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Final Thesis University of Huddersfield Repository Bullett, Margaret Post-Reformation Preaching in the Pennines: Space, Identity and Affectivity Original Citation Bullett, Margaret (2016) Post-Reformation Preaching in the Pennines: Space, Identity and Affectivity. Doctoral thesis, University of Huddersfield. This version is available at http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/28714/ The University Repository is a digital collection of the research output of the University, available on Open Access. Copyright and Moral Rights for the items on this site are retained by the individual author and/or other copyright owners. Users may access full items free of charge; copies of full text items generally can be reproduced, displayed or performed and given to third parties in any format or medium for personal research or study, educational or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge, provided: • The authors, title and full bibliographic details is credited in any copy; • A hyperlink and/or URL is included for the original metadata page; and • The content is not changed in any way. For more information, including our policy and submission procedure, please contact the Repository Team at: [email protected]. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/ Post-Reformation Preaching in the Pennines: Space, Identity and Affectivity Margaret Elizabeth Bullett A thesis submitted to the University of Huddersfield in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Huddersfield March 2016 Copyright Statement i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns any copyright in it (the “Copyright”) and s/he has given The University of Huddersfield the right to use such Copyright for any administrative, promotional, educational and/or teaching purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts, may be made only in accordance with the regulations of the University Library. Details of these regulations may be obtained from the Librarian. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of any patents, designs, trade marks and any and all other intellectual property rights except for the Copyright (the “Intellectual Property Rights”) and any reproductions of copyright works, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property Rights and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property Rights and/or Reproductions. 2 Abstract This is a social and cultural study of preaching in the post-Reformation period, approached through the themes of space, identity and affectivity. Firstly, it reveals a high level of material investment in the spaces for preaching and shows how this expressed a reformed conceptualisation of sacred space and time. Secondly, lay support for preaching is investigated as a social institution and this is contrasted with a case study of conflict caused by preaching. This reveals how preaching could foster both broad and narrow varieties of godly identity, and how these interacted with one another and a sense of local identity and community. Thirdly, sermons delivered in the Pennine area are examined to show how affective responses were encouraged in hearers. By studying preaching in these ways, new light is shed onto the experience of religion at the parish level. It is argued that a wide cross- section of the population supported the preaching of the Word of God in some way and willingly participated in sermon-centred piety. The boundary between a ‘the godly’ and others is seen to be permeable, fluid and plural, and religious conflict explained by contest over the positioning of this boundary. It is proposed that attending a sermon could be an affective experience. The ‘plain’, didactic sermons delivered in the Pennine parishes contained imagery and sensory language, with attention brought onto the body, sickness and healing. Furthermore, the divine presence in worship was located in the unfolded Word, leading to the possibility of a numinous experience during the sacred time of preaching. Finally, some answers are provided to the long-standing conundrum of how preaching ministers were able to fulfil their pastoral roles and maintain the parish as a unit, while at the same time admonishing their hearers, preaching predestination and nurturing the more religiously committed of their flock. It is proposed that this balancing act was less of a feat when the broader appeal of preaching-centred worship, as revealed in this study, is considered. Preaching- centred worship offered the opportunity for pious material expression, social participation and interaction, and contained affective aspects that could be appreciated at various levels. 