Subject Index

abscisic acid 204, 220 Aethionema 318 abscission 224 AFLP 36,311,321 Abutilon theophrasti 463 African Swine Fevervirus (ASFV) 64 AciDs 40 Agathis 314 Acanthaceae 270 Agave deserti 254 Acanthamoeba castellanii 349 aging 77 Acaryochloris marina 360,361 Agrobacterium 119,155,227,350 accumulation 268 - infection system 154 Acer 498 - rhizogenes 292, 293 - campestre 488 - tumefaciens 115,117,118,122,145, - pseudoplatanus 10,11,488 146,150,151,153,15~ 157,164 acetyl-CoA 126 Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer N-acetyl-L-phosphinothricin 124 116,155,156 O-acetylserine 185, 186 - transformation 144,147-154,156 acid stress 497 agronomic performance 149 acidic habitats 196 - traits 157,162 - pH 196 Agropyron desertorum 460, 462 acidification 497 Ailanthus altissima 287,290 Acidophilum 208,209 Ajuga reptans 279 Actaea 322 Akebia quinata 280 Actinidia polygama 270 - trifoliata 280 Actinidiaceae 270 algae 194-211,245 Adansonia 323,325 - systematics and evolution 340-370 adaptive radiation 309,310,326 alkalization 105 addition lines 37 alkaloids 269 adenosine phosphosulfate reductase Allium cepa 226 178 allopolyploidy 322 - triphosphate (ATP) 205,206 Alnus glutinosa 230, 484, 488, 497 -- sulfurylase 178 - viridis 484 adenoviruses 59,63,64 Aloe 9 adenylate cyclase 56 - barbadensis 273 Adiantum pedatum 323 Alophosia 385 Adoxa 320 alpine systems 453 adventitious shoots 149 alternative oxidase (AOX) 86 Aechmea magdalanae 252 a-amanitin 184 Aesculus 322 Amborella 309,314 532 Subject Index y-aminobutyric acid 204 Artemisia 456 amitochondrial eukaryotes 73 - annua 276 - eukaryotic organisms 73 - tridentata 462 Ammi majus 270 Asclepias curassavica 130 ammonium pulse 460 Ascomycetes 384 amplification 27 aspartate protease 221 amylopectin 243 aspartic acid protease 229,230 amylose 243 Aspergillus niger 247 Anabaena 208 Asphodelaceae 273 - oscillarioides 207 Aspidosperma quebracho blanco 270, anaerobic conditions 206 271,290 analytical methods 268 assimilate transport 10 Andrographis paniculata 270 assimilatory sulfate reduction 177, 182 angiosperm(s) 308 Asterids 319 - basal 315 Astragalus membranaceus 281 Angiozanthos preissii 279,292 ATPase, mitochondrial F1 72 Anomodon 386,389 Atropa baetica 287 anthraquinones 291 Atta 501 anti-GM-crop activity 114 Austrobaileya 309,314 anti-sense expression 158 autonomous elements 40 antibiotics 146 autopolyploidy 322 antibody(ies) 115,127 Avena sativa 150 Antirrhinum majus 40 avirulence protein 98 Apiaceae 270 avr genes 104 apicoplast 370 Avr protein 103 Apocynaceae 270-272 apoplast 215 Bacillus 19 - enzymatic activities 228 - amyloliquefaciens 124 - pH 218 - subtilis <1>29 59 apoptosis 79,107 - thuringensis 114,118,122,123 Aquifex aeolocus 342 bacteria 207,455 Arabidopsis 35,37,38,86,89,103, - horizontal transfer 19 106,116,127,161,222,224,241,244, - phytophathogenic 98-108 253,254,327,459 bacterial and fungal pathogen - thaliana 41,104,126,159,184,187, resistance 123 225-227,230,231,238,239,274,341 - populations 454 arabinogalactan protein 227 - protein-export 89 Araceae 74 - TAT export system 89 Arachis 326 Balsaminaceae 273 Aralia 323 Banksia 317 - cordata 272 bar gene 153 Araliaceae 272 bark 480,481 Araucaria 314 - chlorenchyma 487 Arbutus 319 - inner 482 Archaea 341,342 - micro- and nano-climates 486 arctic systems 453 - photosynthesis 477-504 Argyranthemum 324 -- maximum 496 Subject Index 533

