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Domestic Medicine and Society in Early Modern Italy

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Domestic Medicine and Society in Early Modern Italy Communities of Healing: Domestic Medicine and Society in Early Modern Italy A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA BY Emily Beck IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Advised by Jole Shackelford April 2018 © Emily Edith Beck 2018 i Acknowledgements As the granddaughter of restauranteurs and doctors, I can't quantify how fortunate I feel to have spent my graduate career in the pages of handwritten medical recipe books. I grew up in kitchens, learned how to have a healthy argument at the dinner table, and analyzed every bite of food with my family, readily consulting our food reference collection. From my earliest lessons of the embodied culinary knowledge of my great grandmothers to the most recent historiographical suggestions from my advisers, I have had many teachers who have been instrumental to my success. All my instructors and advisers at Smith College contributed to helping me build a foundation from which I learned to ask questions, dig deeper in research, and follow threads regardless of how wandering they might have been. I credit Alfonso Procaccini and my other Italian teachers and our lessons in the garden with my knowledge of Italian. I may never be as proficient as I hope in the language, but I acquired enough curiosity and enthusiasm from them to make up for my lack of innate ability. The community I have found at the University of Minnesota has been instrumental to making this project a success. The intellectual diversity of my home department, the Program in the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine, has given me the tools to ask cross-disciplinary questions and the confidence to appeal to broad audiences. Jole Shackelford has read many versions of this project over many years, and somehow always maintains the ability to make corrections, offer suggestions, and tell jokes, all with the same red pen. This project and my sense of humor have benefitted much from his counsel. The Consortium for the Study of the Premodern World has given ii me fundamental opportunities to find a group of scholars and friends who have become my recipe community and important sounding boards for ideas both good and bad in this dissertation project. My library family at the Wangensteen Historical Library of Biology and Medicine has been fundamental to my success with this project, and in graduate school in general. The mentorship I have received from Lois Hendrickson and Elaine Challacombe from my very first day at the University of Minnesota has ensured my success in many ways. I also have much to credit to those off campus. My dissertation simply could not have happened without my many paleography instructors at the Minnesota Manuscript Research Laboratory, Rare Book School, the Medici Project, and the Newberry Library. I learned much about the history of culinary recipes from Barbara Ketcham Wheaton and my classmates at the Schlesinger Library at Harvard. Librarians, archivists, and curators in London, Milan, Genova, Bergamo, Bologna, Venice, Vicenza, Padua, Florence, and Modena provided encouragement as well as practical and intellectual assistance on innumerable occasions while I did my research. My hosts in all of those cities lifted my spirits and fed me well on many occasions, and I am grateful for them. I have received generous support for my dissertation research from the Graduate School, the Center for Early Modern History, the Consortium for the Study of the Premodern World, the Program in the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine at the University of Minnesota, and the Cushing/Whitney Library at Yale. Parts of this project have been presented at the History of Science Society, the Medieval Academy of iii America, and the Minnesota-Ontario-Manitoba-Saskatchewan conferences, and I appreciate the feedback from those meetings. It goes without saying that I could have neither embarked upon nor completed this project without the patience, support, and encouragement of my friends and family. I am especially indebted to the many strong women who have taught and challenged me, talked with me, and cooked with me, supporting my development as a scholar and as a human. I am lucky to have parents who encouraged me and respected my decisions about what my academic path should be. Their sacrifices have made it possible for me to spend almost my entire life on learning, a privilege for which I will always be grateful. Finally, I’m sure there will never be another computer programmer with as much knowledge of early modern recipe culture as Ken has gamely acquired alongside me over the past few years. There are not enough words to adequately thank Ken, but he has wholeheartedly, unfailingly supported me and my completion of this project. iv Abstract Many scholars have employed a variety of means to investigate the interactions between the range of people who practiced medicine in the early modern period, from charlatans and midwives to physicians and surgeons. These non-academic practitioners have been marginalized by previous histories of medicine, which reflect both their absence in contemporary printed works as well as the origins of the history of medicine as a field that prioritized finding the roots of modern medical practice. Recovering lay histories requires looking beyond printed treatises to working texts such as formularies, recipe collections, and other ephemera. This project investigates the form, movements, and activities of lay healers and their practices in the medical marketplace of early modern northern and central Italy. In this project, I propose that the anonymous manuscript medical recipe books of laypeople can be dissected to provide further information about not only interactions between healers, but also the theories, supplies, context, and educational practices of non- professional healers. Influenced by works in microhistory, chapters one, two, and three present focused investigations of small groups of manuscripts in order to contextualize the practice of medicine in northern and central Italy. Chapter one examines three manuscript recipe books written by a Capuchin monk, showing how laypeople drew on the rhetoric of printed medical books and offered medical education to their brethren. Chapter three also draws on these manuscripts, but turns to questions of the patient population that the author anticipated his practice would treat. Although information about specific patients is generally lacking in manuscript recipe books, focusing on v recipes for women provides a rich set of information from which to draw conclusions about the medical interactions between clerical men and women in surrounding communities. Chapter two is a comparison of recipe writings in manuscript recipe books and in the first pharmacopoeia in Florence, the Ricettario Fiorentino. This comparison lends itself to enlivening how historians understand the ways knowledge changed, circulated, was adopted, or was ignored by both professional and lay healers from the late fifteenth to mid-sixteenth centuries. In chapter four, I claim that manuscript recipe books provide a rich source of information about the material context in which laypeople created medicines and healed their patients. Rather than allowing incongruent themes like veterinary medicine, beauty aids, and mischief to fall to the side for thematic consistency, this chapter asserts that examining all these manuscript recipe book entries together leads to a more holistic picture of the landscape of lay healing in sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Italy. vi Table of Contents LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... VII INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER 1: LAY MEDICAL EDUCATION IN MANUSCRIPT RECIPE BOOKS: WELLCOME MSS. 689, 690, & 691 ........................................................................................................................... 22 CHAPTER 2: AUTHORITY, AUTHORSHIP, AND COPYING: PROVENANCE RECORDS IN THE RICETTARIO FIORENTINO AND TUSCAN MANUSCRIPT RECIPE BOOKS ................. 79 CHAPTER 3: MONASTIC MEDICINE & FEMALE PATIENTS .................................................... 137 CHAPTER 4: BEYOND HEALING: DOMESTIC MEDICINE AND THE CULTURE OF MAKING ................................................................................................................................................................... 203 CONCLUSION......................................................................................................................................... 273 BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................... 277 APPENDICES ......................................................................................................................................... 299 I. SYMBOLS FOR WEIGHTS AND MEASURES AND COMMON ABBREVIATIONS ............................... 299 II. PROHEMEO, OLIMPIA FITTIPALDI, NUOVO RICETTARIO FIORENTINO (1498) TESTO E LINGUA, 18. ....................................................................................................................................................... 299 III. RECIPE AUTHOR REFERENCES IN THE 1498 AND 1567 EDITIONS OF THE RICETTARIO FIORENTINO ......................................................................................................................................................
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