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Dissertation DISSERTATION Die mythoepische Erzählwelt des Wassertales Rolle und Funktion phantastischer Wesen im Leben der altösterreichischen Holzknechte, dargestellt in ihren mündlich überlieferten Erzählungen aus den Waldkarpaten Verfasser Mag. Anton-Joseph Ilk angestrebter akademischer Grad Doktor der Philosophie (Dr. phil.) Wien, 2009 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt: A 092 308 Dissertationsgebiet lt. Studienblatt: Volkskunde Betreuerin / Betreuer: Univ.- Prof. Dr. Olaf Bockhorn Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort 1. Einleitung 11 1. 1 Themenstellung und Einordnung der Arbeit in den Forschungsstand 11 1. 2 Methodisches Vorgehen 11 1. 3 Zielsetzung 13 2. Der Verwaltungskreis Maramuresch als Teilgebiet des Komitates Marmarosch 15 2. 1 Geographische Lage 15 2. 2 Naturräumliche Gegebenheiten 18 2. 3 Wirtschaftliche Gegebenheiten 20 2. 4 Bevölkerungszusammensetzung und Religionszugehörigkeiten 20 2. 5 Das Komitat Marmarosch 22 2. 5. 1 Geographische Lage 22 2. 5. 2 Naturräumliche und wirtschaftliche Gegebenheiten 23 2. 5. 3 Historische Entwicklung 24 2. 5. 3. 1 Vorgeschichte 24 2. 5. 3. 2 Frühgeschichte (12.-13. Jahrhundert) 26 2. 5. 3. 3 Organisation und Verwaltung im 14. und 15. Jahrhundert 29 2. 5. 3. 4 Wirtschaftliche und demographische Entwicklung vom 16. Jahrhundert bis 1918 32 3. Das Wassertal 35 3. 1 Die Besiedlung des Wassertales 35 3. 1. 1 Die Kolonisten 35 3. 1. 2 Instruktionen und Satzungen 36 3. 1. 3 Walddistrikt Wassertal 37 3. 1. 4 Herkunftsgebiet Salzkammergut 38 3. 1. 5 Zuzug von Arbeitskräften aus der Zips 39 3. 1. 5. 1 „byvanie do Marmarus“ – in die Marmarosch übersiedelt 41 3. 2 Oberwischau im Wassertal 42 3. 2. 1 Das Idiom der Wischaudeutschen 42 3. 2. 2 Das Schulwesen 43 3. 3 Sozioökonomische und ethnische Verhältnisse bis ins 21. Jahrhundert 45 4. Realität und Phantasie im Alltag der Oberwischauer Zipser 47 4. 1 Erzähler und Erzählsituation 49 4. 1. 1 Das Erzählen – eine existenzielle Komponente des Wassertaler Alltages 49 4. 1. 2 Das Erzählen im Holzschlag 50 4. 1. 3 Das Erzählen in der Familie 51 4. 1. 4 Das Erzählen als zwischenmenschliches Ereignis 52 4. 2 Erzählgattungen und Erzählweisen 53 4. 2. 1 Mära (Märchen) 54 4. 2. 2 Kaska (Sage) 57 4. 2. 3 Gschicht (Schwank) 61 4. 2. 4 Abschließende Bemerkungen 62 5. Phantastische Wesen und ihre Rolle im Leben der Oberwischauer Zipser 65 5. 1 Anthropomorphe Wesen 65 5. 1. 1 Männliche anthropomorphe Wesen 65 5. 1. 1. 1 Ti Fåschingmänner (Die Faschingsmänner) 65 5. 1. 1. 1. 1 Das Feiern des Faschings – ein „göttliches Gebot“ 65 5. 1. 1. 1. 2 Die Personifizierung der „heiligen drei Tage“ 66 5. 1. 1. 1. 3 Rolle, Merkmale und Attribute der Faschingsmänner 67 5. 1. 1. 1. 4 Faschingsgebäck zu Ehren der Faschingsmänner 69 5. 1. 1. 2 Tär Wåldmånn (Der Waldmann) 70 5. 1. 1. 2. 1 Gestalt, Aussehen und Attribute 71 5. 1. 1. 2. 2 Wesenszüge und Eigenarten 72 5. 