- respiration 501 Brassicaceae 274 - temperatures 486 brassinosteroids 222 bark-mining insects 478 breeding, conventional 157,165 barley mutagenesis 34-45 - objective 157 - mutant libraries 34 Brocchinia 316 - mutational breeding 43 Brucea javanica 287,290 - reverse genetics 38 Bruchia queenslandica 388 Barnase 124 Bryoceuthospora aethopica 388 Barstar 124 bryophytes, conservation 391 Bartramiopsis 385 - diversity 390 Bellendena 317 - floras 390, 391 Berberidaceae 273 - population biology 387 Berberis stolonifera 273 - systematics 383-392 Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris var. - taxonomy 388, 389 conditiva 276 Bryum 388 Betula 483,484,486 buffering capacities 499 - pendula 10,488,491 burrowing activities 454 Bidens 320 - animals 464 Bignoniaceae 273 Bursera 484 biodegradable plastic(s) 115, 126 buthionine sulfoximine 185 biodiversity 400,401,403,422,427 biogeochemical cycling 456 C4 photosynthesis 250,316 biogeography 322 Cj-concentraiting mechanism 245, 252 biolistic approach 116, 150 Ca2+ accumulation 106 - transformation 117,118 Cactaceae 274 biolistics 150 cadmium 220 biomass, above-ground 502 Caedibacter 350 biotechnology, modern 164 Caenorhabditis elegans 38,62,64,341 bipartite pre-sequences 89 calcium ions 77 Bispora 197-199,203-206 callose 3,4 Boraginaceae 274 callus 154 Borago officinalis 159 - tissue 293 Botrychium 313 calvin cycle 238 Botyroascus 51 -- enzymes 241,357 Bougainvillea spectabilis 9 Calycanthus 323 Bouteloua eriopoda 456 calyces 477 Brachycome 325 Campanulaceae 274 Bradyrhizobium 72,350 Campylium 389 branches 481,482,485 Candida 56 branching pathway 18 - albicans 64 Brassica 143, 146, 150, 152,224 Cannabaceae 275 - campestris 144,145,153 capping 62, 63 - carinata 144 - enzyme 64, 65 - juncea 184,185 capric acid 159 - napus 140,143-145,160,184,187 caprylic acid 159 - oleracea 144,153 CAPS 37 -- var. botrytis 145, 152 Capsicum 476 534 Subject Index

- annuum 287 Chara contraria 226 carbon balance, annual 500 Cheimatobia brumata 501 - of woody plants 501 chemical diversity 266 cycling 452,457,458 chemotactic response 207 gain 477-504 Chenopodiaceae 276 inorganic, dissolved 203 Chenopodium rub rum 276 - uptake 244 chilling 254 organic 455 Chilomonas 370 (re)-fIxation 502 Chiloschista lunifera 477 - sources, organic 198 chimeric fashion 154 carbonic acid 496 chitin 57, 58 Carex bigelowii 461 chitinase 57 Carnegiea 490 chitosomes 58 - gigantea 491 Chlamydomonas 89,349 p-carotene 114,125 - reinhardtii 230,245,358 carousel dynamics 405 Chlorella 208,245,477 Carpinus 487 - virus 64 - betulus 488 - vulagris 364 Carthamus tinctoris 276 chlorenchyma( es) 481-484 Caryophyllids 317 - isolated 494 Caryota 323 - lenticellular 493 Cassia 291 Chlorococcum 478 - didymobotrya 281,292 Chlorococcus 208 - occidentalis 281, 292 chlorophyll alb ratio 485, 496 Catalpa ovata 273 - content of stems 484,485 catastrophe 412 Chlorophyta 194 Catharanthus roseus 269,271 chloroplast(s) 21,239 - trichophyllus 271,290 - chlorenchymal 498 Caulerpa prolifera 4 Chondrus 353 Celastraceae 275,276 Chromophyta 194 cell cultures 268,291,295 chromosome landing 35, 36 -- advantages 293 Chinchona 291 - cycle 59 - ledgeriana 285 - death, hypersensitive 106 - pubescens 285 -- programmed 106 - robusta 285 - suspensions 293 Citrus aurantifolia 286 - and tissue cultures 267,269,270,293 Clarkia 311 - wall degrading enzymes 221 - gracilis 322 -- structure 216 Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. cell-division cycle 56 michiganensis 101 cell-specifIc expression 119 climate change 403,406,416 cell-to-cell signaling 227 clonal foraging 461 cellulase 155 - plasticity 462 Cephalocereus senilis 274 Clostridium 19,352 Cercidium 484 Clusia 252 chaperones 81,82,85 CO 2 489,496 - mitochondrial 85 - fIxation 254,255 Subject Index 535

