DOCSLIB.ORG

Translation and Usability of Autism Screening and Diagnostic Tools for Autism Spectrum Conditions in India

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Translation and Usability of Autism Screening and Diagnostic Tools for Autism Spectrum Conditions in India Translation and usability of autism screening and diagnostic tools for Autism Spectrum Conditions in India. Rudra A1, Banerjee S2, Singhal N3, Barua M3, Mukerji S2, Chakrabarti B1,4 1 School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, UK 2 Creating Connections, Kolkata, India 3 Action for Autism, National Centre for Autism, Delhi, India 4 Autism Research Centre, University of Cambridge, UK Banerjee S is now at University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. [NOTE: This is the final author-version of the manuscript, the formatted and published version is available at the journal website at : http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/aur.1404/abstract] Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to: Dr. Bhismadev Chakrabarti School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AL, UK Email: [email protected] Phone: +44 118 378 5551 Fax: +44 118 378 6715 Grant sponsor: Autism Speaks Lay Abstract: Among all the major developing countries, India is conspicuous by the absence of an estimate of autism prevalence. One key reason for this absence is the the lack of availability of standardized screening and diagnostic tools (SDT) for autism in regional languages in India. To address this gap, we translated four widely-used SDT (Social Communication Disorder Checklist, Autism Spectrum Quotient, Social Communication Questionnaire, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule) into Hindi and Bengali, two of the main regional languages (~360 million speakers) and tested their usability. We tested these translated instruments on 170 children with and without autism, and found that scores of children with autism were significantly and reliably different from those of control children. This provides the first evidence that these SDTs are useable in Hindi and Bengali, and provides the essential toolkit for future autism epidemiological research in this region. Abstract: There is a critical need for screening and diagnostic tools (SDT) for Autism Spectrum Conditions (ASC) in regional languages in South Asia. To address this, we translated four widely used SDT (Social Communication Disorder Checklist, Autism Spectrum Quotient, Social Communication Questionnaire, Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule) into Bengali and Hindi, two main regional languages (~360 million speakers), and tested their usability in children with and without ASC. We found a significant difference in scores between children with ASC (N=45 in Bengali, N=40 in Hindi) and typically developing children (N=43 in Bengali, N=42 in Hindi) on all SDTs. These results demonstrate that these SDT are usable in South Asia, and constitute an important resource for epidemiology research and clinical diagnosis in the region. Keywords: Screening; Global mental health; Translation; Cultural Abbreviations: ASC, SCDC, TQ, SCQ, AQ-C, ADOS, SDT ASC= Autism Spectrum Conditions SCDC= Social Communication Disorder Checklist SCQ= Social Communication Questionnaire AQ-C= Autism Quotient- Children’s version ADOS= Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule TQ= Ten Questions SDT= Screening and Diagnostic Tools In most of the developed world, autism can be identified by the age of 3 years (Howlin & Moorf, 1997) and as early as 18 months in some cases (Baird et al., 2000; Baron-Cohen et al., 1996). Early identification of ASC is necessary for early intervention, which is associated with better outcome (Eikeseth, 2009). Early identification relies crucially on the availability of standardised and validated diagnostic tools. This is particularly relevant for developing countries such as India, where there is a widespread lack of awareness about autism, and a shortage of trained professionals. A number of screening and diagnostic tools for autism have been developed over the past decades (Charman & Gotham, 2012; Corsello et al., 2007). However, these tools are neither available nor characterised in local languages in South Asia, where the majority of the population is not proficient in English. The only related measure that is internationally used and well-characterised in this population, that is available in local languages is