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A Synthesis of the Present Knowledge of Pipunculidae (Diptera) in Belgium

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A Synthesis of the Present Knowledge of Pipunculidae (Diptera) in Belgium VERHANDELINGEN VAN HET SYMPOSIUM "INVERTEBRATEN VAN BELGIE", 1989, p. 373-377 COMPTES RENDUS DU SYMPOSIUM "INVERTEBRES DE BELGIQUE", 1989, p. 373-377 A synthesis of the present knowledge of Pipunculidae (Diptera) in Belgium by Marc DE MEYER Abstract abdominal eight sternum does not envelop the genital structures and genitalia show some morphological The article briefly reviews the present knowledge of Pipunculidae in resemblances with certain Platypezidae (see KESSEL & Belgium and the research done on this family during recent years in this MAGGIONCALDO, 1968). country with regards to faunistics, ecology and systematics. Key-words: Pipunculidae, Belgium, faunistics, phenology, review. Nephrocerus ZETTERSTEDT species, belonging to the Nephrocerinae, still have a number of these plesio- Introduction morphies (like the structure of abdominal terga and sterna, and presenc of scutellar and mesonotal bristles) The family Pipunculidae are situated in the Cyclor- but the head is hemisperical and the genitalia have a rapha, Atriata; infraphalanx Syrphidea (GRIFFITHS, more apomorphic structure. Nephrocerus species are 1972). About hundred twenty species occur in the West unlike most pipunculid flies because of their relatively Palaearctic region. They are usually small, dark incon• large size, the elongated abdomen and legs and the spicuous flies except for the representatives of the genus indentation of the hind eye margin of the eyes. Nephrocerus which are larger. All pipunculids can be The remaining genera belong to the third and largest readily recognized by the large compound eyes which group: Pipunculinae. By earlier authors (BECKER, are occupying most of the subhemispherical or hemi• 1897, 1900; KERTESZ, 1910; SACK, 1935; VERRALL, spherical head. They can be differentiated from their 1901), all species were placed in the single genus close relatives the hoverflies or Syrphidae, by the Pipunculus LATREILLE (or Dorylas MEIGEN) usually differences in the wing venation: the lack of a vena with the recognition of certain subgroup. Later on, spuria; the open cell R5 and no false wing margin (COE, most of these subgroups received generic or subgeneric 1966b). status (ACZEL, 1939a, 1940). At the moment we The objective of this article is to give an account of the recognize 7 genera in Europe: Pipunculus, Cephalops research that has been done on the family over the last FALLEN (including Cephalosphaera ENDERLEIN), Becke- years and to present a synopsis of the knowledge of rias ACZEL, Eudorylas ACZEL, Tomosvaryella ACZEL. these flies in Belgium. Dorylomorpha ACZEL and a newly erected genus (see DE MEYER, in press). These genera are mainly differen• Generic systematics tiated by the following character states: pilosity of mensonotum, absence or presence of propleural fan Pipunculidae are represented in 10 genera in Europe, and coloured pterostigma (ACZEL, 1948, COE, 1966b). all of which occur in Belgium. Although the phyloge- Although the exact relationship is not completely netic relationship among the genera is still questionable clarified, it will probably appear to resemble the for some groups, a preliminary tree can be constructed preliminary tree as shown in figure 1. The genus as in fig. 1. Three main sub-families can be recognized Eudorylas has recently been split up by RAFAEL within the family. The most primitive being the (1986b, 1987a, b) in relation to the New World representatives. In as far as these new genera are also Chalarinae with the genera Chalarus WALKER and represented in Europe has not been studied yet. Verrallia MIK (including Jassidophagha ENDERLEIN). As already mentioned by ACZEL (1948) and further Beckerias, with the sole species B. pannonicus in Europe has been shown to be related to Cephalops elaborated by RAFAEL (1986a), they show a number of plesiotypic character states like the presence of ocellar (DE MEYER, 1989). Study of the Afrotropical spe• and/or frontal bristles, the well developed and some• cies of Beckerias has confirmed this. At the times bristly pilosity of mesonotum, scutellum and moment an attempt is being made to reconstruct the abdomen, the subhemisperical head, and the well phylogenetic systematics of all world genera of Pipun• developed abdominal terga vi and vii. Furthermore the culidae. 