1. 1. 2. 3 Motivanalyse 74 5. 1. 1. 2. 4 Der Wilde Mann in den Mythen der Alpenländer 75 5. 1. 1. 3 Tär Wåssermånn (Der Wassermann) 78 5. 1. 1. 3. 1 Etymologie und Verbreitung 78 5. 1. 1. 3. 2 Herkunft, Lebensraum und Gestalt 80 5. 1. 1. 3. 3 Wesenszüge und Eigenarten 82 5. 1. 1. 3. 4 Der Wassermann des Wassertales 85 5. 1. 2 Weibliche anthropomorphe Wesen 87 5. 1. 2. 1 Tär Heiligi Freitåg (Der Heilige Freitag) 87 5. 1. 2. 1. 1 Die Personifizierung des Freitages im Wassertal 87 5. 1. 2. 1. 2 Etymologie 89 5. 1. 2. 1. 3 Der Freitag in der Mythologie des deutschen Traditionsraumes 90 5. 1. 2. 1. 4 „Kräftige Freitagsgebete“ 93 5. 1. 2. 1. 5 Der Freitag – gebotener Fast- und Abstinenztag im Wassertal 95 5. 1. 2. 2 Tås Wåldweibl (Das Waldweibchen) 97 5. 1. 2. 2. 1 Die Wildfrauen – weibliche Waldwesen im Alpenraum und im Salzkammergut 97 5. 1. 2. 2. 2 Etymologie und Herkunft 99 5. 1. 2. 2. 3 Die Vila – das Pendant der Fee im slawischen Kulturkreis 101 5. 1. 2. 2. 4 Die feenhaften Wesen in der Glaubensanschauung der 105 Rumänen 5. 1. 2. 2. 5 Das Waldweibl – die Salige des Wassertales 108 5. 1. 2. 2. 6 Lebensraum und Behausung des Waldweibls 108 5. 1. 2. 2. 7 Gestalt und Aussehen des Waldweibls 112 5. 1. 2. 2. 8 Attribute und Wesenszüge des Waldweibls 114 5. 1. 2. 2. 9 Des Waldweibls verlockende Stimme 114 5. 1. 2. 2. 10 Das Waldweibl entführt Männer 118 5. 1. 2. 2. 11 Das Waldweibl entführt und vertauscht Kinder 119 5. 1. 2. 2. 12 Das Waldweibl schreckt vor Feuer zurück 122 5. 1. 2. 2. 13 Das Waldweibl bewirkt irrationale Handlungen 124 5. 1. 2. 2. 14 Das Waldweibl zeigt Gefühle 124 5. 1. 2. 2. 15 Rituelles Handeln im Licht des Jenseits 127 5. 1. 2. 2. 16 Das Waldweibl geht Bindungen ein 128 5. 1. 2. 2. 17 Das Waldweibl wird überlistet 129 5. 1. 2. 2. 18 Das Gatjaband – verbindende und trennende Zauberkraft 131 5. 1. 2. 2. 19 Das Waldweibl – der ideale Frauentypus 133 5. 1. 2. 2. 20 Tabubruch mit verheerenden Folgen 135 5. 1. 2. 2. 21 Das Waldweibl gibt seine Geheimnisse nicht preis 139 5. 1. 2. 2. 21. 1 Die Gans – Symbol der Fruchtbarkeit und der ehelichen Liebe 143 5. 1. 2. 2. 21. 2 Die Nuss – Symbol des Lebens 147 5. 1. 2. 2. 22 Die Unsterblichkeit der Waldweibln 151 5. 2 Anthropozoomorphe Wesen 154 5. 2. 1 Tär Trikulítsch (Der Werwolf) 154 5. 2. 1. 1 Etymologie und Definition 154 5. 2. 1. 2 Entstehungstheorien und Verbreitung 156 5. 2. 1. 3 Dämonische Zauberobjekte bewirken Verwandlung 159 5. 2. 1. 4 Aussehen, Gestalt und Eigenschaften 161 5. 2. 1. 5 Der Werwolf in der Vorstellungswelt der Rumänen 164 5. 2. 1. 6 Rückverwandlung des Werwolfes 166 5. 2. 1. 7 Der Werwolf in der Literatur, Musik und Psychologie 168 5. 3 Dämonische Wesen 171 5. 3. 1 Männliche dämonische Wesen 172 5. 3. 1. 1 Tär Teiwl (Der Teufel) 172 5. 3. 1. 1. 1 Etymologie und Funktion 172 5. 3. 1. 1. 2 Erscheinungsbild im Laufe der Geschichte 175 5. 3. 1. 1. 3 Der Teufel in den mythoepischen Sagen des Wassertales 178 5. 3. 2 Weibliche dämonische Wesen 189 5. 