DOCSLIB.ORG

Impacts of Laurel Wilt Disease on Native Persea of the Southeastern United States Timothy M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Impacts of Laurel Wilt Disease on Native Persea of the Southeastern United States Timothy M Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 5-2016 Impacts of Laurel Wilt Disease on Native Persea of the Southeastern United States Timothy M. Shearman Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Recommended Citation Shearman, Timothy M., "Impacts of Laurel Wilt Disease on Native Persea of the Southeastern United States" (2016). All Dissertations. 1656. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/1656 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. IMPACTS OF LAUREL WILT DISEASE ON NATIVE PERSEA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Forest Resources by Timothy M. Shearman May 2016 Accepted by: Dr. G. Geoff Wang, Committee Chair Dr. Saara J. DeWalt Dr. Donald L. Hagan Dr. Julia L. Kerrigan Dr. William C. Bridges ABSTRACT Laurel Wilt Disease (LWD) has caused severe mortality in native Persea species of the southeastern United States since it was first detected in 2003. This study was designed to document the range-wide population impacts to LWD, as well as the patterns of mortality and regeneration in Persea ecosystems. I used Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) data from the U.S. Forest Service to estimate Persea borbonia (red bay) populations from 2003 to 2011 to see if any decline could be observed since the introduction of LWD causal agents. Population estimates from 2003 to 2011 suggest that the population is declining. The population in Georgia significantly decreased from ca. 241.1 ± 11.9 million stems in 2003 to ca. 150.3 ± 7.9 million in 2011. Red bay densities decreased significantly in plots surveyed before and after the reported infection by an average of 89.6 live red bay stems/ha. I developed a logistic regression model to predict the probability of red bay mortality due to LWD. Number of years since LWD infection was the most significant variable, with every increase in 1 year resulting in a 153.7 % increase in odds of death. Diameter was also a significant predictor, with an increase of 1 cm DBH resulting in a 5.0 % increase in odds of death. To document the stand characteristics of red bay and swamp bay (Persea palustris) communities, I analyzed data collected from 1988–2012 by the Carolina Vegetation Survey. We used cluster analyses and species indicator analyses to group 388 plots into distinct communities. Red bay and swamp bay communities were significantly different in species composition. In addition, red bay was almost exclusively limited to ii maritime coastal forests, whereas swamp bay had a significantly larger geographical range, extending from near coastal setting inland through the fall-line sandhills. I surveyed plots from 1 to 10 years post LWD in South Carolina and Georgia. We did not find evidence of invasive species abundance increasing after LWD. Nearly all Persea in a plot are killed within the first two years of LWD, with the exception of smaller stems under 2.5 cm in diameter. After 10 years, Persea has regained much of the basal area prior to infection, however the structure of the stand is predominantly composed of small diameter stems (1 – 5 cm DBH). Seedling densities remain relatively the same throughout all recovery years. Contrary to initial fears, this study suggests that the native Persea species in the U.S. are not on the immediate verge of extinction from LWD at this time. However, it is still too early to say whether these species will fully recover from the disease. iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my family. To my parents, Richard and Patricia Shearman, for their unconditional love and support, making me into the person that I am today. To Laura, Kennedy, and Jocelyn, for always believing in me. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation would not have been possible without Dr. Geoff Wang, who provided me with the opportunity and guidance to work on this project. The U.S. Forest Health Monitoring Program provided the funding (grant SO-EM-B-12-05) for this dissertation. I would like to thank my committee, Drs. William Bridges, Don Hagan, Julia Kerrigan, and Saara DeWalt, for their helpful advice and edits to the manuscript. Special thanks to everyone that helped in finding plot locations and acquiring necessary permits: Laurie Reid, Stan Hutto, Scott Cameron, George Chastain, William Conner, Skip Van Bloem, Doug Hoffman, Ben Carswell, and Joel Wells. Thanks to Dr. Robert Peet and Michael Lee and for providing data from the Carolina Vegetation Survey, as well as all of the researchers who participated in collecting data over the years. Thanks to John Bowers and Carson Barefoot for their assistance in the field. Lastly, I would like to thank Laura Dunn, Kennedy Dunn, and Jocelyn Houghmaster for supporting the decision to get my Ph.D. and for their encouragement throughout my program. I could not have made it without them. Thank you all very much. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................................... i ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................ iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................................... v LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................ viii LIST OF FIGURES ...................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 1 Forest Diseases and Pathogens ................................................................ 1 Dissemination of fungal pathogens by beetles......................................... 4 Laurel Wilt Disease.................................................................................. 6 Disease Cycle ........................................................................................... 7 Lauraceae ............................................................................................... 10 Dissertation format................................................................................. 17 Literature Cited ...................................................................................... 18 II. POPULATION DYNAMICS OF RED BAY (PERSEA BORBONIA) AFTER LAUREL WILT DISEASE: AN ASSESSMENT BASED ON FOREST INVENTORY AND ANALYSIS DATA .............................................. 25 Introduction ............................................................................................ 25 Materials and Methods ........................................................................... 29 Results .................................................................................................... 34 Discussion .............................................................................................. 45 Literature Cited ...................................................................................... 50 vi Table of Contents (Continued) Page III. A COMMUNITY ANALYSIS FOR FOREST ECOSYSTEMS WITH NATURAL GROWTH OF PERSEA IN THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITESD STATES .............................................. 55 Introduction ............................................................................................ 55 Materials and Methods ........................................................................... 58 Results .................................................................................................... 62 Discussion .............................................................................................. 80 Literature Cited ...................................................................................... 84 IV. RECOVERY OR EXTINCTION? INSIGHT FROM PERSEA RESPONSE TO LAUREL WILT DISEASE DURING THE FIRST 10 YEARS ........................................................ 89 Introduction ............................................................................................ 89 Materials and Methods ........................................................................... 91 Results .................................................................................................... 98 Discussion ............................................................................................ 104 Literature Cited .................................................................................... 110 V. MODELING FIRE BEHAVIOR AFTER LAUREL WILT DISEASE .................................................................................. 113 Introduction .......................................................................................... 113 Materials and Methods ......................................................................... 115 Results .................................................................................................. 118 Discussion ............................................................................................ 122
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016
    Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Revised February 24, 2017 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org C ur Alleghany rit Ashe Northampton Gates C uc Surry am k Stokes P d Rockingham Caswell Person Vance Warren a e P s n Hertford e qu Chowan r Granville q ot ui a Mountains Watauga Halifax m nk an Wilkes Yadkin s Mitchell Avery Forsyth Orange Guilford Franklin Bertie Alamance Durham Nash Yancey Alexander Madison Caldwell Davie Edgecombe Washington Tyrrell Iredell Martin Dare Burke Davidson Wake McDowell Randolph Chatham Wilson Buncombe Catawba Rowan Beaufort Haywood Pitt Swain Hyde Lee Lincoln Greene Rutherford Johnston Graham Henderson Jackson Cabarrus Montgomery Harnett Cleveland Wayne Polk Gaston Stanly Cherokee Macon Transylvania Lenoir Mecklenburg Moore Clay Pamlico Hoke Union d Cumberland Jones Anson on Sampson hm Duplin ic Craven Piedmont R nd tla Onslow Carteret co S Robeson Bladen Pender Sandhills Columbus New Hanover Tidewater Coastal Plain Brunswick THE COUNTIES AND PHYSIOGRAPHIC PROVINCES OF NORTH CAROLINA Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2016 Compiled by Laura Gadd Robinson, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program N.C. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources Raleigh, NC 27699-1651 www.ncnhp.org This list is dynamic and is revised frequently as new data become available. New species are added to the list, and others are dropped from the list as appropriate.
