Defined the aims and objectives of the educational policy of the British Government, appointed Lord Macaulay, the President of the Committee of Public Instruction which recommended English as the medium of instruction

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 11

and introduction of English language literature, Social and Natural Sciences in the curriculum in 1835. • Raja ram Mohan Roy visited England and died in Bristol in 1833 • Created Province of Agra in 1834. • English was to be court language at higher courts but Persian continued in lower courts. • Abolished Provincial Courts of appeal and appointed commissioners instead.

62. (A) Rowlatt Act: Just six months before the Montford Reforms were to be put into effect, two bills were introduced in the Imperial Legislative Council. One of them as dropped, but the other—an extension to the Defence of India Regulations Act 1915— was passed in March 1919. It was what was officially called the Anarchical and Revolutionary Crimes Act, but popularly known as the Rowlatt Act. It was based on the recommendations made in the previous year to the Imperial Legislative Council by the Rowlatt Commission, headed by the British judge, Sir Sidney Rowlatt, to investigate the ‘seditious conspiracy’ of the . (The committee had recommended that activists should be deported or imprisoned without trial for two years, and that even possession of seditious newspapers would be adequate evidence of guilt.)

All the elected Indian members of the Imperial Legislative Council voted against the bill but they were in a minority and easily overruled by the official nominees. All the elected Indian members—who included Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Madan Mohan Malaviya and Mazhar Ul Haq – resigned in protest.

The act allowed political activists to be tried without juries or even imprisoned without trial. It allowed arrest of Indians without warrant on the mere suspicion of ‘treason’.

Such suspects could be tried in secrecy without recourse to legal help. A special cell consisting of three high court judges was to try such suspects and there was no court of appeal above that panel. This panel could even accept evidence not acceptable under the Indian Evidences Act. The law of habeas corpus, the basis of civil liberty, was sought to be suspended.

The object of the government was to replace the repressive provisions of the wartime Defence of India Act (1915) by a permanent law. So, the wartime restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly were re-imposed in India. There was strict control over the press and the government was armed with a variety of powers to deal with anything the authorities chose to consider as terrorism or revolutionary tactics.

63. (B) Charter Act of 1833

• The lease of 20 years to the Company was further extended. Territories of India were to be governed in the name of the Crown. • The Company’s monopoly over trade with China and in tea also ended.

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 12

• All restrictions on European immigration and the acquisition of property in India were lifted. Thus, the way was paved for the wholesale European colonization of India. • In India, a financial, legislative and administrative centralization of the government was envisaged: o The governor-general was given the power to superintend, control and direct all civil and military affairs of the Company. o Bengal, Madras, Bombay and all other territories were placed under complete control of the governor-general. o All revenues were to be raised under the authority of the governor- general who would have complete control over the expenditure too. o The Governments of Madras and Bombay were drastically deprived of their legislative powers and left with a right of proposing to the governor- general the projects of law which they thought to be expedient. • A law member was added to the governor-general’s council for professional advice on law-making. • Indian laws were to be codified and consolidated. • No Indian citizen was to be denied employment under the Company on the basis of religion, colour, birth, descent, etc. (Although the reality was different, this declaration formed the sheet-anchor of political agitation in India.) • The administration was urged to take steps to ameliorate the conditions of slaves and to ultimately abolish slavery. (Slavery was abolished in 1843.)

64. (D) Lord Dalhousie

• Second Sikh War (1848-49) and annexed Punjab. • Second Burmese War (1852) and annexation of Lower Burma (Pegu). • The Indian States annexed by the application of Doctrine of Lapse and Law of Escheat were (1848), Jaitpur and Sambalpur (1849), Bhaghat (1850), Udaipur, (1853) and Nagpur (1854). • Boosted up the development of railways-laid the first railway line 1853 from Bombay to Thane and second from Calcutta to Raniganj. • Gave a great impetus to post and telegraph. Telegraph lines were laid, (First line from Calcutta to Agra). • Organised a separate Public Works Department in every province by divesting the Military Board of this power. • Shimla was made summer capital and army headquarter. • Hindu Widow Remarriage Act was passed in 1856. • Annexed Awadh in 1856 on excuse of maladministration when Nawab Wajid Ali Shah refused to abdicate. Every house in Oudh had a son in the British army, thus sowed the seeds for the revolt of 1857. • Annexed Berar in 1853 from Nizam on account of arrears for auxiliary.