the WHO Ten Questions (TQ), which is a screening measure for severe childhood disability (Zaman et al., 1990). The TQ screens for major developmental disorders (e.g. epilepsy, blindness, hearing and speech problems, mental retardation and motor disability), and is not specific to autism. To address this gap in the availability of appropriate autism screening and diagnostic tools (SDT), the aim of the current study was to translate some of the widely used SDTs into two main South Asian languages, i.e. Bengali and Hindi. These two languages have the fifth largest number of speakers in the world (total number of speakers estimated over 360 million people (estimates from www.ethnologue.com). Kanner (Kanner, 1943) was the first to report that critical symptoms of autism included a lack of communicative eye contact, delayed language development, ritualistic repetitive behaviour, and a general deficit in social understanding. The DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for ASD refined these early observations by using the following features for diagnosis: atypicalities in socialization and communication, as well as restricted interests and repetitive behaviour (APA, 2000). These refined criteria have been used to develop SDT for ASC, which include, among others, the Social and Communication Questionnaire (SCQ) (Berument, Rutter, Lord, Pickles, & Bailey, 1999) and the Autism Diagnostic and Observation Schedule (ADOS) (Lord et al., 2000). It is generally believed that the core features of ASC are relatively universal. However, it is not known how autistic symptoms manifest themselves differently across cultures. Cultural factors can influence the definition and recognition of symptoms, as well as their treatment (Daley & Sigman, 2002). This may create a gap between cultures in how ASC is detected and managed. The first step to bridging this cultural gap is to ensure that the tools used for screening and diagnoses are available in a range of languages. This is particularly challenging for ASC, as subtle features of social- communication behaviour are captured differently by different languages. Subtle cultural differences may be missed due to language if the tools are used in English. E.g. in both Hindi and Bengali (unlike in English), there is an honorific second and third person pronoun that is used to address individuals who are senior in age or who have met for the first time. Individuals with ASC might make the distinction between first, second or third pronoun but may show deficits in choosing the appropriate second or third person pronoun. The formal you translates as ‘aap or aapni’; in comparison to ‘Tu or Tui’ for a younger person and ‘Tum’ for peers and friends. Using a diagnostic tool in English may not capture the subtleties because of a single second person pronoun (you). Additionally, different beliefs held by health professionals regarding the time of appearance of symptoms (some Indian professionals believe Indian children may speak their first word at 1.5 years of age and a delay in language should not be a point of concern until 3 years of age) may lead to differential diagnosis. Cultural differences in beliefs held by health professionals such as that mentioned above may lead to varied opinions in prioritising symptomatology for ASC (Daley & Sigman, 2002). A wide variability in the prevalence of autism is noted across the world (Elsabbagh et al., 2012). (Matson & Kozlowski, 2011) suggest that these increases maybe due to changes in diagnostic criteria over time, new assessment instruments, differences in cultural norms for identifying ASC, inaccurate diagnoses, utilization of different research methodologies to identify prevalence estimates or genetic differences between populations. Specifically within Asia, estimates vary widely across time and country (China: 0.003%- 0.17%, Japan: 0.011%-0.21% (Sun & Allison, 2010); South Korea: 2.64% (Kim et al., 2011). Sun and Allison suggest that the heterogeneity of SDTs used in Asia contributed to this observed variability. Eight screening instruments have been used for the 26 prevalence studies in Asia. Five studies in Japan have used an 18-month health checklist (HC-18) (Honda, Shimizu, Imai, & Nitto, 2005; Honda, Shimizu, Misumi, Niimi, & Ohashi, 1996; Kawamura, Takahashi, & Ishii, 2008; Sugiyama & Abe, 1989; Tanoue, Oda, Asano, & Kawashima, 1988). In China, five studies used the Chinese Autism Behaviour Scale (CABS)(Zhang & Ji, 2005), 2 used the translated