3 Contents Page no. Abstract 3 Contents 4 Figures and tables 5 Abbreviations 6 Acknowledgements and dedication 7 General Introduction 8 Part I. Space Introduction to Part I 18 Chapter One. The Spatial and Material Aspects of Preaching 29 Chapter Two. Preaching and Sacred Space 62 Conclusion for Part I 83 Part II. Identity Introduction to Part II 85 Chapter Three. Preaching. Identity and Community 90 Chapter Four. Preaching. Identity and Conflict 123 Conclusion for Part II 154 Part III. Affectivity Introduction to Part III 157 Chapter Five. Knowledge and Affective Language in Preaching 164 Chapter Six. Preaching and the Body 195 Conclusion for Part III 215 General Conclusion 218 Bibliography 223 Appendices 261 Word count (incl. footnotes, tables and figures) 93,368 4 Figures and tables Figure 1 Cumulative number of chapels built and rebuilt in the Pennine area 29 Figure 2 Expenditure on church fabric in Sheffield Parish 1580–1660 31 Figure 3 Total fabric expenditure at Sheffield 31 Figure 4 Annual expenditure on fabric and preaching at Bradfield Chapel 33 Figure 5 New chapel ground plans 34 Figure 6 Photographs of chapels at Attercliffe, Idle and Bramhope 35 Figure 7 Mid-nineteenth century view of St John's Chapel, Leeds 38 Figure 8 Before and after plans of the rebuilding of Sowerby Chapel, 1620 42 Figure 9 Monument to the Wife of Edmund Brearcliffe, Halifax Parish Church 45 Figure 10 Local visiting preachers and travel, at Penistone and Barnsley 103 Figure 11 Local visiting preachers and travel, at Bolton and Bingley 104 Figure 12 Short and long distance travel to preach at Bradfield 1617–1659 105 Figure 13 Careers of four preachers 1613–1653 107 Figure 14 Routes of itinerant preachers 115 Figure 15 The arms of James I. North nave, St John’s Chapel 125 Figure 16 Twin male faces on the west side of the screen at St John’s Chapel 151 Figure 17 Monument to John Favour, Halifax Parish Church 157 Figure 18 The Creation of Eve, Antwerp 1530 177 Figure 19 Fourteenth century medieval Crucifixus Dolorosus, Mainz Cathedral 178 Figure 20 Devotional diptych by Albrecht Bouts of Louvain, fifteenth century 189 Figure 21 Map of new and rebuilt chapels 262 Table 1 Summary of collections and contributors in Ecclesall Parish, 1622 100 Table 2 Summary of fees and hospitality for visiting preachers 111 Table 3 Exercises in the Pennine area 116 5 Abbreviations BI Borthwick Institute BL British Library CA Chester Archive CS OS Chetham Society Old Series CS NS Chetham Society New Series CLA Chetham’s Library Archive cwa Churchwardens’ Accounts GMCRO Greater Manchester County Record Office HTBH A Helpe to Better Hearts for Better Times: Indeavoured in Several Sermons LCRO Lancashire County Records Office NA National Archives, Kew SA Sheffield Archives TOHEMS The Oxford Handbook of Early Modern Sermons ULBLSC University of Leeds, Brotherton Library Special Collections WYAS West Yorkshire Archive Service (B, Bradford; C, Calderdale; K, Kirklees; L, Leeds; W, Wakefield) YAS Yorkshire Archaeological Society YML York Minster Library All pre-1700 printed works have been digitally sourced using Early English Books Online and the bibliographic information has been taken from that. Unless stated the place of publication for pre- 1700 printed sources is London. Note on text: There are many chapels mentioned in this study. To help locate them, the first time they are mentioned, their mother parish will be given in brackets. For consistency, even where a chapel was subsequently promoted to parish church status, it will still be referred to as as a chapel throughout this study. 6 Dedication This project began from a query about the nature of ‘gadding to sermons’ voiced in a discussion with Dr Sarah Bastow several years ago. I have her unswerving encouragement to thank for it growing into the study it became and for it finally coming to completion. This debt of gratitude is extended to all the history staff and my fellow PhD students at the University of Huddersfield, but in particular to Dr Pat Cullum for her insights and sage guidance. I would also like to thank the many archive and museum staff, churchwardens and clergy who have assisted me with visits and records. Family and friends have provided immeasurable support and encouragement along the way. My children, Madeleine, Christopher and Josephine, have grown into young adults while I have been researching and writing and have been both my inspiration and grounding. A special thank you goes to my husband, Simon, for his patience and good sense, and allowing long-dead preachers to be part of our lives over the last few years. He and my sister, Christine,
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