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 13

• Darjeeling and its outlying districts annexed. • Stopped and abolished pensions and titles of various states. For e.g. stopped annual payment of Nana Sahib, adopted son of Peshwa Baji Rao II after his death. • Planned to stop pensions and remove legal titles of the Mughal Emperor after death of Bahadur Shah II, but this was rejected by the Court of Directors. • The Woods Dispatch of 1854 according to which the British took the responsibility for mass education. • The Santhal uprising (1855-57)

65. (A) Regulating Act of 1773

• The 1973 Regulating Act brought about the British government’s involvement in Indian affairs in the effort to control and regulate the functioning of the East India Company. It recognised that the Company’s role in India extended beyond mere trade to administrative and political fields, and introduced the element of centralized administration. • The directors of the Company were required to submit all correspondence regarding revenue affairs and civil and military administration to the government. (Thus, for the first time, the British cabinet was given the right to exercise control over Indian affairs.) • In Bengal, the administration was to be carried out by governor-general and a council consisting of 4 members, representing civil and military government. They were required to function according to the majority rule. Warren Hastings and four others were named in the Act, later ones were to be appointed by the Company. • A Supreme Court of judicature was to be established in Bengal with original and appellate jurisdictions where all subjects could seek redressal. In practice, however, the Supreme Court had a debatable jurisdiction vis-a-vis the council which created various problems. • The governor-general could exercise some powers over Bombay and Madras— again, a vague provision which created many problems. The whole scheme was based on checks and balances.

Amendments (1781)

• The jurisdiction of the Supreme Court was defined—within Calcutta, it was to administer the personal law of the defendant. • The servants of the government were immune if they did anything while discharging their duties. • Social and religious usages of the subjects were to be honoured.

66. (A) Charter Act of 1813: In England, the business interests were pressing for an end to the Company’s monopoly over trade in India because of a spirit of laissez-faire

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 14

and the continental system by Napoleon by which the European ports were closed for Britain. The 1813 Act sought to redress these grievances:

• The Company’s monopoly over trade in India ended, but the Company retained the trade with China and the trade in tea. • The Company’s shareholders were given a 10.5 per cent dividend on the revenue of India. • The Company was to retain the possession of territories and the revenue for 20 years more, without prejudice to the sovereignty of the Crown. (Thus, the constitutional position of the British territories in India was defined explicitly for the first time.) • Powers of the Board of Control were further enlarged. • A sum of one lakh rupees was to be set aside for the revival, promotion and encouragement of literature, learning and science among the natives of India, every year. (This was an important statement from the point of State’s responsibility for education.) • The regulations made by the Councils of Madras, Bombay and Calcutta were now required to be laid before the British Parliament. The constitutional position of the British territories in India was thus explicitly defined for the first time. • Separate accounts were to be kept regarding commercial transactions and territorial revenues. The power of superintendence and direction of the Board of Control was not only defined but also enlarged considerably. • Christian missionaries were also permitted to come to India and preach their religion.

67. (A) Government of India Act of 1935: The Act, with 451 clauses and 15 schedules, contemplated the establishment of an All-India Federation in which Governors’ Provinces and the Chief Commissioners’ Provinces and those Indian states which might accede to be united were to be included. (The ruler of each Princely State willing to join was to sign an ‘instrument of accession’ mentioning the extent to which authority was to be surrendered to the federal government.)