version of the Autism Behaviour Checklist (ABC) (Volkmar et al., 1988), and others used a translated version of the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) (Baron-Cohen et al., 2000; Wong et al., 2004). The local Bryson’s Screening Scale was used in Indonesia while an Iranian study used the Childhood Symptom Inventory-4 (CSI-4) (Gadow & Sprafkin, 1994; Ghanizadeh, 2008). A recent Korean study used a translated and validated version of the ASSQ followed by ADOS and ADI to confirm diagnostic status. As is evident from the discussion above, a number of SDTs (including the AQ, SCQ, ADOS) for ASC have been translated in other languages in countries such as Brazil, Italy, China and Spain (Canal-Bedia et al., 2011; Pereira, Riesgo, & Wagner, 2008; Ruta, Mazzone, Mazzone, Wheelwright, & Baron-Cohen, 2011). However, none of these tools are available in any of the major regional languages of India. Availability of such widely
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Annual Report Ist 2015-16
    ANNUAL REPORT2015-2016 Rohit, Class VI Raj Singh, Class V Gyanesh, Class VI Krishna, Class VI Neha, Class III We Aboutare a non–profit organizationVISHWAS working in the field of disability and development . The bedrock of our programmes is our fundamental belief in Equal Opportunity and Inclusion. It is our belief that everyone has a right to access basic healthcare and education irrespective of disability, gender, class or caste . Even within vulnerable groups, those with disability are most likely to get excluded. Vishwas is committed to addressing this discrimination. Vision A diverse and inclusive Society where every individual is ensured equal rights and opportunities in a dignified manner. Mission To promote the rights and interests of the disadvantaged and the disabled people in partnership with all stakeholders including the children, their families, community and the government by Building knowledge and capacities on inclusive practices and policies. Creating opportunities with meaningful participation. Overview of Vishwas Programmes VISHWAS VIDYALAYA ADULT TRAINING Providing an equitable and Supporting young adults with inclusive school system. skill development and life skills opportunities VISHWAS (Vision for Health, Welfare and RESEARCH AND Special Needs) COMMUNITY TRAINING BASED Enhancing operational REHABILITATION learning to bridge the gap Facilitating community between the intent and participation to provide a practice barrier free and inclusive environment 2 Note from the Chairperson Our annual report this year is particularly significant as it marks the tenth year of the journey of Vishwas. With this important milestone, while we reflect on our many achievements in the last decade, more importantly, we seek to plan for the next phase in our development with even greater vigour.
    [Show full text]
  • May 9-12 Rotterdam Netherlands
    2018 ANNUAL MEETING MAY 9-12 ROTTERDAM NETHERLANDS PROGRAM BOOK www.autism-insar.org INSAR 2018 Sponsors We thank the following organizations for their generous support of the INSAR Annual Meeting. Platinum Sponsor Level Gold Sponsor Level Silver Sponsor Level Autism Science Foundation Hilibrand Foundation Nancy Lurie Marks Family Foundation TABLE OF CONTENTS Sponsorship .................................Inside Front Cover TABLE OF CONTENTS Special Interest Groups Schedule .......................... 6 Speaker Ready Room ............................................ 6 De Doelen Floor Plans ........................................ 7-9 Meeting Information Schedule-At-A-Glance .................................... 10-12 In-Conjunction Events .................................... 13-14 Keynote Speakers .............................................. 15 Awardees ..................................................... 16-19 INSAR MISSION Acknowledgments .......................................... 20-21 STATEMENT To promote the highest quality INSAR Summer Institute .................................... 22 research in order to improve the Abstract Author Index ...................................... 134 lives of people affected by autism. General Information .......................................... 208 Exhibitors ....................................................... 210 Strategic Initiatives Setting the Bar: Increase the quality, AM diversity and relevance of research promoted through annual meetings, journal, Keynote Address ...............................................
