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First Published on the Flora Mesoamericana Website, 2 Sep Flora Mesoamericana, Vol. 2 (1), Lauraceae, page 1 of 248 First published on the Flora Mesoamericana Website, 2 Sep. 2009. 78. LAURACEAE (IN PART) Family description and key to genera by H. van der Werff. Trees, shrubs, rarely herbaceous, parasitic vines (Cassytha), evergreen. Leaves alternate, sometimes whorled, rarely opposite, simple, entire. Stipules lacking. Indument of simple, unicellular hairs or lacking. Inflorescences axillary, paniculate-cymose, umbellate, rarely spicate (Cassytha); rarely involucrate (Litsea). Flowers small, actinomorphic, bisexual or unisexual; if unisexual, plants dioecious; tepals in two whorls of three, equal or rarely unequal; stamens in 4 whorls of three, the innermost whorl usually staminodial or lacking, fertile stamens usually 9, less frequently 6 or 3; stamens of whorl III usually with two glands at the base of the filaments; anthers 4- or 2-celled, opening by valves. Receptacle shallow to tubular, not fused with ovary; ovary unicarpellate, unilocular; ovule one. Fruit a 1-seeded berry, seated on an unmodified pedicel or in a shallow to deep cup-shaped cupule or completely enclosed by the enlarged receptacle; endosperm absent. Pantropical, best represented in tropical America and Asia and occurring from sea level to the tree line in wet forests; poorly represented in seasonally dry forests and in the temperate zones. Approx. 55 gen., 2500-3000 spp. In Mesomerica 18 genera are present. Several of the genera are better represented in South America and are in Mesoamerica confined to Panama, Costa Rica and adjacent Nicaragua (Aniba, Caryodaphnopsis, Cryptocarya, Endlicheria, Rhodostemonodaphne and Williamodendron). Two monotypic genera are endemic to Mesoamerica (Gamanthera, Povedadaphne), while one genus (Litsea) occurs predominantly in the northern part of Mesoamerica and is absent from South America. 1.Leafless parasitic vines. 5. Cassytha 1.Woody plants with normal leaves. 2. Flowers unisexual. Flora Mesoamericana, Vol. 2 (1), Lauraceae, page 2 of 248 3. Stamens fused into a central column. 9. Gamanthera 3. Stamens free. 4. Flowers in umbels. 11. Litsea 4. Flowers in panicles. 5. Anthers with 2 locelli. 8. Endlicheria 5. Anthers with 4 locelli. 6. Locelli in 2 horizontal pairs. 13. Ocotea 6. Locelli in an shallow arc. 17. Rhodostemonodaphne 2. Flowers hermaphrodite. 7. Stamens 3. 8. Anthers with 2 locelli. 10. Licaria 8. Anthers with 4 locelli. 18. Williamodendron 7. Stamens 6 or more. 9. Anthers with 2 locelli. 10. Tepals unequal, the outer three 1/2 to 2/3 as long as the inner three. 14. Persea (cuneata) 10. Tepals equal or nearly so. 11. Floral tube well-developed and tepals spreading, flowers wider than the floral tube. 7. Cryptocarya 11. Floral tube shallow, poorly developed or, if well-developed, tepals incurved to erect and flowers not wider than floral tube. 12. Flowers tomentellous or pubescent outside; filaments of the stamens densely pubescent. 2. Aniba 12. Flowers glabrous or sparsely pubescent outside; filaments glabrous or partly pubescent, not uniformly densely pubescent. 13. Floral tube very short, scarcely visible at anthesis; tepals united at the base, falling off together in older flowers and leaving the pistil fully exposed. 3. Beilschmiedia 13. Floral tube about as long as the tepals; tepals not united at the base, falling off individually, leaving the pistil partially included in the floral tube. 1. Aiouea 9. Anthers with 4 locelli. 14. Leaves opposite and strongly tri- or tripliveined. 4. Caryodaphnopsis Flora Mesoamericana, Vol. 2 (1), Lauraceae, page 3 of 248 14. Leaves alternate or clustered, pinnately veined or tripliveined. 15. Tepals unequal, the outer three less than 2/3 the length of the inner three. 14. Persea 15. Tepals equal or nearly so. 16. Staminodia of whorl IV well-developed, with a distinct glandular or triangular tip; filaments of stamens at least as long as the anthers; stamens and inner surface of tepals never papillose. 17. Leaves tripliveined and domatia often present in the axils of the basal lateral veins; leaves alternate. 6. Cinnamomum 17. Leaves pinnately veined and domatia never present; leaves alternate or clustered. 14. Persea 16. Staminodia of whorl IV lacking, stipitiform or rarely with a distinct triangular tip; if such a tip is present, then filaments shorter than anthers and stamens and inner surface of tepals partly papillose. 18. Stamens columnar, with a flat tip; locelli located on the tips. 16. Povedadaphne 18. Stamens flattened; locelli located on the inner or outer surface of the flattened anthers. 19. Glands at the base of the inner stamens enlarged, protruding between the outer stamens or forming a disc surrounding the stamens. 15. Pleurothyrium 19. Glands globose, not enlarged and not visible between the outer stamens nor forming a disc surrounding the stamens. 20. Inner surface of tepals papillose and locelli arranged in an arc; tepals united at the base and falling off in old flowers as a unit; tepals spreading at anthesis. 