Por El Bien Del Imperio

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Por El Bien Del Imperio 5 LA ESCALADA (1960-1968) JOHN F. KENNEDY John Fitzgerald Kennedy llegaba al poder con el propósito de cambiar el estilo burocrático y rígido de su predecesor. Se rodeó de un grupo de universitarios brillantes que integraban su brain trust, como Robert S. McNamara, uno de los jóvenes-maravilla que habían revitalizado la Ford, a quien Kennedy ofreció el cargo de secretario de Defensa (a sus 44 años era el más joven en este cargo de la historia norteamericana, pero el propio Kennedy tenía 43 años y su hermano Robert, a quien nombró fiscal general, 35). Una función esencial le correspondió a McGeorge Bundy, decano de Harvard, quien estuvo de 1961 a 1966 al frente del National Security Council (NSC), una institución que dejaría de ser un mero consejo asesor para convertirse en el órgano fundamental de dirección de la política internacional, puesta directamente en manos del presidente. Junto a ellos, Ted Sorensen, que fue uno de los colaboradores más estrechos del presidente y el autor real, a través de sus discursos, de su retórica política, junto a Kenny O’Donnell o a Walt Rostow, que desarrolló la doctrina de la «Alianza para el progreso» y fue uno de los principales impulsores de la guerra de Vietnam. Kennedy comenzó su gestión en enero de 1961 con un discurso sobre la defensa de la libertad, como primera muestra de la retórica de la «Nueva frontera» —una expresión inspirada en el New Deal de Roosevelt— que encubría el pensamiento real de un político pragmático y profundamente conservador (creía que Roosevelt había «vendido» Polonia en Yalta, que Truman era culpable de haber perdido China, y que McCarthy, amigo de su familia, podía tener alguna razón). Lo cual no bastó para que una extrema derecha cristiana y anticomunista en rápido ascenso, gracias a las organizaciones que se financiaban con donaciones empresariales que podían deducirse de los impuestos, se ensañase con el nuevo presidente, considerándolo blando con el comunismo y atacándole por plantear una política de derechos civiles. Su carisma y la promesa de idealismo de su joven administración, se ha dicho, «ocultaban con frecuencia su cinismo y su conservadurismo». Lo que realmente le preocupaba eran los problemas internacionales relacionados con la guerra fría —pidió que en su discurso de inauguración no se tocasen cuestiones domésticas: «¿A quién le importa eso del salario mínimo»?»—, y su mayor contribución fue haber actuado, salvo en el caso de Vietnam, con una prudencia que le permitió esquivar los riesgos de una guerra nuclear, que pudo muy bien haber estallado en unos años de confrontación, para lo cual hubo de enfrentarse a los altos mandos militares y a los jefes de los servicios de inteligencia, que parecían empeñados en provocar un conflicto. Hoy sabemos que casi todo lo que rodeaba su imagen pública era un fraude, lo que, sorprendentemente, consiguió mantener en secreto. Para empezar, su estado físico era tan deplorable que, de haberse conocido, hubiese hecho imposible que se le aceptara como presidente (se ha dicho que no era seguro que pudiese sobrevivir ni siquiera cuatro años). Porque aquel joven de apariencia brillante, que en 1963 escribía en un artículo que «el buen estado físico y la vitalidad» eran indispensables para «un funcionario agobiado, que trabaja de noche para mantener en marcha un programa del gobierno», era poco menos que un inválido. Desde los tres años de edad fue acumulando dolencias graves, algunas de ellas causadas por la propia medicación que tomaba, que le obligaron a vivir rodeado de médicos y en perpetua dependencia de drogas y calmantes. Tenía la enfermedad de Addison y estaba obligado a tomar fuertes dosis de cortisona y testosterona (lo cual puede haber influido en su agitada vida sexual); consumía antiespasmódicos para controlar una inflamación permanente del colon, lo que parece haber contribuido a ulcerar su estómago, y padecía insufribles dolores de espalda, debidos a la osteoporosis; tomaba antibióticos por una infección urinaria y antihistamínicos que le provocaban depresiones que había de combatir con estimulantes, con medicamentos contra la ansiedad y con barbitúricos para dormir. Antes de una rueda de prensa o de un acto público recibía inyecciones con sedantes. Tomaba por lo menos diez tipos distintos de medicación al día, alguna de ellas dos veces. Pese a lo cual las grabaciones de la Casa Blanca muestran que siempre estuvo lúcido en el momento de tomar decisiones. Fue tan eficaz en ocultar sus fallos físicos como su turbulenta vida privada. EL CERCO A CUBA Uno de los primeros problemas a que tuvo que enfrentarse la nueva administración fue la operación para liquidar el régimen de Castro que había preparado en tiempos de Eisenhower Richard Bissell, encargado del Directorio de Operaciones de la CIA, como respuesta al giro a la izquierda de la revolución cubana. Era del mismo estilo que la que se realizó para derrocar a Árbenz en Guatemala