    [Show full text]
  • The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts
    The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: The Vascular Plants of Massachusetts: A County Checklist • First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Somers Bruce Sorrie and Paul Connolly, Bryan Cullina, Melissa Dow Revision • First A County Checklist Plants of Massachusetts: Vascular The A County Checklist First Revision Melissa Dow Cullina, Bryan Connolly, Bruce Sorrie and Paul Somers Massachusetts Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program The Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program (NHESP), part of the Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, is one of the programs forming the Natural Heritage network. NHESP is responsible for the conservation and protection of hundreds of species that are not hunted, fished, trapped, or commercially harvested in the state. The Program's highest priority is protecting the 176 species of vertebrate and invertebrate animals and 259 species of native plants that are officially listed as Endangered, Threatened or of Special Concern in Massachusetts. Endangered species conservation in Massachusetts depends on you! A major source of funding for the protection of rare and endangered species comes from voluntary donations on state income tax forms. Contributions go to the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Fund, which provides a portion of the operating budget for the Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program. NHESP protects rare species through biological inventory,
    [Show full text]
  • Explosive Radiation in High Andean Hypericum—Rates of Diversification
    ORIGINAL RESEARCH ARTICLE published: 11 September 2013 doi: 10.3389/fgene.2013.00175 Explosive radiation in high Andean Hypericum—rates of diversification among New World lineages Nicolai M. Nürk 1*, Charlotte Scheriau 1 and Santiago Madriñán 2 1 Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, Centre for Organismal Studies Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany 2 Laboratorio de Botánica y Sistemática, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá DC, Colombia Edited by: The páramos, high-elevation Andean grasslands ranging from ca. 2800 m to the snow Federico Luebert, Freie Universität line, harbor one of the fastest evolving biomes worldwide since their appearance in the Berlin, Germany northern Andes 3–5 million years (Ma) ago. Hypericum (St. John’s wort), with over 65% Reviewed by: of its Neotropical species, has a center of diversity in these high Mountain ecosystems. Andrea S. Meseguer, Institute National de la research agricultural, Using nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences of a broad sample of France New World Hypericum species we investigate phylogenetic patterns, estimate divergence Colin Hughes, University of Zurich, times, and provide the first insights into diversification rates within the genus in the Switzerland Neotropics. Two lineages appear to have independently dispersed into South America *Correspondence: around 3.5 Ma ago, one of which has radiated in the páramos (Brathys). We find strong Nicolai M. Nürk, Department of Biodiversity and Plant Systematics, support for the polyphyly of section Trigynobrathys, several species of which group within Centre for Organismal Studies Brathys, while others are found in temperate lowland South America (Trigynobrathys Heidelberg, Heidelberg University, s.str.).
    [Show full text]
  • Developmental Biology of Xyleborus Bispinatus (Coleoptera
    Fungal Ecology 35 (2018) 116e126 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Fungal Ecology journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/funeco Developmental biology of Xyleborus bispinatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) reared on an artificial medium and fungal cultivation of symbiotic fungi in the beetle's galleries * L.F. Cruz a, , S.A. Rocio a, b, L.G. Duran a, b, O. Menocal a, C.D.J. Garcia-Avila c, D. Carrillo a a Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 18905 SW 280th St, Homestead, 33031, FL, USA b Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Km 38.5 Carretera Mexico - Texcoco, Chapingo, Mex, 56230, Mexico c Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria, Unidad Integral de Diagnostico, Servicios y Constatacion, Tecamac, 55740, Estado de Mexico, Mexico article info abstract Article history: Survival of ambrosia beetles relies on obligate nutritional relationships with fungal symbionts that are Received 10 January 2018 cultivated in tunnels excavated in the sapwood of their host trees. The dynamics of fungal associates, Received in revised form along with the developmental biology, and gallery construction of the ambrosia beetle Xyleborus bispi- 10 July 2018 natus were elaborated. One generation of this ambrosia beetle was reared in an artificial medium con- Accepted 12 July 2018 taining avocado sawdust. The developmental time from egg to adult ranged from 22 to 24 d. The mean Available online 23 August 2018 total gallery length (14.4 cm and 13 tunnels) positively correlated with the number of adults. The most Corresponding Editor: Peter Biedermann prevalent fungal associates were Raffaelea arxii in the foundress mycangia and new galleries, and Raf- faelea subfusca in the mycangia of the F1 adults and the final stages of the galleries.