    [Show full text]
  • The Joy of Autism: Part 2
    However, even autistic individuals who are profoundly disabled eventually gain the ability to communicate effectively, and to learn, and to reason about their behaviour and about effective ways to exercise control over their environment, their unique individual aspects of autism that go beyond the physiology of autism and the source of the profound intrinsic disabilities will come to light. These aspects of autism involve how they think, how they feel, how they express their sensory preferences and aesthetic sensibilities, and how they experience the world around them. Those aspects of individuality must be accorded the same degree of respect and the same validity of meaning as they would be in a non autistic individual rather than be written off, as they all too often are, as the meaningless products of a monolithically bad affliction." Based on these extremes -- the disabling factors and atypical individuality, Phil says, they are more so disabling because society devalues the atypical aspects and fails to accommodate the disabling ones. That my friends, is what we are working towards -- a place where the group we seek to "help," we listen to. We do not get offended when we are corrected by the group. We are the parents. We have a duty to listen because one day, our children may be the same people correcting others tomorrow. In closing, about assumptions, I post the article written by Ann MacDonald a few days ago in the Seattle Post Intelligencer: By ANNE MCDONALD GUEST COLUMNIST Three years ago, a 6-year-old Seattle girl called Ashley, who had severe disabilities, was, at her parents' request, given a medical treatment called "growth attenuation" to prevent her growing.
    [Show full text]
  • A Friend in Me Driving the Research Agenda All in A
    OutreachFALL 2008 CONNECTING OUR COMMUNITY & RAISING AWARENESS ABOUT AUTISM A FRIEND IN ME New group helps children with autism build friendships Page 34 DRIVING THE RESEARCH AGENDA SARRC’s leadership at the national level Page 36 ALL IN A DAY’S WORK CommunityWorks helps teens learn about the real world Page 42 s p r e a d i n g the SARRC is helping raise awareness and fi ght autism in the Hispanic community Page 22 word SARRC esta ayudando a crear conciencia y Corriendo la Voz a luchar contra el autismo en la comunidad Hispana Página 28 AutismWalk_FullPgAd_OL.ai 8/8/08 10:30:56 AM C M Y CM MY CY CMY K Contents 22 Guiding Force With the help of supporters, SARRC is reaching out to empower the Hispanic community and form a united front against autism. 28 Fuerza y Orientación SARRC se extiende hacia la Features comunidad hispana para formar un frente unido en contra del autismo. 34 A Friend Indeed The FRIEND Playground Club, which has been implemented in the Scottsdale Unified School District with SARRC’s help, earns high marks from parents and peers. 36 Driving Research SARRC leaders help build the national autism research agenda led by the NIH Interagency Autism Coordinating Committee. 38 Teamwork Gear up for the Arizona Walk Now for Autism on Nov. 2 at Tempe Beach Park. 40 Tuned In KTAR’s inaugural Action for Autism on-air fundraiser made a big impact on SARRC and the community. 42 Building Community SARRC’s Vocational & Life Skills Academy provides job opportunities and coaching for teens and adults on the autism spectrum.
    [Show full text]
  • Systems of Care for Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Global Perspective
    PROCEEDINGS Systems of Care for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Global Perspective Mohammed Bin Rashid Academic Medical Center Building 14 | PO Box 505276 | Dubai Healthcare City | Dubai | United Arab Emirates Tel. +971 4 422 1740 | Fax +971 4 422 5814 | http://ghd-dubai.hms.harvard.edu IN COLLABORATION WITH ISBN-10: 1-944302-02-6 ISBN-13: 978-1-944302-02-3 http://ghd-dubai.hms.harvard.edu PROCEEDINGS Systems of Care for Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Global Perspective Workshop Proceedings Rapporteur: Anna Nicholson Planning Committee: Ammar Albanna Bennet Leventhal Gordon Harper Hesham Hamoda Kerim Munir Myron Belfer Sandra Willis Valsamma Eapen Harvard Medical School Center for Global Health Delivery–Dubai Harvard Medical School Al Jalila Children’s Speciality Hospital Dubai, United Arab Emirates Mohamed Bin Rashid University (MBRU) Dubai Healthcare City, Dubai, United Arab Emirates March 30 – April 1, 2017 Copyright 2017 by the Harvard Medical School Center for Global Health Delivery–Dubai. All rights reserved. Publications of the Harvard