374 M. DE MEYER Faunistics Chalarus Pipunculid flies did not receive much attention before Verrallia 1980 in Belgium. They were occassionaly collected by general dipterists and mentioned in general faunistic articles, mainly by MARECHAL and GOETGHEBUER Nephrocerus (for a detailed list of these publications see DE MEYER & DE BRUYN, 1985 and GROOTAERT & VERBIST, 1986). Most of these records were based on Pipunculus determination with Sack's work on the Pipunculidae of the Palaearctic Region (SACK, 1935). However since the publication of this work several new species have Cephalops been described (ACZEL, 1939 b, c; ALBRECHT, 1979 a, b; COE, 1966 a, b; COLLIN, 1937,1956; KOZANEK, 1981 a, b) and the old records are therefore nowadays Beckerias unreliable. In total 23 species were mentioned in this period (see DE MEYER & DE BRUYN, 1985). In 1980 an extensive sampling program with different (new genus) kinds of traps started in Belgium. This resulted in a considerable amount of new material from several regions of the country. This material has been systemati• Eudorylas cally sorted and identified (DE MEYER, 1983, 1984, 1985, 1986). In addition, the old collections were revised and the old records checked as far as possible Dorylomorpha (DE MEYER & DE BRUYN, 1985). This resulted in a total of 73 species reported from Belgium. Two species Tomosvaryella are reported here for the first time for the Belgian fauna: Cephalops perspicuus (DE MEIJERE) and Cephalops signatus (BECKER). The results are summa• rized in table 1 and compared with some other European countries for which we have detailed infor• Fig. 1: Preliminary phylogenetic tree of European pipunculid mation: Great Britain, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Fin• genera. land, and Norway and Sweden (grouped as Scandi• Cephalops chlorionae, Dorymorpha haemorrhoidalis, navia). The table is based on comparatively recent and probably some other Dorylomorpha spp. as well, investigations regarding pipunculid faunistics (AL• are typical boreal species. Tomosvaryella Httoralis and BRECHT, 1980; BANKOWSKA, 1973; COE, 1966b; COL• Pipunculus phaeton might be atlantic species but the LIN, 1956; DE MEYER & BACKELJAU, in press; DE information is still too scarce. MEYER, BACKELJAU & JANSSENS, 1989; KOZANEK & The large pipunculid fauna of Belgium can be due to 1987; 1980). LAUTERER, STUBBS, the geographic richness of this country, being partly All these countries belong to either the atlantic, central- atlantic and partly central-European with the presence European or west-boreal biogeographical provinces, as of boreomontane and submediterranean inclusions. outlined by (1962). Records from the sub- FREITAG Comparision with Czechoslovakia and Great Britain mediterranean or mediterranean regions are very scarce however, shows that an additional 10 species can be and no material could be obtained from this region, expected in our country. hence the southern distribution of most species is unknown. There is also a lack of information for some genera in particular since they are currently under Phenology revision. This is the case for Dorylomorpha and Chalarus (see further). Pipunculidae are parasitoids of Auchenorrhyncha (Homoptera) during their larval stage. Rearing experi• In general it can be said that one third of the species, ments have shown that most species have a distinct host included in the table are occurring (or can be expected specificity (JERVIS, 1980 a, b; WALOFF, 1975; WALOFF to occur) over all the regions. A number of species & JERVIS, 1987). Therefore, the occurence of a parti• however, are present in atlantic or central-European cular pipunculid fly has to be related to its specific provinces, but do not seem to occur in the boreal and homopteran host or hosts, not only with regard to the arctic regions. This is for example the case with habitat but also the flight period. Although, no Beckeriaspannonicus, Cephalops ultimus, C. signatus, research has been done in Belgium concerning host Eudorylas horridus, E. ruralis, Dorylomorpha clavife- specificity, the data obtained from the sampling pro• mora and Tomosvaryella kuthyi. On the other hand, gram with different types of traps (mainly Malaise Pipunculidae in Belgium 375 Table 1: comparison of pipunculid fauna in Belgium (B), Great Britain (GB), Czechoslovakia (CZ), Poland (P), Scandinavia (SC) and Finland (SF) (see text for sources of occurrence). GB CZ P SC SF B GB CZ P SC SF Chalarus argenteus Coe Pipunculus oldenbergi Collin Chalarus basal is Loew Pipunculus omissinervis Becker Chalarus fimbriatus Coe Pipunculus phaeton Coe Chalarus griseus Coe Pipunculus spinipes Meigen Chalarus latifrons Hardy Pipunculus tenuirostris Kozanek. Chalarus parmenteri Coe Pipunculus thomsoni Becker Chalarus pughi Coe Pipunculus varipes Meigen * * * A Chalarus spurius (Fallen) Pipunculus zugmayeriae Kowarz * * * Verrallia aucta (Fallen) Cephalops aeneus Fallen Verralia beatricis Coe Cephalops carinatus (Verrall) Verrallia pilosa (Zetterstedt) Cephalops chlorionae (Frey) Verrallia setosa Verrall Cephalops furcatus (Bgger) Verrallia villosa (von Roser) Cephalops gemanicus (Aczel) Nephrocerus flavicornis Zetterstedt Cephalops obtusinervis (Zett.) Nephrocerus lapponicus Zetterstedt Cephalops perspicuus (de Meijere) Nephrocerus scutellatus
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