- flux in stems 492 Cucurbita 179 - losses 502 culture conditions 145 - re-fIxing 478 cultures, hybrid cells 294 - recycling, stem-internal 499 Cuphea 143 - stem-internal 490,491 - hookeriana 160 - stimulation of photosynthesis 255 - lanceolata 159, 160 - transport, aqueous 493 Cyanidium 353 co-conversion 24 cyanobacteria 359 co-cultivation 146, 153 Cyanophora paradoxa 358,364 coat-protein-mediated protection 123 Cyanophyta 194 coevolution of proteins and introns 18 Cyathea 9,313 color of flower 130 cyclin(s) 56,57,59 community 457 cycloheximide 183 - structure 454 Cypripedium 315 competitive displacement 427 cysteine 179

- neighborhood 453 cytochrome blc l complex 84 Compositae 276 - c reductase 84 condensing enzymes 143 - oxidase subunit 2 (Cox2) 89 conservation of bryophytes 391 cytokinin 118 construction costs 459,460 cytoplasmic inheritance 72 continuous response 434 linear elements 61 cordycepin 184 - promoters 62 Cordyline 9 - viruses 64 Coreopsis 320,321 - yeast linear plasm ids 63 cork cell tissue 487 cytoskeleton 217 Cornus mas 501 Corsinia 387 DAG-AT 143 Corylus avellana 485,488 Danaus plexippus 131 - colurna 485, 488 Datura candida 287 Coscinodiscus granii 239 Daucus carota 270,292 Coscinodon 389 Dawsonia 385 costs and benefits 458 "dead-end" molecules 27 cotyledons 147 Debaryomyces hansenii 61 covarion model 344,346 deciduous forest 452,456 cracks and wounds 493 defoliation by insect attacks 501 crassulacean acid metabolism 251 deletion(s), mutant 37 Crataegus 484 - neutron-induced 37 - monogyna 488 demand-driven control 178 cre recombinase 121 depot function 202 Crithidia fasciculata 64 desaturase 143 crops, transgenic 114-131 desert shrublands 456 cross protection 123 desertification 465, 466 cross-linking 218 Desulfovibrio 352 Cryptocarya chinensis 280 DHPLC 37 Cryptococcus 197-200,204-206 Dicentra peregrina 278 Cryptomonas 370 dichotomous topology 459 Cucumis melo 230 Dicksonia 313 536 Subject Index

Dicranoloma 389 Drypetes 318 Dicranum 389 dsRNA-encoded K1 killer 54 Dictyostelium 341 Dunaliella 200 Didymodon 386 - acidophila 196-199,201-206,208 diffusion coefficient 453 - tertiolecta 245 dinoflagellates 357 dung 455 Dionaea muscipula 277 dynamics, spatial 451 Diospyros kaki 277 - temporal 451 disaster 412 disease resistance 163 earthworms 464 dissociation constants 496 Ebenaceae 277 Distemonanthus benthamianus 491 Eccremidium exiguum 388 distribution, spatial 452 Echium lycopsis 274 disturbance(s), architecture 433 ecological heterogeneity 458 - class I 409,411,429 ecosystem 457 - class II 409,411,429 - legacy 420,421,428 - concordant 428 - level 458 - definition 404-408 - processes 454 - diffuse 409 - responses 458 - discordant 428 - temperate-forest 460 discrete 409 - trajectory 429 - endogenous 412 ectopic sites 25 - exogenous 412 editing 25 - feedbacks 416,417 Ehrlichia 350 - human 401,402 Eleocharis vivipara 251 - hypothesis, intermediate 422, 434 elicitation 106,294 - interactions 416, 417 elicitor(s) 105 - large, infrequent 407,408 - treatment 294 - rate 427 embryo(s), immature 117 - regime 404-406,433 - zygotic 147 diversity, biological 452 embryogenesis, somatic 227 - of bryophytes 390 embryonic axes 148 - genotypic 452 embryophytes 309 - phenotypic 452 endo-p-1,3-glucanase 124 - species 452 endocytobiosis, primary 364 DNA 238-255 - secondary 364 - extraction 310 endonuclease 22 - fingerprinting 311 endosymbionts 19 DNA-polymerase 59 endosymbiosis theory 72 domain Z 18 6-endotoxin( s) 123 domestication 148 5-enol pyruvyl shikimate-3-phospho double-strand break gap repair 24 synthase 122 Dracaena 9 Entamoeba 354 Droseraceae 277 environment(s), resource-poor 455 Drosophila melanogaster 341 - resource-rich 455 Dryandra 317 environmental factors 156 Dryas 324 - gradients 452 Subject Index 537