Medical School Center for Global Health Delivery–Dubai are available at www.ghd-dubai.hms.harvard.edu. Printed publications can also be requested at [email protected]. Any opinion, ndings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication do not necessarily reect the views of Harvard Medical School. Harvard Medical School or its licensors at all times own and retain all right, title, and interest in and to these Proceedings (hereafter referred to as “the publication”) including all intellectual property rights therein and thereto. You may use and copy the publication, or portions of the publication, provided that you reproduce all copyright notices, claims, or reservation of rights appearing in the publication, as delivered to you, on all copies made pursuant to this sentence.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Guide Future
    FIELD GUIDE FOR THE FUTURE N A M E FIELD GUIDE FOR THE FUTURE A practical guide from the Commission’s inquiries, case studies of good practice and stories of change – the future, happening now. With thanks to everyone who contributed. Contents Introduction 4 Scotland 53 Imagine a future where... 4 Scotland inquiry 53 Postcard 6 Urban growing 54 About this field guide 8 Technology 54 Vertical farming 53 Health 10 Small robots 56 Farming 11 Discussion Kit 57 Richard Betton 11 Liz Findlay 13 Countryside 60 George Hosier 14 Bill Grayson 16 Land use 61 Lydia Otter 18 Scotland’s Land Use Strategy 61 Harry Wilder 20 Peatland restoration 62 Building a deliberative process around the EAT-Lancet report 22 Natural flood management 64 Prioritising the good 22 Trees for timber 66 Procurement 24 Thriving Communities 67 The Carmarthenshire Food Procurement Task Force 24 Frome: a public value lens 67 Reflections on the process 29 Agrivillages 69 Why we need regional stakeholder banks 70 Mental Health 30 Exploring land stewardship 71 Farming Connect mentors 30 Farmers’ and their families’ health 31 Good Work 73 A college for the future 73 Attracting new entrants: the need for good work 75 Farming 32 Soils 33 Generating a healthy future for Lincolnshire’s soils 33 Place 76 How to assess soil quality 36 Northern Ireland 77 Cumbria 86 Advice 38 Devon 92 Discussion groups 38 Mind the gap: analysis of support 40 Transition 42 Learning in Action 98 Agroforestry: Stephen and Lynn Briggs 42 Agroforestry: Harriet Bell 43 Carbon neutral upland farming 45 References 102 Cooperatives 46 Nethergill Farm: rethinking stocking levels 49 Pipers Farm: producing high quality meat 51 The Ethical Dairy 52 2 3 Introduction Introduction Imagine a future where..
    [Show full text]
  • Network AUGUST 2012 Nopl.Pmd
    AUTISM NETWORK: VOL 7 ISSUE 2 ~ AUGUST 2012 WISHLIST ! • Apartment/ House/ Residence for people with autism • IPODS • IPADS for children to communicate AUGUST 2012 VOL 7 ISSUE 2 • Tablets for teaching cognitive/social skills • Computer/Video games, X Box Connect Action For Autism is a registered, non-profit, national parent • Colour coded keyboards •Gymballs organisation. Autism Network is published by Action For Autism •Music systems (CD/MP3 players) to provide information on education, therapy, care, and to provide • Adapted mouse • Head phones •Board interaction for families and professionals across the country. games • Microwave for cooking skills Autism Network is a forum for expressing diverse opinions. • Washing Machine for independent skills Action For Autism does not hold itself responsible for opinions training unit • Computers that can expressed by individual writers. Publication of any information support graphics • Digital Video Camera does not mean support of Action For Autism. to record children's progress • Laptop Autism Network does not accept advertisements. Expenses are met & LCD projector for parent trainings through memberships, donations and sponsorships, from our readers, •Trampoline • Light & sound making toys friends and well wishers. This journal is for free distribution. • Lego: large & small blocks INFORMATION Stationery: For information on receiving the Autism Network write to: • Cobra/ Box files for student records Pocket 7&8, Jasola Vihar, Behind Sai Niketan, Opp. Gate 6 • Fevicol Jars • Paper/ plastic file covers Sector 8, SFS Flats, New Delhi - 110025. Tel: 40540991/2 for student schedules • Markers, pencils, YOUR CONTRIBUTIONS pens, coloured sheets, chart paper Do you have any comments, suggestions to offer? Information •Reusable/ fresh A4 paper • Handmade and experience to share? We look forward to our readers' paper for artwork • Glossy magazines • participation.
