E-Scrita Revista Do Curso De Letras Da UNIABEU Nilópolis, V

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E-Scrita Revista Do Curso De Letras Da UNIABEU Nilópolis, V CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Uniabeu: E-Journals 169 eee-e---scritascrita ISSN 2177-6288 O Gênero Epidíctico em Cícero Sandra Verônica Vasque Carvalho de Oliveira 1 RESUMO: Este estudo tem como escopo identificar e apresentar alguns recursos utilizados por Cícero, no discurso Pro Macello, na tentativa de confirmar a sua classificação dentro do gênero epidíctico – um dos gêneros do discurso formulados por Aristóteles. Tem, ainda, a finalidade de demonstrar determinados usos e escolhas particulares que o autor possa ter empregado para alcançar seu objetivo de louvor a César. Palavras-Chave : Pro Marcello, Gêneros, Epidíctico The epideictic genre in Cicero ABSTRACT: This study has the objective to identify and provide some resources used by Cicero in his speech Pro Marcello in an attempt to confirm their classification within the epideictic genre – one of the genres of discourse formulated by Aristotle. It also has the purpose of demonstrating certain uses and particular choices he may have used to reach your goal to praise Cesar. Keywords: Pro Marcello,Genres, epideictic 1 INTRODUÇÃO Entre os três gêneros do discurso, assim divididos por Aristóteles, há o epidíctico. Características desse gênero estão presentes no discurso Pro Marcello, de Cícero. Pretende-se, desse modo, investigar, sucintamente, alguns momentos e de que modo o autor faz uso de tais características, fazendo-se análise dos recursos utilizados, por ele, para isso. Intenciona-se, igualmente, pesquisar que funções além da persuasão podem servir ao mesmo em tal discurso. Assim, intenta-se coletar dados, na obra supracitada, que apresentem os recursos estilísticos e retóricos usados por Cícero para persuadir o público ouvinte a admirar e louvar César – principal destinatário do discurso selecionado para análise – acolhendo a sua opinião em 1 Doutoranda em Letras Clássicas (UFRJ) e Professora da UNIABEU. e-scrita Revista do Curso de Letras da UNIABEU Nilópolis, v. 2, Número 5, Mai. -Ago. 2011 170 relação à importância e aos feitos de César. Do mesmo modo, pretende-se entender as condições e finalidades que conduziram a constituição do discurso dentro desses moldes. Inicialmente, são procurados, então, alguns elementos característicos, assim como propulsores, do discurso epidíctico no texto eleito para estudo – mas com nuances particulares do orador. Assim, esse estudo espera ampliar o olhar sobre as possibilidades ilimitadas presentes em oradores como Cícero. 2 A RETÓRICA E CÍCERO 2.1 Sobre a retórica Para a realização da análise de um discurso, na procura de características de um determinado gênero e de como o orador responsável pelo discurso faz uso dessas características, é forçosamente necessário o entendimento, entre outros dados, de elementos da retórica. A retórica seria a arte do bem se expressar, com estilo e argumentos, tendo a intenção de expor idéias de forma lógica para outrem, com a finalidade de influenciá-lo e persuadi-lo de algo. Precisa comover e convencer para que possa conduzir o raciocínio do ouvinte. Como diz Reboul (2000, p.13) é “ a articulação dos argumentos e do estilo numa mesma função”. Acrescenta ainda que é: “a arte de persuadir pelo discurso” e “Por discurso entendemos toda produção verbal, escrita ou oral, constituída por uma frase ou por uma sequência de frases que tenha começo e fim e apresente certa unidade de sentido.” (p. 14) De acordo com Reboul (2000 p.24), Aristóteles assim percebe a retórica: Ela não se reduz (...) ao poder de persuadir (subentendido ninguém de coisa nenhuma); no essencial, é a arte de achar os meios de persuasão que cada caso comporta. Em outras palavras, o bom advogado não é aquele que promete a vitória a qualquer custo, mas aquele que abre para a sua causa todas as probabilidades de vitória. Já Platão, segundo o mesmo estudioso, entendia a retórica como a “que se auto define como arte onipotente, não é arte de modo algum, pois é cega no que faz e no que quer. Por ignorar o verdadeiro, não é nem mesmo verdadeiro poder”(p.26) A respeito da retórica latina, Barilli assim a apresenta: e-scrita Revista do Curso de Letras da UNIABEU Nilópolis, v. 2, Número 5, Mai. -Ago. 2011 171 a retórica latina dos primeiros séculos vive sobretudo da reconstrução histórica que dela fez Cícero no Brutus (...)Na base de uma documentação directa (sic), a retórica latina começa só nos inícios do século I a.C. com dois tratados: a Rhetorica ad Herennium, durante muito tempo atribuída a Túlio, ou seja, ao próprio Cícero, enquanto hoje nos inclinamos a ver aí a obra de um autor muito próximo dele, mas distinto; e o De inventione, autenticamente ciceroniano, mas escrito num período jovem (...), de tal modo que o Autor o renegará depois, ou o confiará à indulgência dos leitores. (BARILLI, 1979, p. 39) Contudo, para esse estudioso, o pensamento ciceroniano só galgará relevo nessa questão no ano 56 a.C., como assim comenta: É pois necessário esperar alguns decênios e chegar pelo menos ao ano 56 a.C do De oratore para que o pensamento ciceroniano se manifeste em toda a sua imponência. Seja como for, esta é de tal forma grande que faz desse um dos grandes momentos da retórica; ao lado do da negação platónica (sic), e do da olímpica aceitação e organização aristotélica, o modelo ciceroniano vem introduzir o triunfo, o privilégio da retórica, fazendo-a elevar-se ao nível de arte das artes. (BARILLI, 1979, p. 41) Para o autor, Cícero chega a esse patamar “preparando uma visão de mundo, uma concepção global da cultura, na qual a retórica encontra um papel centralizador e unificador.” (p. 41) Essa concepção seria própria da visão da romanidade republicana e do senado, baseada no primado da práxis sobre a teoria. O negotium impondo-se ao otium. Durante o primeiro, o cidadão romano deve limitar-se à res publica, à prática. (BARILLI, 1979) Cícero, ao se debruçar sobre a retórica, conforme ponderações de Barlli, não acrescenta nada ao arsitotélico, mas o reformula, fazendo supressões e deslocações, com simplificações. Não deixa, por isso, de ser original. Por exemplo, na concepção ciceroniana, desaparece a analítica e é conferido maior valor à dialética. Nesta, ele procede a uma grande reestruturação das partes. Assim confirma o estudioso: “não há introdução de novos elementos, mas uma redistribuição das partes; todavia, também esta é uma forma de originalidade, mérito que deve ser indubitavelmente reconhecido a Cícero” (p.43) Nos dizeres de Bobes (1995, p. 159): Cicerón es el gran orador romano, que representa la concepción ‘filosófica’ de la retórica, a la que considera como uma ratio discendi que exige amplios y profundos conocimientos de las artes e las cienciais, y sobre todo de la e-scrita Revista do Curso de Letras da UNIABEU Nilópolis, v. 2, Número 5, Mai. -Ago. 2011 172 filosofia; en ningún caso entiende la retórica como la aplicación mecánica de las reglas de la elocuencia. Conforme a autora, Cícero entende a retórica não somente como a arte do falar, mas, além disso, a arte do pensar. Não é uma ciência, uma técnica especial. É uma arte geral, conduzida pela sabedoria, tendo a filosofia como a base para o preparo, a formação do bom orador. Sobre a retórica, conforme as convicções de Cícero, o bom orador traz consigo o talento inerente da eloquência, a qual necessita ser lapidada com ensino profundo de cultura geral, que os gregos chamavam de Paidéia e Cícero denominou Humanitas. Seria aquela instrução nas áreas que ele entendia como essenciais. (REBOUL, 2000) No discurso Pro Marcello, os recursos retóricos utilizados por Cícero tentam persuadir, ou levar a platéia a acreditar que César, ao perdoar Marcello, foi ainda mais vitorioso do que ao vencer a guerra e ainda mais clemente, ou melhor, o mais clemente de todos. Pode-se perceber ainda, a intenção do orador em conseguir a sua própria aceitação junto aos expectadores, já que ele mesmo havia se voltado contra o governante, assim como Marcelo. Entende-se que seu uso se justifica quando os discursos visarem à persuasão, pois são direcionados ao ouvinte, especificamente, com a intenção de fazê-lo favorável, ou não, à causa apresentada pelo orador. A persuasão é justamente levar alguém – o ouvinte – a crê, acreditar em algo. A argumentação, por sua vez, leva à persuasão, visando sempre produzir a crença em algo. E por que diríamos, como Aristóteles, Cícero e Reboul (2000), que usar recursos retóricos é fazer arte, ou melhor, que a retórica é uma arte? Segundo o último, a palavra arte é uma tradução do grego techné e possui certa ambiguidade. Isso porque é um termo que designa “tanto uma habilidade espontânea quanto uma competência adquirida através do ensino” e também porque, do mesmo modo, designa ora uma simples técnica e ora um ato criador, ultrapassando a técnica. A retórica seria a união de todos esses sentidos dados à palavra arte. Portanto, o bem expressar, através da retórica, pode ser uma coisa nata, mas, igualmente, um orador pode aprender técnicas para melhor expressão e comunicação. Mas a técnica, na retórica, está aliada à capacidade de o orador em descobrir argumentos específicos e mais eficazes para sua causa, usando o seu estilo próprio para alcançar seus objetivos. No caso do autor aqui estudado, Cícero, ele também se dedicou aos studia da retórica, assim como tantos outros de sua época, mas se destacou por ter uma aptidão, uma capacidade, e-scrita Revista do Curso de Letras da UNIABEU Nilópolis, v. 2, Número 5, Mai. -Ago. 2011 173 que nos parece nata, para influenciar os seus ouvintes. Quando, em Pro Marcello, faz uso, por exemplo, de recursos próprios do gênero epidíctico, demonstra o nível da habilidade que detinha para manipular as opiniões. Logo, desempenhou, na execução desse discurso, o que poderíamos apontar e o que estritamente chamamos aqui de arte da retórica: o uso de técnicas adquiridas pelo estudo somadas à capacidade singular do orador em fazer suas escolhas na hora de proferir um discurso.
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