Ephedra distachya 277 Fab 127 Ephedraceae 277 Fabaceae 74 Epipactis 477 a factor 102 epiphytes, epicorticular 498 Fagus 483, 494, 498 epiphytic plants 478 - grandifolia 485 equilibrium dynamic 406, 425,430-432 - sylvatica 10,484-488,490 - qualitative 431 fatty-acid biosynthesis, de nova 143 - quantitative 431 - chain lengths 159 - persistent 431 - composition 141 - shifting mosaic 431 - patterns 140,164 - statistical 432 Ferromicrobium acidophilus 208,209 - steady state 431 Fick's law of diffusion 492 Equisetum 84,309,313 field trials (transgenic plants) 127, 163 Eremosphaera viridis 245 Flaveria 250 erucic acid 160,161 - pringlei 249 - tri- 161 FlavrSavr 115,121 Erwinia 103 floral evolution 325 - amylovora 99, 102, 103 floras of bryophytes 390,391 Erysiphe graminis 35 fluroides 500 Erythrina 308 foreign enzymes, introduction 161 Escherichia coli 20,58,85,99,127,161 forest 455,457 Eschscholtzia californica 284 - deciduous 452, 456 ethylene 146 Forsythia 501 Eucalyptus 321 Frangula alnus 484 eudicots, basal 316 Fraxinus 323,493 Euglena 22,198,203,367 - excelsior 11 - gracilis 200,358 frost hardiness 221 - mutabilis 197-200,203-206 fructans 254 euglenoids 366 fruit morphology 325 Euonymus 484 Fucus 226 Eupatorium cannabinum 276 fulvic acid 208 Euphorbia calyptra 290,293 Fumariaceae 278 -- var. involnerata 277 functional diversity 457 Euphorbiaceae 277 - group 400,437,438,452,457 Evernia prunastri 478 functionalities 160 evolutionary contingency 422 fungal populations 454 - developmental biology 326 fungi 194-211 excreta 454 Fusarium 294 exon(s) binding sites 16 - ligated 20 - ligation 17 G proteins 225 exotic species invasions 404, 422 G1 arrest 65 expansin(s) 219,231 Galanthus nivalis 477 explant(s) 148 Galphinia glauca 282 - shoot-tip 148 gap dynamics 404,411,419,434,435 extracellular matrix 215-232 -- regeneration mode 401 - partitioning 434 538 Subject Index

Garcinia mangostana 159 glutathione 179 gas diffusion 494 - homo- 179 - exchange 483 - synthesis 185 gene avr 104 glycerol 198,205 - bar 153 Glycine max 230 - clusters 361 glycolysis 209 - expression, inactivation 150 Glycyrrhiza echinata 281 - hrc 99, 100 - glabra 281,282 - hrp 98-100 glyphosate 122 - marker 120, 144 GM potatoes 115 - migration, intracellular 74 Gnetales 313,314 - R 104 Gonyaulax 357 - RARl 36 gopher burrowing activities 465 - tagging 40 Gossypium 322 - transfer 144 Gracilaria tenuistipitata 244 -- direct 149 graft junction 219 -- to mitochondria 74 graminoids 455 generality 404,414,425,426,430,434, grassland(s) 455,456,462,465 438,439 - mesic 460 genetic approaches 295 green bark tissue 496 - diversity 458 - fluorescent protein (GFP) 151 - engineering 140,141,165 - petals 477 - modification 140 - stems 484 - transformation 140-165 Grimmia 390 - variation 452,463 growth forms 459 Genista 484 - rate 240 genomics (algae) 340,341 5'guanyl cap 63 - mitochondrial 353 guanylyltransferase 63, 64 genotype(s) 144,154,456,463 guard cells 231 Gentianaceae 278 Guillardia theta 364 Geometra brumata 501 Guttiferae 278 Geosiphon 210,211 Guy's 13 127 - pyriforme 195,210 gymnosperms 309,313 geostatistics 456 geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate 125 habitat fragmentation 402 GFP 156 Haemodoraceae 279 Gleditsia amorphoides 323 Haemophilus inJIuenzae 341 Glehnia littoralis 289 half-shoot apices 154 Glenodinium foliaceum 370 Haplohymenium 389 global change 452, 465 harpin(s) 100, 103 Gloeobacter violaceus 359 Hawaii 323,324 Glomus 195,210 Helianthus 148 Glossocalyx 315 - annuus 140, 144, 147 glucose pyrophosphorylase 125 - decapetalus 148,149 ~-glucuronidase (GUS) 151,155 - giganteus 148, 149 y-glutamylcystein 181 - mollis 148,149 - synthase 178, 181, 187 - petiolaris 321 Subject Index 539