    [Show full text]
  • A Qualitative Study of Indian Mothers and Their Perceptions of Autism
    Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine DigitalCommons@PCOM PCOM Psychology Dissertations Student Dissertations, Theses and Papers 2011 Through Our Eyes: A Qualitative Study of Indian Mothers and Their eP rceptions of Autism Jessy Sara Jacob Pathappillil Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.pcom.edu/psychology_dissertations Recommended Citation Pathappillil, Jessy Sara Jacob, "Through Our Eyes: A Qualitative Study of Indian Mothers and Their eP rceptions of Autism" (2011). PCOM Psychology Dissertations. Paper 195. This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Dissertations, Theses and Papers at DigitalCommons@PCOM. It has been accepted for inclusion in PCOM Psychology Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@PCOM. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine Department of Psychology THROUGH OUR EYES: A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON INDIAN MOTHERS AND THEIR PERCEPTIONS OF AUTISM By Jessy Sara Jacob Pathappillil Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of Doctor of Psychology July 2011 INDIAN MOTHERS ii Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine Department of Psychology Dissertation Approval This is to certify that the thesis presented to us by Jessy Sara Jacob Pathappillil on the 17th day of May, 2011, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Psychology, has been examined and is acceptable in both scholarship and literary quality. Committee Members‟ Signatures: Rosemary Mennuti, Ed.D., Chairperson Yuma I. Tomes, Ph.D. Emily Chernicoff, Psy.D. Robert A. DiTomasso, Ph.D., ABPP, Chair, Department of Psychology INDIAN MOTHERS iii Acknowledgements I would like to take this opportunity to express my sincere gratitude to everyone who encouraged and supported me through the journey of completing this dissertation.
    [Show full text]
  • May 9-12 Rotterdam Netherlands
    2018 ANNUAL MEETING MAY 9-12 ROTTERDAM NETHERLANDS PROGRAM BOOK www.autism-insar.org INSAR 2018 Sponsors We thank the following organizations for their generous support of the INSAR Annual Meeting. Platinum Sponsor Level Gold Sponsor Level Silver Sponsor Level Autism Science Foundation Hilibrand Foundation Nancy Lurie Marks Family Foundation TABLE OF CONTENTS Sponsorship .................................Inside Front Cover TABLE OF CONTENTS Special Interest Groups Schedule .......................... 6 Speaker Ready Room ............................................ 6 De Doelen Floor Plans ........................................ 7-9 Meeting Information Schedule-At-A-Glance .................................... 10-12 In-Conjunction Events .................................... 13-14 Keynote Speakers .............................................. 15 Awardees ..................................................... 16-19 INSAR MISSION Acknowledgments .......................................... 20-21 STATEMENT To promote the highest quality INSAR Summer Institute .................................... 22 research in order to improve the Abstract Author Index ...................................... 134 lives of people affected by autism. General Information .......................................... 208 Exhibitors ....................................................... 210 Strategic Initiatives Setting the Bar: Increase the quality, AM diversity and relevance of research promoted through annual meetings, journal, Keynote Address ...............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Narratives of Indian Parents of Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder
    1 Narratives of Indian Parents of Children Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder Yashaswini Gupta Supervised by: Professor Anita Ghai School of Human Studies Ambedkar University Delhi Kashmere Gate, New Delhi 2020 2 Acknowledgements Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Professor Anita Ghai for the continuous support during my Master’s study and research, for her patience, motivation, and guidance. Her guidance helped me in all the time of research, from conception, selecting participants, to the writing of the dissertation. I would also like to acknowledge the support of School of Human Studies, Ambedkar University Delhi, and their continued diligence and logistical support throughout the duration of this research. This research could not have been possible without its participants, and I extend