    [Show full text]
  • Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2012
    Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2012 Edited by Laura E. Gadd, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources 1601 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601 Natural Heritage Program List of Rare Plant Species of North Carolina 2012 Edited by Laura E. Gadd, Botanist John T. Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources 1601 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601 www.ncnhp.org NATURAL HERITAGE PROGRAM LIST OF THE RARE PLANTS OF NORTH CAROLINA 2012 Edition Edited by Laura E. Gadd, Botanist and John Finnegan, Information Systems Manager North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Office of Conservation, Planning, and Community Affairs Department of Environment and Natural Resources, 1601 MSC, Raleigh, NC 27699-1601 www.ncnhp.org Table of Contents LIST FORMAT ......................................................................................................................................................................... 3 NORTH CAROLINA RARE PLANT LIST ......................................................................................................................... 10 NORTH CAROLINA PLANT WATCH LIST ..................................................................................................................... 71 Watch Category
    [Show full text]
  • GREAT PLAINS REGION - NWPL 2016 FINAL RATINGS User Notes: 1) Plant Species Not Listed Are Considered UPL for Wetland Delineation Purposes
    GREAT PLAINS REGION - NWPL 2016 FINAL RATINGS User Notes: 1) Plant species not listed are considered UPL for wetland delineation purposes. 2) A few UPL species are listed because they are rated FACU or wetter in at least one Corps region.
    [Show full text]
  • Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- ERICACEAE
    Flora of the Carolinas, Virginia, and Georgia, Working Draft of 17 March 2004 -- ERICACEAE ERICACEAE (Heath Family) A family of about 107 genera and 3400 species, primarily shrubs, small trees, and subshrubs, nearly cosmopolitan. The Ericaceae is very important in our area, with a great diversity of genera and species, many of them rather narrowly endemic. Our area is one of the north temperate centers of diversity for the Ericaceae. Along with Quercus and Pinus, various members of this family are dominant in much of our landscape. References: Kron et al. (2002); Wood (1961); Judd & Kron (1993); Kron & Chase (1993); Luteyn et al. (1996)=L; Dorr & Barrie (1993); Cullings & Hileman (1997). Main Key, for use with flowering or fruiting material 1 Plant an herb, subshrub, or sprawling shrub, not clonal by underground rhizomes (except Gaultheria procumbens and Epigaea repens), rarely more than 3 dm tall; plants mycotrophic or hemi-mycotrophic (except Epigaea, Gaultheria, and Arctostaphylos). 2 Plants without chlorophyll (fully mycotrophic); stems fleshy; leaves represented by bract-like scales, white or variously colored, but not green; pollen grains single; [subfamily Monotropoideae; section Monotropeae]. 3 Petals united; fruit nodding, a berry; flower and fruit several per stem . Monotropsis 3 Petals separate; fruit erect, a capsule; flower and fruit 1-several per stem. 4 Flowers few to many, racemose; stem pubescent, at least in the inflorescence; plant yellow, orange, or red when fresh, aging or drying dark brown ...............................................Hypopitys 4 Flower solitary; stem glabrous; plant white (rarely pink) when fresh, aging or drying black . Monotropa 2 Plants with chlorophyll (hemi-mycotrophic or autotrophic); stems woody; leaves present and well-developed, green; pollen grains in tetrads (single in Orthilia).