3. 2. 1 Ti Tschuma (Die Pestmutter) 189 5. 3. 2. 1. 1 Zur historischen Entwicklung der Pest 189 5. 3. 2. 1. 2 Etymologie 190 5. 3. 2. 1. 3 Gestalt und Funktion 191 5. 3. 2. 1. 4 Erscheinungsformen der Pest 191 5. 3. 2. 1. 5 Schutzmaßnahmen gegen den „Schwarzen Tod“ 193 5. 4 Geisterhafte Wesen 197 5. 4. 1 Ti Wildi Jåcht (Die Wilde Jagd) 198 5. 4. 1. 1 Das Wilde Gjoad – Schrecken der Raunächte im Salzkammergut 198 5. 4. 1. 2 Die Wilde Jagd – Seelen ungetauft verstorbener Kinder im Wassertal 199 5. 4. 1. 3 Motivanalyse 203 5. 4. 2 Die Drude 204 5. 4. 2. 1 Etymologie und Verbreitung 204 5. 4. 2. 2 Herkunft, Gestalt und Funktion 205 5. 4. 2. 3 Die Drude in der siebenbürgischen Sagenwelt 206 5. 4. 2. 4 Abwehrmaßnahmen 207 5. 5 Schreckgestalten 209 5. 5. 1 Definition und Erscheinungsbild 209 5. 5. 1. 1 Männliche Schreckgestalten 210 5. 5. 1. 1. 1 Tär Bäbä und Tär Bau-Bau 210 5. 5. 1. 1. 2 Tås Feiermanndl (Das Feuermännchen) 211 5. 5. 1. 1. 3 Tär Njepesch 213 5. 5. 1. 1. 4 Tås Wåssermanndl (Das Wassermännchen) 214 5. 5. 1. 2 Weibliche Schreckgestalten 216 5. 5. 1. 2. 1 Ti Buha (Die Eule) 216 5. 5. 1. 2. 2 Ti Moima 217 5. 5. 1. 2. 3 Ti Momanta 218 5. 5. 1. 2. 4 Ti Parotzti Baba 218 5. 5. 1. 2. 5 Ti Schecha 219 5. 6 Zoomorphe Wesen 220 5. 6. 1 Ti Frosch (Der Frosch) 220 5. 6. 1. 1 Etymologie und Herkunft 220 5. 6. 1. 2 Eigenschaften und Wesenszüge 221 5. 6. 1. 3 Funktion und Bedeutung 222 5. 6. 1. 4 Der Frosch in der mythischen Anschauung des Wassertales 222 5. 6. 1. 5 Der Frosch in der Erzählliteratur und im Sprachgebrauch 224 5. 6. 2 Tär Hund (Der Hund) 225 5. 6. 2. 1 Herkunft und Verbreitung 225 5. 6. 2. 2 Etymologie und Ursprungslegende 225 5. 6. 2. 3 Der Hund in den mythischen Vorstellungen 227 5. 6. 2. 4 Der Hund in der Weltanschauung des Alpen- und Karpatenraumes 228 5. 6. 2. 5 Abwehrmaßnahmen 231 5. 6. 2. 6 Der Hund im Sprachgebrauch 231 5. 6. 3 Ti schwårzi Kåtz (Die schwarze Katze) 232 5. 6. 3. 1 Etymologie und Herkunft 232 5. 6. 3. 2 Kulturgeschichte 233 5. 6. 3. 3 Eigenschaften und Wesenszüge 233 5. 6. 3. 4 Die Katze in der mythoepischen Tradition des Wassertales 235 5. 6. 3. 5 Die Katze in Sprichwörtern und Redensarten 235 5. 6. 4 Ti weißi Taubn (Die weiße Taube) 236 5. 6. 4. 1 Etymologie und Herkunft 236 5. 6. 4. 2 Attribute, Eigenschaften und Wesensmerkmale 237 5. 6. 4. 3 Die Taube in der populären Literatur des Wassertales 238 5. 6. 4. 4 Die Taube in der mythischen Vorstellungswelt des Karpatenraumes 238 5. 6. 4. 5 Die Taube in der Hausmedizin 240 5. 6. 4. 6 Die Taube in deutschsprachigen Redensarten 240 5. 6. 5 Tås Todnvogl (Der Totenvogel) 240 5. 6. 5. 1 Vorboten des Todes und Todesvorzeichen in europäischen Traditionen 240 5. 6. 5. 2 Der Totenvogel des Wassertales 242 5. 6. 5. 3 Die Funktion der Vögel in der Folklore der rumänischen Ethnie 243 5. 7 Zwerge und zwergähnliche Wesen 244 5. 7. 1 Tås Fuchtlmanndl (Die Wichtelmännlein) 245 5.
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