my gratitude for agreeing to share their valuable time with me. Additionally, I would like to thank Forum for Autism, ‘Autism India’ Facebook support group, Kamayani ma’am, Pranay Singh, Prakriti Pandiya and Srishti for helping me reach out to these participants and formulate the interview process. My sincerest thanks to my peers and classmates, including Ishita Goyal, Sanchi Sharma, Akanksha Gupta, Ankur Sharma, Amishaa Gupta and Manvi for their emotional support as well as their valued contribution to the dissertation through researches, journal articles, transcribing and feedback. Lastly, I would like to thank my parents and my family for their continued love and motivation through my life, and for providing me with the capability of carrying out this research. No endeavour would be possible without their support. 3 Contents 1. Abstract……………………………………………………………………...4 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Final IDD Report
    COUNT ME IN Building an inclusive ecosystem for persons with intellectual and developmental disabilities 2 | Count Me In Count Me In | 3 Bank of America is one of the world’s leading financial institutions, serving large corporations, small- and middle-market businesses and individual consumers in more than 35 countries with a full range of banking, investing, asset management and other financial and risk management products and services. Bank of America Merrill Lynch is a global leader in corporate and investment banking and trading across a broad range of asset classes, serving corporations, governments, institutions and individuals around the world. The company provides, through various banking and broker-dealer affiliates, M&A advice, equity and debt capital raising solutions, lending, risk management, treasury, liquidity, and payments management. Bank of America Corporation stock (NYSE: BAC) is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. For additional information regarding Bank of America Merrill Lynch, please see www.bankofamerica.com/disclaimer. Dasra meaning ‘enlightened giving’ in Sanskrit, is a pioneering strategic philanthropic organization that aims to transform India where a billion thrive with dignity and equity. Since its inception in 1999, Dasra has accelerated social change by driving collaborative action through powerful partnerships among a trust-based network of stakeholders (corporates, foundations, families, non-profits, social businesses, government and media). Over the years, Dasra has deepened social impact in focused fields that include adolescents, urban sanitation and governance and has built social capital by leading a strategic philanthropy movement in the country. For more information, visit www.dasra.org 4 | Count Me In Count Me In | 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS 6.
    [Show full text]
  • C O N T E N T
    AUTISM NETWORK ~ AUGUST 2002 WISHLIST ! FOR THE JUNIOR SECTION o Paper to recycle for childrens worksheets: N E T W O R K A4 sheets of paper that have been used on one side AUGUST 2002 V O L IX N O. 2 Used computer paper o Glossy Newspapers: Sunday & Saturday supplements for craftwork Action For Autism is a registered, non-profit, national parent o Battery-operated toys o Batteries organisation. Autism Network is published by Action For Autism o Childrens tricycles to provide information on education, therapy, care, and to provide o Slides, swings, seesaws that interaction for families and professionals across the country. can be kept indoors FOR ALL STUDENTS Autism Network is a forum for expressing diverse opinions. Action For Autism does not hold itself responsible for opinions o One air cooled or airconditioned room expressed by individual writers. Publication of any information for 1 hour, twice a week, for children does not mean support of Action For Autism. to do yoga and allied activities o Large Dhurries INFORMATION o Two small music systems For information on receiving the Autism Network write to: o Plastic chairs & stools Action For Autism, T 370 F Chiragh Dilli Gaon, 3rd Floor, New Delhi - 110 017, Tel: 6416469, 6416470. If you want to help, write to AFA or call: Action For Autism Tel: 641 6469/70 Autism Network does not accept advertisements. Expenses Indu Chaswal Tel: 609 4410 are met through donations and sponsorships from our readers, Merry Barua Tel: 6566584 friends and well wishers. YOUR CONTRIBUTIONS Do you have any comments, suggestions to offer? Information and experience to share? We look forward to our readers' participation.
    [Show full text]