    [Show full text]
  • The Vascular Flora of the Lake Thoreau Environmental Center
    THE VASCULAR FLORA OF THE LAKE THOREAU ENVIRONMENTAL CENTER, FORREST AND LAMAR COUNTIES, MISSISSIPPI, WITH COMMENTS ON COMPOSITIONAL CHANGE AFTER A DECADE OF PRESCRIBED FIRE William J. McFarland, Danielle Cotton, Mac H. Alford, Micheal A. Davis 118 College Dr., Box 5018 School of Biological, Environmental, and Earth Sciences The University of Southern Mississippi Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, U.S.A. [email protected] ABSTRACT Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) ecosystems exhibit high species diversity and are major contributors to the extraordinary levels of regional biodiversity and endemism found in the North American Coastal Plain Province. These forests require frequent fire return inter- vals (every 2–3 years) to maintain this rich diversity. In 2009, a floristic inventory was conducted at the Lake Thoreau Environmental Center owned by the University of Southern Mississippi in Hattiesburg, Mississippi. The Center is located on 106 ha with approximately half cov- ered by a 100+ year old longleaf pine forest. When the 2009 survey was conducted, fire had been excluded for over 20 years resulting in a dense understory dominated by woody species throughout most of the forest. The 2009 survey recorded 282 vascular plant species. Prescribed fire was reintroduced in 2009 and reapplied again in 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, and 2018. A new survey was conducted in 2019 to assess the effects of prescribed fire on floristic diversity. The new survey found an additional 268 species bringing the total number of plants species to 550. This study highlights the changes in species diversity that occurs when fire is reintroduced into a previously fire-suppressed system and the need to monitor sensitive areas for changes in species composition.
    [Show full text]
  • Comparative Reproductive Biology of Two Florida Pawpaws Asimina Reticulata Chapman and Asimina Tetramera Small Anne Cheney Cox Florida International University
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-5-1998 Comparative reproductive biology of two Florida pawpaws asimina reticulata chapman and asimina tetramera small Anne Cheney Cox Florida International University DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI14061532 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Biology Commons Recommended Citation Cox, Anne Cheney, "Comparative reproductive biology of two Florida pawpaws asimina reticulata chapman and asimina tetramera small" (1998). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2656. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2656 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida COMPARATIVE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF TWO FLORIDA PAWPAWS ASIMINA RETICULATA CHAPMAN AND ASIMINA TETRAMERA SMALL A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in BIOLOGY by Anne Cheney Cox To: A rthur W. H arriott College of Arts and Sciences This dissertation, written by Anne Cheney Cox, and entitled Comparative Reproductive Biology of Two Florida Pawpaws, Asimina reticulata Chapman and Asimina tetramera Small, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgement. We have read this dissertation and recommend that it be approved. Jorsre E. Pena Steven F. Oberbauer Bradley C. Bennett Daniel F. Austin Suzanne Koptur, Major Professor Date of Defense: November 5, 1998 The dissertation of Anne Cheney Cox is approved.
    [Show full text]
  • Outplanting of the Endangered Pondberry
    OUTPLANTING OF THE ENDANGERED PONDBERRY Margaret S. Devall, Nathan M. Schiff, and Stephanie A. Skojac1 Abstract—Pondberry [Lindera melissifolia (Walt) Blume, Lauraceae] is an endangered shrub that occurs in seasonally flooded wetlands in the Southeastern United States. We established new pondberry populations as an aid in conserving the species, whose distribution and abundance have been affected by habitat destruction and alteration. We dug equal numbers of young male and female pondberry stems from a natural population, planted them in pots, and translocated them to five protected locations in the field. After 1 year, 69 percent of the plants survived, with male and female plants surviving equally well. More than 90 percent of the surviving plants had stems that increased in height, although the height of the tallest stems decreased. Many of the plants produced new stems, but some older stems died during the year. Most of the present pondberry habitat is surrounded by agricultural fields, which significantly limits dispersal. This study shows that pondberry can be successfully outplanted, in efforts to assure survival of the species. INTRODUCTION Pondberry is dioecious, with small yellow flowers that bloom Pondberry [Lindera melissifolia (Walt) Blume, Lauraceae] is in spring. The plant usually occurs in clones with numerous a rare woody plant that occurs in seasonally flooded wet- stems, but because the species is clonal, colonies with lands and on the edges of sinks, ponds, and depressions abundant stems may contain few genets (genetic indivi- in the Southeastern United States (Radford and others duals) (Eriksson 1992, Oinonen 1967). Male stems out- 1968). The plant is a stoloniferous, clonal shrub that grows number female stems in most colonies, and some colonies to 2 m in height.