• Dyarchy, rejected by the Simon Commission, was provided for in the Federal Executive. • The Federal Legislature was to have two chambers (bicameral)—the Council of States and the Federal Legislative Assembly. The Council of States (the Upper House) was to be a permanent body. • There was a provision for joint sitting in cases of deadlock between the houses. There were to be three subjectlists—the Federal Legislative List, the Provincial Legislative List and the Concurrent Legislative List. Residuary legislative powers were subject to the discretion of the governor-general. Even if a bill was passed by the federal legislature, the governor-general could veto it, while even

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 15

Acts assented to by the governor-general could be disallowed by the King-in- Council. • Dyarchy in the provinces was abolished and provinces were given autonomy, i.e., the distinction between Reserved and Transferred Subjects was abolished and full responsible government was established, subject to certain safeguards. • Provinces derived their power and authority directly from the British Crown. They were given independent financial powers and resources. Provincial governments could borrow money on their own security. • Provincial legislatures were further expanded. Bicameral legislatures were provided in the six provinces of Madras, Bombay, Bengal, United Provinces, Bihar and Assam, with other five provinces retaining unicameral legislatures. • The principles of ‘communal electorates’ and ‘weightage’ were further extended to depressed classes, women and labour. • Franchise was extended, with about 10 per cent of the total population getting the right to vote. • The Act also provided for a Federal Court (which was established in 1937), with original and appellate powers, to interpret the 1935 Act and settle inter-state disputes, but the Privy Council in London was to dominate this court. • The India Council of the Secretary of State was abolished.

The All-India Federation as visualised in the Act never came into being because of the opposition from different parties of India. The British government decided to introduce the provincial autonomy on April 1, 1937, but the Central government continued to be governed in accordance with the 1919 Act, with minor amendments. The operative part of the Act of 1935 remained in force till August 15, 1947.

70. (C) Government of India Act 1919

This Act was based on what are popularly known as the Montague-Chelmsford Reforms. In August 1917, the British government for the first time declared that its objective was to gradually introduce responsible government in India, but as an integral part of the British Empire.

The Act of 1919, clarified that there would be only a gradual development of self- governing institutions in India and that the British Parliament—and not self- determination of the people of India—would determine the time and manner of each step along the path of constitutional progress.

• Under the 1919 Act, the Indian Legislative Council at the Centre was replaced by a bicameral system consisting of a Council of State (Upper House) and a Legislative Assembly (Lower House). Each house was to have a majority of members who were directly elected. So, direct election was introduced, though

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 16

the franchise was much restricted being based on qualifications of property, tax or education. • The principle of communal representation was extended with separate electorates for Sikhs, Christians and Anglo-Indians, besides Muslims. • The Act introduced dyarchy in the provinces, which indeed was a substantial step towards transfer of power to the Indian people. • The provincial legislature was to consist of one house only (legislative council). • The Act separated for the first time the provincial and central budgets, with provincial legislatures being authorised to make their budgets. • A High Commissioner for India was appointed, who was to hold his office in London for six years and whose duty was to look after Indian trade in Europe. Some of the functions hitherto performed by the Secretary of State for India were transferred to the high commissioner. • The Secretary of State for India who used to get his pay from the Indian revenue was now to be paid by the British Exchequer, thus undoing an injustice in the Charter Act of 1793. • Though Indian leaders for the first time got some administrative experience in a constitutional set-up under this Act, there was no fulfilment of the demand for responsible government. Though a measure of power devolved on the provinces with demarcation of subjects between centre and provinces, the structure continued to be unitary and centralised.

Dyarchy in the provincial sector failed. The Central Legislature, though more representative than the previous legislative councils and endowed, for the first time, with power to vote supplies, had no power to replace the government and even its powers in the field of legislation and financial control were limited and subject to the overriding powers of the governor-general. Besides his existing power to veto any bill passed by the legislature or to reserve the same for the signification of the British monarch’s pleasure, the governor-general was given the power to secure the enactment of laws which he considered essential for the safety, tranquility or interests of British India, or any part of British India.

