Diagnostic-Analysis of the Agrarian System of Bodhgaya Block, Gaya District, Bihar State, India
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Diagnostic-analysis of the agrarian system of Bodhgaya Block, Gaya district, Bihar state, India. Victoire Delesalle Supervised by: Vivien Kleinpeter Claire Aubron July 2015 Abbreviations Ai Agricultural income CGIAR Consultative Group for International Agricultural Research DAP Diammonium phosphate (NH4)2HPO4 EWF External Work Force FWF Family Work Force GAV Gross added value GP Gross product IC Intermediary consumption ILRI International Livestock Research Institute INR Indian Rupees (1 INR ≈ 0.014 USD; 1 USD ≈ 70 INR) Km Kilometres mm Millimetres NAV Net Added Value NGO Non-Governmental Organisation PRAN Preservation and Proliferation of Rural Resources and Nature TWF Total Work Force WD Working days 2 Acknowledgment We would like to say thank you to: - Claire Aubron for having teaching us the art of doing an agrarian diagnosis, for having supervised us during the study and giving us her reflections on all subjects around it. - Vamsidhar Reddy and all the staff from ILRI for their support and their welcoming in their organisation. - Ravindra, our translator during our field work, for the amazing job he did for us. Introducing us to the farmers and translating difficult questions and concepts were not easy in the remote rural area we went but you did it perfectly. - All the farmers who kindly accepted to be interviewed during our field work. - PRAN NGO, especially Anil Kumar Verma and Sanjai, who helped us to settle in. - Marie and Tom, for having been our co-worker and co-thinkers for the month we spent in Delhi at the ILRI office. 3 Table of contents 1.1 The agrarian system concepts ................................................................................. 11 1.2 The agrarian diagnosis method ............................................................................... 13 2.1 Presentation of the study area: the Bodhgaya block in South Bihar ...................... 15 2.1.1 Choice of the study area and location ............................................................. 15 2.1.2 Socio spatial organisation and infrastructures ................................................ 16 2.1.3 Climate ............................................................................................................. 17 2.2 Bodhgaya block: An alluvial plain drained by rivers ................................................ 18 2.2.1 Hydrography .................................................................................................... 18 2.2.2 Topography ...................................................................................................... 20 2.2.3 Soils .................................................................................................................. 20 2.2.4 Irrigations infrastructures ................................................................................ 20 2.2.5 Groundwater table depth and availability ...................................................... 21 2.3 Land use and agro ecological zones: a differentiation by access to water ............. 21 2.3.1 Land use ........................................................................................................... 21 2.3.2 Agro-ecological zones ...................................................................................... 22 2.3.3 Livestock within the different agro ecological zones ...................................... 23 3.1 From empires to British colonisation: An ancient tradition of hierarchical agrarian society. ................................................................................................................................. 24 3.1.1 In the footsteps of the first agrarian society: The Indo-Aryan civilization and the Magadh empire ................................................................................................................. 24 3.1.2 The Mughal Empire and British colonization .................................................. 25 3.2 The agrarian reform: An uneven land distribution ................................................. 30 3.2.1 An uneven redistribution and a new class of landlords (ex-sharecropper) .... 30 3.2.2 Sharecropper still without land ownership and some landless labours finally acquired land ......................................................................................................................... 31 3.2.3 The landless: from permanent to daily labours .............................................. 31 3.3 The 1970’s and the green revolution: A farm differentiation by access to water .. 32 3.4 XXI century: a turnover with the development of market gardening and dairy farms ................................................................................................................................. 36 3.5 Typology of production systems (PS) ...................................................................... 40 4.1 Description of each cropping system ...................................................................... 45 4.2 Economical comparison of the cropping systems ................................................... 55 5.1 Description of each livestock system ...................................................................... 58 5.2 Economical comparison of each livestock system .................................................. 67 6.1 Description of each production system .................................................................. 70 6.2 Socio technic and economic evaluation of the production systems ....................... 79 4 6.2.1 Analysis system by system .............................................................................. 79 6.2.2 Comparative analysis ....................................................................................... 92 7.1 Land tenure, crop management and equipment .................................................... 96 7.1.1 Land tenure ..................................................................................................... 96 7.1.2 Technical support on crop management ........................................................ 97 7.1.3 Equipment, infrastructures and subsidies ....................................................... 98 7.2 Development prospects through livestock: “More milk by and for the poor?” ..... 99 7.2.1 Increasing incomes of the landless .................................................................. 99 7.2.2 Increasing income of the small farms ............................................................ 100 7.2.3 More milk at the block level: intensive versus extensive livestock systems. 101 5 Table of figures Figure 1: Agrarian concepts: object, concept and scale fitting. From Cochet, H 2011. .......... 11 Figure 2 : representation of a cropping system rotation ........................................................ 12 Figure 3: calculation of the Agricultural Income ..................................................................... 14 Figure 4: location of Bihar state, Gaya district and Bodhgaya Block ....................................... 15 Figure 5: location of Bodhgaya between the Hazaribagh plateau and the Ganges River. ...... 16 Figure 6: Ombrothermic diagram of Gaya district (average last 50 years). ............................ 17 Figure 7: Total rainfall in Gaya district for the period June-October according to the years.. 17 Figure 8: elevation and main water lines in Bodhgaya block (source elevation data: SRTM). 18 Figure 9: small Pyne canal going from the river to the fields .................................................. 19 Figure 10 : The pynes canal system. ........................................................................................ 19 Figure 11: soil repartition along the west-east transect of Bodhgaya block........................... 20 Figure 12: West-Est transect of Bodhgaya Block with the soil, crops and agro-ecological zones differentiation ............................................................................................................... 22 Figure 13 : Land tenure before the independence ................................................................. 27 Figure 14: cropping system before the independence ........................................................... 28 Figure 15: Dung cakes drying in the floor (use as fuel for cooking). ....................................... 29 Figure 16: redistribution of lands between from the 60s to the 70s. ..................................... 32 Figure 17: spatilization of the crops after the green revolution in the zones where ground water is easily accessible ......................................................................................................... 33 Figure 18: spatilization of the crops after the green revolution in the zones where ground water not available .................................................................................................................. 34 Figure 19 : land tenure differentiation during the green revolution ...................................... 35 Figure 20: current land tenure in Bodhgaya Block .................................................................. 37 Figure 21: Arable land not cultivated in Bodhgaya block. ....................................................... 39 Figure 22 differentiation of production systems from the independence to nowadays. ...... 41 Figure 23 : cropping system modelling for paddy / lentils / Ø ................................................ 47 Figure 24: GAV / ha / year according to the cropping system ................................................ 56 Figure