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Gender, Family and Vocation in English Clerical Households, Circa 1590-1714

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Gender, Family and Vocation in English Clerical Households, Circa 1590-1714 THE TRIBE OF LEVI: GENDER, FAMILY AND VOCATION IN ENGLISH CLERICAL HOUSEHOLDS, CIRCA 1590-1714 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of the Ohio State University By Michelle Wolfe, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2004 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor David Cressy, Adviser Professor Barbara Hanawalt Professor Carla Gardina Pestana ______________________________ Adviser Professor Birgitte Søland History Graduate Program ABSTRACT Setting out the parameters for Protestant church government in 1559, Elizabeth I of England granted "that the priestes and mynisters of the Church may lawfully, for the aduoyding of fornication, have an honest and sober wyfe." With that relatively unenthusiastic concession, marriage became a legal and lasting option for all clergy of the Church of England. Surplices and sanctions on economic and martial activity remained as medieval Catholic continuities in early modern Protestant clerical identity. Marriage, on the other hand, was an innovation that brought critical changes. Its effects went far beyond the strategic (and not always successful) containment of illicit clerical sexuality. The end of institutionalized celibacy had essential implications for clerical manhood, clerical spirituality, clerical poverty, the development of clerical professional networks, the administration of clerical discipline, the structure and maintenance of clerical dignity and the dynamics of clerical-lay relations in English parishes. It created an entirely new and distinct group of women in England's social and gender hierarchy: clerical wives. Yet the social and cultural history of clerical marriage and clerical families in post- reformation England has received insufficient scholarly attention. A handful of works, most notably Eric Carlson's and Helen Parish's studies of the clerical marriage debate during the Tudor Reformations, have addressed this revolution in clerical domestic life. ii The evolution of clerical domesticity during the seventeenth-century period of Protestant conflict and consolidation has been especially understudied. This dissertation poses several interrelated questions about gender, marriage, family and the clerical vocation in seventeenth-century England. How did the role and realities of being a husband, father and householder shape clerical identity and honor, during a critical period of change and upheaval in the English church? How did clerical dignity and the ascetic pursuits of clerical holiness influence and organize spousal relations and family life? How were the special expectations for clerical conduct officially extended to and imposed upon the members of clerical households? Finally, how did clerical wives and children collaborate in—or sabotage— pastoral performance and the orchestration of clerical dignity and identity? Together these questions explore how clerical honor and identity structured relations within the minister's household and between the minister's household and the larger parish or congregation Using print sources and ecclesiastical and family records from the northern dioceses of York, Chester, and Lincoln, the four chapters of this dissertation address different types of interaction between vocational and household honor and identity: the collaborative family maintenance of clerical dignity through clerical household honor, the intimate and domestic reproduction of clerical identity through devotional courtship and marital and family piety; the extension of ministers' domestic role of household patriarch into the parish, through the concept of 'spiritual fatherhood', and the role of wives and children in religious politics and parish controversies. iii VITA 11 April 1969 Born, Lancaster, Ohio, USA 1993 B.A. Psychology, University of Chicago 1999 M.A. Women's Studies in Religion, Claremont Graduate School M.A. History of Christianity, Claremont Graduate School PUBLICATIONS Michelle Wolfe. "'There Very Children Were Soe Full of Hatred: Royalist Clerical Families and the Politics of Everyday Conflict in Civil War and Interregnum England." Kate Cooper and Jeremy Gregory eds., Retribution, Repentance and Reconciliation. Studies in Church History, vol. 40. Woodbridge: Boydell, 2004. Patrick Corrigan, Joyce Nugent Hirschbeck and Michelle Wolfe. "Memory and Vigilance Training to Improve Social Perception in Schizophrenia." Schizophrenia Research. 17.3 (1995): 257-265. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Early Modern European History iv DEDICATION For the "Tribe of Wolfe": Mom, Dad, Stephanie and Alex v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I depended on the financial generosity of many institutions in order to research and write this dissertation. I owe thanks for external funding from the Huntington Library, the North American Conference on British Studies and the Erasmus Institute. At Ohio State, the Graduate School, the Departments of History, Women's Studies, International Studies and International Education and the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies provided me with essential fellowship and grant support. I am equally indebted to the many libraries and archives that permitted me to darken their doorsteps and desks. I spent especially long amounts of time haunting the Huntington Library and the Borthwick Institute; the archivists and staff at these two amazing archives were incredibly accommodating and kind. Less calculable but equally critical was the intellectual and personal support I received from so many along the way. As a doctoral student, I have been uniquely gifted with mentors and peers at three institutions. At Ohio State, my adviser David Cressy, my readers Barbara Hanawalt, Carla Pestana and Birgitte Søland, and Early Modern Faculty Geoffrey Parker, Dale Van Kley have all offered invaluable instruction, guidance and support. My indebtedness to all of them simply defies expression. Fellow students Doug Palmer, Tom Hendrickson, Andrea "History Spice" Smidt, Richard Groening and the esteemed participants in Dr. Søland's 881 seminar have each in their own way vi encouraged and inspired me. During my research year at the University of York, my foster-adviser Bill Shiels took me in like a long-lost doctoral student, coaching me through the archives and taking me shopping for sheets and crockery. The York Early Modern History Faculty, in particular Mark Jenner and Natasha, were as personally generous as they are intellectually impressive. The community of graduate students in Early Modern and British History at York were "brilliant" in both the British and American meanings of the word. Finally, the Early Mod Squad has for five years kept the home fires burning at Claremont Graduate University; their Fearless Leader, Lori Anne Ferrell, served as a Shadow Reader through the whole dissertation, reading drafts and effortlessly dispensing incisive scholarly critiques, wine recommendations, and fashion advice. There are relationships that transcend institutional affiliations. Fay Botham, Andrew Cambers, Stephanie Sleeper, Jennifer Anderson, Lisa Van Dyke and Audra Jennings have been friends, comrades, sounding boards and voices of sanity. Joby Abernathy has been a savior on the job and off. Finally, my parents, my sister and my brother have been there for me from the beginning. This dissertation is for them. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT........................................................................................................................ ii VITA.................................................................................................................................. iv DEDICATION.................................................................................................................... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. vi ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................ x INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 Introduction..................................................................................................................... 1 Three Early Modern Historiographies: Clerical Marriage, the English Clergy and Gender............................................................................................................................. 4 Clerical Marriage in Early Modern England: An Historical Overview.......................... 9 Chronology, Methodology and Evidence ..................................................................... 15 CHAPTER 1 ..................................................................................................................... 23 THE TRIBE OF LEVI: MARRIAGE, CLERICAL DIGNITY AND THE PROBLEM OF HOUSEHOLD HONOR................................................................................................... 23 Introduction................................................................................................................... 23 Clerical Dignity and Clerical Masculinity .................................................................... 29 Clerical Marriage, Clerical Householding and Vocational Manhood .......................... 34 'The Daughters of Levi': Imposing Standards of Clerical Conduct on Ministers' Wives and Children.................................................................................................................. 40 Conclusion
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