The Indian legislature under the Act of 1919 was only a non-sovereign law-making body and was powerless before the executive in all spheres of governmental activity, as Subhash Kashyap observes.

71. (B) Vernacular Press Act, 1878

The Vernacular Press Act (VPA) was designed to ‘better control’ the vernacular press and effectively punish and repress seditious writing. The provisions of the Act included the following.

• The district magistrate was empowered to call upon the printer and publisher of any vernacular newspaper to enter into a bond with the government

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 17

undertaking not to cause disaffection against the government or antipathy between persons of different religions, caste, race through published material; the printer and publisher could also be required to deposit security which could be forefeited if the regulation were contravened, and press equipment could be seized if the offence re-occurred. • The magistrate’s action was final and no appeal could be made in a court of law. • A vernacular newspaper could get exemption from the operation of the Act by submitting proofs to a government censor.

The Act came to be nicknamed “the gagging Act”. The worst features of this Act were—(i) discrimination between English and vernacular press, (ii) no right of appeal. Under VPA, proceedings were instituted against Som Prakash, Bharat Mihir, Dacca Prakash and Samachar. (Incidentally, the Amrita Bazar Patrika turned overnight into an English newspaper to escape the VPA.)

Later, the pre-censorship clause was repealed, and a press commissioner was appointed to supply authentic and accurate news to the press.

There was strong opposition to the Act and finally Ripon repealed it in 1882.

In 1883, Surendranath Banerjea became the first Indian journalist to be imprisoned.

76. (B) Wood’s Despatch, 1854

In 1854, Charles Wood prepared a despatch on an educational system for India. Considered the “Magna Carta of English Education in India”, this document was the first comprehensive plan for the spread of education in India.

1. It asked the government of India to assume responsibility for education of the masses, thus repudiating the ‘downward filtration theory’, at least on paper. 2. It systematised the hierarchy from vernacular primary schools in villages at bottom, followed by Anglo-Vernacular High Schools and an affiliated college at the district level, and affiliating universities in the presidency towns of Calcutta, Bombay and Madras. 3. It recommended English as the medium of instruction for higher studies and vernaculars at school level. 4. It laid stress on female and vocational education, and on teachers’ training. 5. It laid down that the education imparted in government institutions should be secular. 6. It recommended a system of grants-in-aid to encourage private enterprise.

78. (D) Saddler University Commission (1917-19): The commission was set up to study and report on problems of Calcutta University but its recommendations were applicable more or less to other universities also. It reviewed the entire field from school education to university education.

MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS 18

It held the view that, for the improvement of university education, improvement of secondary education was a necessary pre-condition. Its observations were as follows:

1. School course should cover 12 years. Students should enter university after an intermediate stage (rather than matric) for a three-year degree course in university. This was done to (a) prepare students for university stage; (b) relieve universities of a large number of below university standard students; and (c) provide collegiate education to those not planning to go through university stage.

A separate board of secondary and intermediate education should be set up for administration and control of secondary and intermediate education.

2. There should be less rigidity in framing university regulations. 3. A university should function as centralised, unitary residential-teaching autonomous body, rather than as scattered, affiliated colleges. 4. Female education, applied scientific and technological education, teachers’ training including those for professional and vocational colleges should be extended.

In the period from 1916 to 1921 seven new universities came up at Mysore, Patna, Benaras, Aligarh, Dacca, Lucknow and Osmania.

In 1920, the Government recommended Saddler report to the provincial governments.

81. (B) Lord Wellesley, 1798-1805

• Introduction of the Subsidiary Alliance System (1798); first alliance with Nizam of Hyderabad. • Fourth Mysore War (1799). • Second Maratha War (1803-05). • Took over the administration of Tanjore (1799), Surat (1800) and Carnatic (1801). • Treaty of Bassein (1802)

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MODERN INDIA OBJECTIVE IAS