- strumosus 148,149 hybrids, interspecific 148 - tuberosus 148, 149 hydraulic lift 453,454 helicase 65 hydrogen hypothesis 73,342, 350 Helleborus foetidus 477 hydrogenosomes 351 - viridis 477 hydrolytic pathway 18 hepatics 383 hydrophily 309 herbaceous plants 181 hydroxy groups 160 herbicide resistance 114,115, 118, 122, hydroxyl-ion concentration 499 130 hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins 107 - tolerance 163 Hymenophyllopsis 313 Herpetineuron 386, 389 Hypericum patulum 278 Hesperomannia 323 hypersensitive response 98,221 heterocysts 207 Hypnobartlettia fontana 386 heterogeneity 400,412,418 Hypnum cupressiforme f.filiforme 478 - concept 452 - patterns 456 !lex 494 Heterosigma carterae 242 - aquifolium 484,485, 488, 495 Heuchera grassulariifolia 322 immunity phenotypes 55 hexokinase 246 Impatiens balsamica 159,273 Himantoglossum hircinum 477 in situ hybridization 326 historic range of variation 407 individuals 457 historical contingency 422, 428 inheritance, cytoplasmic 72 - precendence 428 - extranuclear 51-65,71-89 Holospora 350 - vertical 19 Homalothecium 389 inhibitors 217 homeostasis 218 inner-membrane peptidase 85 Homo sapiens 64 insect resistance 114,118,122,130 homoplasy 312 integrase 43 hordein 45 integrin-like proteins 225 Hordeum vulgare 34, 230 intensity 413,420 horizontal transfer 74 inter-organ signal 187,188 Hormidium 208 inter-organelle cross-talk 77 hormonal signaling 458 inter-species competition for resources hormones, BAP 145 460 - NAA 145 intercellular air spaces 483 hornworts 384,390,391 introgression 149,321 host viability 28 intron(s) 15-28 hrc genes 99,100 - binding sites 16 hrp genes 98-100 - distribution 18 -- regulation 102 - DNA circles 26 Hrp pilus 100 - duplication 25, 26 H2S, atmospheric 181 - group I 15,71 - fumigation 188 - group II 15,74 human disturbance 401,402 -- homing 22 Humulus lupulus 275 -- negative effect on host viability 28 hybridization 321 -- splicing 15 - in situ 326 - RNA 24 540 Subject Index intron-encoded protein 20 - pore area 484 invertase 247 Leptospirillum ferrooxidans 209 ion channels 227 Leucobryum albidum 386 - diffusion 452 - glaucum 386 Iridoviridae 64 Leucodon sciuroides 478 iron-sulfur proteins 78 Leucojum aestivum 477 "islands of fertility" 455,465,466 - vernum 477 isopentenyl transferase 118 Leucoloma 385 ISSR 311,321 life span 77 life-history traits 458 Juglans major 491 light 487 - absorption 489 kanamycin 118, 153 - channels 489 - resistance 118, 145 - penetration 489 Kex2p-specific procession 54 - saturation 495 killer 57 - transmission 487,489,498 - plasmids 52 light -mediated activation 241 Kluyveromyces lactis 51-65,72 light-response curves 495 Korthalsella 317 Ligustrum vulgare 485,488 Limnanthes douglasii 161 Linaceae 282 Labiatae 279 linoleic acid 158, 159 Lactococcus 19,20,24 Linum flavum 282 Lamiaceae 279 lipid biosynthesis 142, 165 lammas shoot 501 lipid-transfer-protein 220,221 land plants, earliest 74 Liquidambar 322 - use, traditional 402, 403 - styraciflua 460 landscape 403,415,425,430-432 Lissoc/inum patella 360 equilibrium 430 Listera 101 - heterogeneity 403 Lithospermum erythrorhizon 274,291 - pattern 415 litter fall 454 Lardizabalaceae 280 liverworts 74,384,390,391 lariat 17 Lobaria pulmonaria 478 Larix 11,483,501 Lobelia inflata 274 Lauraceae 280 Lolium perenne 462 lauric acid 159,160 long-branch attraction 344 Lavandula angustifolia 279 long-distance dispersal 323 - vera 279 - transport 178, 182 leaf formation periodicity 11 Lopezia 325 - initiation 219 Lophosoria 313 -- in trees 10 LPA acyltransferase 143 - mass 502 - AT 160 leafless state 501 Lycopersicon 311 Leguminosae 281,282,292,318 - esculentum 