    [Show full text]
  • ISB: Atlas of Florida Vascular Plants
    Longleaf Pine Preserve Plant List Acanthaceae Asteraceae Wild Petunia Ruellia caroliniensis White Aster Aster sp. Saltbush Baccharis halimifolia Adoxaceae Begger-ticks Bidens mitis Walter's Viburnum Viburnum obovatum Deer Tongue Carphephorus paniculatus Pineland Daisy Chaptalia tomentosa Alismataceae Goldenaster Chrysopsis gossypina Duck Potato Sagittaria latifolia Cow Thistle Cirsium horridulum Tickseed Coreopsis leavenworthii Altingiaceae Elephant's foot Elephantopus elatus Sweetgum Liquidambar styraciflua Oakleaf Fleabane Erigeron foliosus var. foliosus Fleabane Erigeron sp. Amaryllidaceae Prairie Fleabane Erigeron strigosus Simpson's rain lily Zephyranthes simpsonii Fleabane Erigeron vernus Dog Fennel Eupatorium capillifolium Anacardiaceae Dog Fennel Eupatorium compositifolium Winged Sumac Rhus copallinum Dog Fennel Eupatorium spp. Poison Ivy Toxicodendron radicans Slender Flattop Goldenrod Euthamia caroliniana Flat-topped goldenrod Euthamia minor Annonaceae Cudweed Gamochaeta antillana Flag Pawpaw Asimina obovata Sneezeweed Helenium pinnatifidum Dwarf Pawpaw Asimina pygmea Blazing Star Liatris sp. Pawpaw Asimina reticulata Roserush Lygodesmia aphylla Rugel's pawpaw Deeringothamnus rugelii Hempweed Mikania cordifolia White Topped Aster Oclemena reticulata Apiaceae Goldenaster Pityopsis graminifolia Button Rattlesnake Master Eryngium yuccifolium Rosy Camphorweed Pluchea rosea Dollarweed Hydrocotyle sp. Pluchea Pluchea spp. Mock Bishopweed Ptilimnium capillaceum Rabbit Tobacco Pseudognaphalium obtusifolium Blackroot Pterocaulon virgatum
    [Show full text]
  • (+)-Catechin and Quercetin from Pawpaw Pulp A
    Characterization of (+)-Catechin and Quercetin from Pawpaw Pulp A thesis presented to the faculty of the College of Health Sciences and Professions of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science Jinsoo Ahn June 2011 © 2011 Jinsoo Ahn. All Rights Reserved. 2 This thesis titled Characterization of (+)-Catechin and Quercetin from Pawpaw Pulp by JINSOO AHN has been approved for the School of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness and the College of Health Sciences and Professions by Robert G. Brannan Assistant Professor of Applied Health Sciences and Wellness Randy Leite Interim Dean, College of Health Sciences and Professions 3 ABSTRACT AHN, JINSOO, M.S., June 2011, Human and Consumer Sciences, Food and Nutrition Characterization of (+)-Catechin and Quercetin from Pawpaw Pulp Director of Thesis: Robert G. Brannan This thesis investigates the concentration of total phenolics and total flavonoids in pulp extracts of pawpaw harvested in 2008, 2009, and 2010, and the concentration of (+)- catechin and quercetin flavonoids in 2010 pawpaw pulp extracts using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Next, influence of frozen storage and air or vacuum packaging of pawpaw pulp on the concentration of (+)-catechin and quercetin flavonoids was examined. In addition, properties of pawpaw pulp such as moisture content, lipid content, percent sugar, color, and pH were measured. Total phenolics were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay and reported as µmol gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/ g wet tissue. The concentration was observed in the order of 2009 sample (3.91 ± 1.61) < 2008 sample (11.19 ± 0.57) < 2010 sample (14.11 ± 1.90).
    [Show full text]