en 1954, pero usando esta vez exiliados anticastristas. Se iniciaría con un desembarco apoyado por un ataque aéreo previo, efectuado por aviones norteamericanos camuflados para hacer creer que se trataba de desertores cubanos. La CIA garantizaba los resultados de este proyecto, que Eisenhower había acogido con entusiasmo. Kennedy encontró el plan ultimado, con los cubanos que habían de invadir la isla entrenándose en una plantación de café de Guatemala, y Allen Dulles y la CIA insistieron en que había de ponerse en práctica de inmediato, lo que el nuevo presidente aceptó, con la condición de que el asunto debía aparecer como enteramente cubano, y dejando claro que no toleraría que los Estados Unidos apareciesen implicados directamente en él, lo que hubiera hecho inviables sus proyectos de acercamiento político a América Latina. La decisión final la tomó cuando un coronel de marines enviado a inspeccionar la brigada cubana en Guatemala informó que creía a aquellos hombres capacitados para realizar «no solo misiones de combate inicial, sino también el objetivo final y definitivo: el derrocamiento de Castro». «Fue por nuestra parte —diría más adelante Kennedy— la estupidez de unos principiantes, y por la suya, la estupidez de vivir envueltos en sus ilusiones», puesto que el proyecto se basaba en la convicción de que el odio del pueblo cubano al castrismo haría que un simple desembarco bastase para producir un levantamiento en masa (la CIA calculaba que se podía llegar a movilizar a un 25 por ciento de la población); si las cosas no iban bien, los desembarcados podían refugiarse en las montañas para iniciar una guerra de guerrillas, como Castro había hecho en 1956. De una u otra forma el objetivo inmediato no era tanto el derrocamiento de Castro por las tropas invasoras, que solo sería posible de producirse un levantamiento general contra el gobierno, sino el de «apoderarse de una pequeña área y defenderla», con el fin de que desembarcase en ella «un gobierno provisional que pueda ser reconocido por los Estados Unidos», lo cual justificaría una intervención militar norteamericana. La verdad es que había serias discrepancias acerca de las posibilidades de la operación entre el Departamento de Estado, que se mostraba escéptico, y los militares y la CIA, que lo apoyaban con entusiasmo. La historia oficial de la CIA revela, sin embargo, que en noviembre de 1960, cinco meses antes de la operación, se había llegado a la conclusión de que el proyecto era irrealizable «a la luz de los controles establecidos por Castro». El propio historiador de la CIA se preguntaba cómo era posible que, habiendo llegado en noviembre de 1960 a estas conclusiones, que no se comunicaron al presidente electo, se decidiese en abril de 1961 emprender el desembarco con una fuerza tan reducida. A lo cual hay que añadir el error en escoger el lugar del desembarco, Bahía de Cochinos (Playa Girón), que estaba en una zona que tenía difícil salida, con tan solo tres carreteras que facilitarían el rápido acceso de tropas cubanas y dejarían a los invasores aislados, separados por una zona pantanosa de las montañas donde se había previsto que estableciesen una base de guerrillas («el peor sitio posible en Cuba», diría Miró Cardona, el presidente del Consejo revolucionario en el exilio, quejándose de que la CIA, que al parecer había basado sus planes en mapas antiguos, no les hubiese consultado). El 15 de abril, ocho bombarderos norteamericanos B-26 con insignias falsificadas trataron de destruir por sorpresa los cazas cubanos en el suelo, sin conseguir los resultados que esperaban, puesto que quedaron los suficientes aparatos como para hacer frente a la invasión (a Adlai Stevenson, embajador norteamericano en la ONU, le engañaron para que asegurase que se trataba de aviones cubanos que habían desertado y se habían refugiado en Florida). En la mañana del 17 de abril de 1961 una brigada de 1.400 hombres (estudiantes, hombres de negocios, médicos, abogados, campesinos con tan solo unos 135 soldados) desembarcó en Playa Girón en condiciones que llevaron a que la operación fuera un desastre. Combatiendo sin los suministros adecuados, iban a verse obligados a enfrentarse a 20.000 soldados cubanos, con el agravante de que la aviación cubana hizo embarrancar una de las embarcaciones y hundió otra que llevaba su reserva de municiones y la mayor parte de los suministros de alimentos y gasolina, lo que dio lugar a que otros transportes de equipamiento y comunicaciones huyeran para protegerse. Seis de los ocho B-26 que apoyaban la invasión fueron destruidos o inutilizados en el primer día, lo que obligó a poner en juego otros, tripulados ahora por pilotos norteamericanos. Los invasores resistieron mientras esperaban en vano que les apoyara una gran intervención aérea norteamericana, como se les había hecho creer, pero tuvieron que rendirse al tercer día, sin poder reembarcarse, puesto que la aviación cubana hundió las lanchas que habían de recogerlos.
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