230,287,288 Leishmania 341 Lyellia 385 Lejeunea 388 lysin 45 lenticel( s) 483,499 Subject Index 541 macerating enzymes 155 - COX2 genes 74 magnitude 408,413 - DNA 71 Magnolia 315,325 - elements, fungal 63 male sterility 115, 124, 130 -- plant 63 Malpighiaceae 282 - genes, transfer 73 Malus domestica cv. Liberty 285 - genomes 71 - sylvestris 488 -- linear 72 management practices 455 - genomics 353 Manihot esculenta 324 - inheritance 71 map-based cloning 35 - intermediate peptidase 84 Marchantia 353 - linear plasmids 64 - poiymorpha 239 - proteases 21 marker gene(s) 120, 144 - protein export 87 -- selectable 152 - telomeres 72 mass flow 453 Mlo 39 mat-r 25 "mobile intron" 22 matK 22 mobility of introns 15-28 maturase 18 molecular genetics 140 Meconopsis 317 - systematics 307-327 Medicago sativa 282 Molluscum contaginosum 62, 65 membrane lipid 143 Momordica charantia 159 Menispermaceae 283 Monarch butterfly 115, 130 Menispermum dauricum 283 Monoclea gottschei 386 meristem 148 mono cots 150 - apical 147 Moraceae 283 Mesembryanthemum crystallinum 253 Morinda 291 Mesostigma viride 364 - citrifolia 286 metabolic diversity of cell and morphogenesis 147 tissue cultures 266-295 morphology 457 - pathways 164 Morus alba 283 - steps 161 mosaic cycles 405 metalloproteases 229,230 mosaicism 345 Metasequoia 11 mRNA triphosphatase 63 Methanococcus jannaschii 341 mtDNA instability 25 methionine 179 - stability 79 methylation 120 Muller's ratchet 348,354,355,367,369 S-methylmethionine 179,183 multi-component regulation system Metridium senile 19 102 Michelia 315 multigene families 232 micro-array 38 Musanga cecropioides 491 microbial populations 453 mutagenesis of barley 34-45 Microcystis 359 mutualistic association 194 microprojectiles 154 - relationships between algae Microseris 323 and fungi 194-211 mitochondria 21,71-89,248,347,353 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 101 - origin 72 mycorrhizal fungi 455 mitochondrial chaperones 85 - hyphae, external 455,461 542 Subject Index

- nutrient transport 464 Nyctotherus ova lis 352 - roots 178 - symbiosis 461 02 evolution, chlorenchymal 494 myristic acid 159 O-acetylserine 185, 186 Myristica fragrans 159 Odontella sinensis 239 oil content 161 N-acetyl-L-phosphothricin 124 oilseed crops 141 N-terminal presequences 81 - quality 140-165 natural products 266-269,293 - rape 144,151, 164 -- classification 269 oleo chemistry 141 -- formation 293 Oligotrichum 386 -- novel 295 ontogeny 457 neighbor growth activity 464 Ophioglossum 313 - interactions 454 Ophiorrhiza 291 - plant(s) 459,462 - pumila 286 - sp ecies 466 Orchis 325 neomycin phosphotransferase 121 Oreostylidium 325 -- gene (nptII) 153 Orthotrichum 386 Neophoenix matoposensis 388 Oryza sativa 150 Nephroselmis olivacea 364 Oscillatoria 208,359 Neurospora 84 oxidative burst 107 neutron 34 - pentose-P pathway 248 NH4+ 453,45 - phosphorylation 76 niche partitioning 435 Oxychloe 316 Nicotiana 81,85,86,226,311 oxychlorobacteria 360 - glauca 179 - tabacum 230, 288, 292 plDNA 22 nitrogen 451,453,455,460 Pachira 484 - oxides 500 Paeonia japonica 283, 284 nitrogenase 207,208,210 - lactiflora 284 N03- 453,456 - suffruticosa 284 - pattern of variability 452 Paeoniaceae 283,284 non-autonomous elements 40 Palamocladium 389 non-mycorrhizal roots 178 palmitic acid 159 Nostoc 195,210,211 Panax ginseng 272 Nothofagus 323 Papaver 317 novel compounds 267,269 Papaveraceae 284 -- structures 269,270 Parabasalia 353 - traits 157 Para coccus 350 nuclear COX2 genes 74 Paraleucobryum 385 nuclear-mitochondrial interaction 71 Parkinsonia 490 nucleomorphs 347,354,369 - aculeata 484 Nuphar 315 - microphylla 491 nutrient cycling 452,453,457,458,464 Parthenium hysterophorus 276 - depletion zone 461 particle gun 151 - pulses 454 particle-bombardment I nutrient-rich patch(es) 457,459 Agrobacterium approach 157 Subject Index 543