12. Nectandra 20. Inner surface of tepals pubescent or glabrous, infrequently papillose and locelli arranged in 2 superposed pairs; tepals free, falling off individually in old flowers; tepals erect or spreading at anthesis. 13. Ocotea 1. Aiouea Aublet By. H. van der Werff. Flora Mesoamericana, Vol. 2 (1), Lauraceae, page 4 of 248 Trees or shrubs. Leaves alternate, pinnately or tripliveined, domatia sometimes present. Inflorescences paniculate-cymose or by reduction racemose. Flowers bisexual; tepals 6, equal, sometimes persisting in fruit; stamens 9 (rarely 6), 2-celled, inner 3 stamens with a pair of glands near the base; staminodes present or lacking. Fruits seated on a shallow cupule, this with a single margin. 26 species. Neotropics. Aiouea is probably a polyphyletic genus, with the South American species derived by reduction of the number of anther cells from 4 to 2 from Cinnamomum and the Mesoamerican species derived by the same process from Ocotea. For this floristic treatment Aiouea is maintained as a genus for practical reasons. Bibliography: Renner, S. Fl. Neotrop. 31: 85-117 (1982). 1. Twigs hollow. 7. A. vexatrix 1. Twigs solid. 2. Leaves glaucous below; tepals papillose on the inner surface (see Nectandra hypoleuca). 2. Leaves not glaucous; tepals glabrous or pubescent on the inner surface. 3. Leaves tripliveined; some leaves with pit domatia at the base of the basal lateral veins. 4. A. obscura 3. Leaves pinnately veined; pit domatia lacking. 4. Terminal buds glabrous. 5. Inflorescences widely branched, 15-25 × 10 cm (see Ocotea laetevirens). 5. Inflorescences sparsely branched to racemose, to 8 × 3 cm. 6. Leaves 9-19 × 3-9 cm. 2. A. guatemalensis 6. Leaves 2-5(-7) cm × 1-2 cm.. 5. A. parvissima 4. Terminal buds pubescent. 7. Leaves obovate, the apex obtuse or rounded, the base often decurrent along the petiole. 8. Leaves broadly obovate, 10-15 cm wide; inflorescences sparsely pubescent (see Ocotea rivularis). 8. Leaves obovate, to 11 cm wide; inflorescences glabrous. 1. A. costaricensis 7. Leaves elliptic, the apex acute or acuminate, the base not decurrent along the petiole. 9. Inflorescences 8-16 cm; domatia absent (see Ocotea laetevirens). Flora Mesoamericana, Vol. 2 (1), Lauraceae, page 5 of 248 9. Inflorescences to 6 cm; domatia (as small axillary tufts of hairs) present or absent. 10. Hairs on terminal buds and young shoots appressed. 6. A. talamancensis 10. Hairs on the tips of the branches and terminal buds erect (lens needed!). 11. Leaves rarely exceeding 5 cm; lateral veins indistinct; domatia lacking. 5. A. parvissima 11. Leaves usually more than 7 cm; lateral veins easily seen; domatia, as axillary tufts of hairs, present. 3. A. inconspicua 1. Aiouea costaricensis (Mez) Kostermans, Recueil Trav. Bot. Néerl. 35: 73 (1938). Bellota costaricensis Mez, Jahrb. Königl. Bot. Gart. Berlin 5: 27 (1889). Holotype: Costa Rica, Hoffmann 857 (B, destroyed). Trees or shrubs, rarely exceeding 15 m. Twigs ridged, moderately densely appressed pubescent when young, glabrescent with age, solid; terminal buds densely appressed pubescent. Leaves 8-24 × 2.5-11 cm, obovate, alternate, chartaceous to coriaceous; the base cuneate or acute, often decurrent on the petiole, the margin flat or slightly recurved near the base, the apex obtuse to rounded; the upper surface glabrous, the lower surface glabrous or sparsely appressed pubescent; gland dots inconspicuous on oth surfaces, midrib, lateral veins and tertiary venation immersed on the upper surface, raised on the lower surface; pinnately veined, lateral veins 6-8 pairs; domatia lacking; petioles 5-10 mm, sparsely appressed pubescent or glabrous,canaliculate. Inflorescences 5-20 cm, paniculate-cymose, glabrous or nearly so, in the axils of leaves. Flowers 4 mm in diameter, greenish-yellow, pedicels 3-4 mm. Tepals 1.2 mm, equal, ovate, glabrous on both surfaces, half-erect at anthesis; stamens 9, all 2-celled, the outer 6 c. 1 mm, glabrous or with a few hairs near the base of the filaments, the anthers with introrse cels, anthers longer than the filaments; inner three 1.3 mm, the pubescent filaments as long as the anthers, the cells opening extrorse, filaments with 2 globose glands near the base; staminodia not seen; pistil glabrous, c. 2 mm, the style a little longer than the ovary; receptacle cup-shaped, glabrous or with some hairs in the upper part. Fruits 1.5 × 1.1 cm, ellipsoid, seated in a shallow, bowl-shaped cupule, to 9 mm in diameter, the tepals often Flora Mesoamericana, Vol. 2 (1), Lauraceae, page 6 of 248 persisting as teeth on the single-margined cupule. Montane forests. CR (van der Werff et al. 14035, MO); P (McPherson 8971, MO). 1100-2500 m. (Endemic.) Aiouea costaricensis is readily recognized by its 2-celled stamens, obovate and clearly petiolate leaves and its montane habitat. It can only be separated from Ocotea insularis (Meissner) Mez by its 2-locellate (4-locellate in Ocotea) stamens and is almost certainly derived from that species. Plants from the Osa Peninsula in Costa Rica with 2- celled stamens and large obovate leaves with short petioles resemble O.
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