patch clamp technique 5 - acquisition 462 - dynamics 404,425, 430, 431 phosphothricine 122 - scale 426 photo-decomposition 200 -- multiple 430 photo respiration 249 patchiness 400,406,418,432 photosensitivity 9 pathogenesis-related proteins 106 photosynthesis 238-255 pattern and process 404 - bark and stem 477-504 Paulownia 320 -C4 250 pectinase 155 - chlorenchymal 489 pectolytic enzyme 156 - cortical 479,492,498,502 Pedaliaceae 284 - corticular 494 Pelargonium 323 - leaf 494 Penstemon 311 - stem-internal 493 - clevelandii 321 - wood 497 - spectabilis 321 photosynthetic capacity 502 Peperomia 252 - reactions, inhibition 500 periderm 480,481 phylogenetic distance estimations 63 permeability coefficient 198 phylogenetics 310 Petroselinum crispum 270 phylogeny (algae) 340,341 pGKLl 52 - (bryophytes) 383-386 pGKL2 52 phylogeography 322 pH 493 physiological plasticity 460 - perturbations 499 physiology 457 phages 59 Physochlaina orientalis 288 - bacterial 63 phytase 44 phagotrophy 370 phytic acid 43 Pharus 316 phytoalexin biosynthesis 105 PHB 126 phytochemical studies 290 phenolics 269 Phytolacca acinosa 284 phenology 457,464 - americana 284 phenotypes 165,457 Phytolaccaceae 284 phenotypic plasticity 457 phytopathogenic bacteria 98-108 phenylalanine ammonium lyase 105 Picea abies 490,491 phenylpropanoids 292 Pichia 51 a-pheromone 54 - acaciae 61 phloem 253 - etchellsii 61,62 - allocation 178, 186 Pimpinella anisum 270 - exudate(s) 3, 179, 181, 182 Pinus 311,314 - translocation 3-12 - radiata 491 phloem-allocated signal 187 - strobus 491 Phormidium 208,359 - sylvestris 491 phosphate translocator 242 - taeda 460 phosphatidyl choline 143 Pisum sativum 230 phosphinotricin 153 pith(s) 480,482,497 phospholipids 158 pK values 493 phosphorous 451,453,455,456,460, Plagiochila 388 462 Plagiorhegma dubium 273 544 Subject Index plant(s) breeding 140,164 Podospora 20,27 - community 458 - anserina 26-28 -- lecosystem responses 464 Pogonatum 386 - competition 463 Pogonia 323 - competitive abilities 458 Pohlia 387 - defense 105 pollination 308,325 - distribution 465 - wind 316,317 - families 269,292 pollutants 483 - foraging 458 - gaseous 498 - individual 456 poly-(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxy• - lipid biosynthesis 165 valerate) 126 - microbe interaction 458 Polygala amarella 285 - resistance 121 Polygalaceae 285 - responses 458 polymerase 65 - interaction 456 - chain reaction (peR) 150 - perennial 460 polyploid(s) 310 plant-derived cell and tissue cultures - origin 322 266 Poly tom ella 84 plant-fungus interaction 461 Polytrichadelphus magellanicus 384 plant-plant interaction 462,464 Polytrichastrum 387 - recognition 467 - alpinum 386 plasma membrane 215 - sexangulare 386 plasmid 51 Polytrichum piliferum 387 - killer 52 poplar leaves 180 - linear 51, 63, 64 - phloem 180 - replication via protein priming 60 - roots 180 - Ti 117 - xylem 180 plasmodesmata 219 population 457 Plasmodium 341,349,362 - biology (bryophytes) 387 - falciparum 73,369 - fitness 463 plasticity 465 Populus 490,498 plastid(s) 243,249,347,354 - deltoides 491 - complex 366 - macdougalii 491 - evolution 355 - nigra 'Italica' 488 - genome phylogenetics 363 - tremula 484,485,487-490,498 - phylogeny 364 - tremuloides 485,491 - simple 362 Porella baueri 387 Platanthera 309 Porphyra 353 Platanus 483 - purpurea 354 - x acerifolia 488 potassium 451,456 Platycerium 84 - pattern of variability 452 Platyhypnidium riparioides 386,387 pox viruses 65 Pleurocapsa 359 Poxviridae 64 Pleurococcus 208 prairie 455 Poa pratensis 462 - tall-grass 460 Poaceae 316 precursor feeding 294 Podophyllum versipelle 273 Prionium 316 Subject Index 545 processing peptidases 84 quality of oils 156, 157 Prochlorococcus marinus 356,359,360 quantitative descriptions 452 Prochloron 360 Quercus 483,490,493 Proctor X Nudinka 36 - agrifolia 491 product quality 163 - borealis 491 progeny 154 - robur 485,487,488 promoter(s) 119, 160 - rubra 488 proteases 229,230 quinones 291 protein(s) Avr 103 - dual localization 78 R gene 104 - iron-sulfur 78 rabies-virus glycoprotein 127 - pathogenesis-related 106 Ralstonia 99 - targeting 362 - eutrophus 126 - terminal 59, 60 - solanacearum 101,103 protein-primed replicating viruses 63 rangelands 455 a-proteobacteria 350 RAPDs 311 proton concentrations 498 rape seed 143, 157 protoplast(s) 116,117 RARI gene 36 Prototheca 353 Rauwolfia mannii 271 protozoa 19 - serpentina 271,272,290,294 Prunus 483,484 rbcL phylogeny 356 - spinosa 501 re- foliation 501 Pseudobombax maximum 484 reactive oxygen species 107,218 Pseudomonas 19,99 receptor(s) 105,225 - syringae 100,103 - kin eases 222 -- pv. glycinae 101 Reclinomonas americana 19,73,348, pv. phaseolicola 102 349 -- pv. syringae 99, 104 recognition 195 -- pv. tomato 100,101 recombinant DNA 144 Pseudoroegneria spicata 462 recombination, homologous 25 Psilotum 313 regeneration 117,118,144,146 Psorothamnus 494 - potential 149 Psycho tria 319 regulatory signal 186 Pte lea trifoliata 286 replication 27,59 Pteridium aquilinum 9 resilience 438 Pteridophyllum 316 resistance 118 Pueraria lobata 282 - against bacterial and fungal puromycine 183 pathogens 123 Pusztai 129 - disease 163 Puya 316 - herbicide 114,115,118, 122, 130 Pylaiella littoralis 16 - insect 114,118,122,130 pyrenoids 245 - kanamycin 118,145 Pyrenomonas salina 22 - plant 121 Pyrola 319 - viral 115 - minor 326 -- pathogens 123 pyruvate Pi dikinase 250,255 resource availability 407 respiration 206,209,248 546 Subject Index respiratory rates 203 length 459 response variables 457 - morphology 459 resource accumulation 455 - plasticity 459 - availability 452 - proliferation 459,460,462 - depletion zone 453 - system 455 - mobility 459 -- size 457 - patch size 456 root-growth depth 458 - translocation 461 rooting distance 456 - uptake, efficient 466 Rosa 484,494,495 retro-transposons 39,41,42 Rosaceae 285 retrograde regulation 76 Rosids 318 ret ron element 19 rps12 20 reverse splicing 18 RT-independent homing 24 reverse-transcriptase 18 Rubiaceae 285, 286 Rhamnus frangula 488 Rubisco 239,357 Rhazya stricta 294 - activase 240 Rhizoctonia solani 124 Rubus 324, 483 rhizogenes-mediated transformation Ruta bracteosa 286 153 - chalepensis 286 rhizosphere 454,456 - graveolens 286, 294 Rhodobacter 350 - macrophylla 286 Rhodophyta 194 Rutaceae 186 Rhodospirillium 72 - rub rum 357 S-methylmethionine 179,183 rhytidomallight transmission 487 Saccharomyces 20,56 rhytidome(s) 480-483,499 - cerevisiae 26,28,51,53-57,64,71, - micro- and nano-climate 486 72,341,358 ribonucleoprotein particles 20 - kluyveri 61,62 ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase! safe sites 454,458 oxygenase see Rubisco safety of GM plants 129 Riccia natalensis 388 Saintpaulia 320 Ricinus 179 salicylic acid 103, 107 - communis 160,277 Salix 311,484 Rickettsia 72,350 - cap rea 11 - prowazekii 348 - lasiolepis 491 RNA chaperones 20 Salmonella typhimurium 99, 122 - (guanin -7 -)methyltransferase 63 salt stress 220 - guanylyl transferase 63 Sambucus 320,498 - polymerases, eukaryotic 61 - nigra 493 -- prokaryotic 61 Sanicula 324 root(s) 477 Saxifraga 317 - architecture 459 scale(s) 451 - cultures 293 - community 452 -- transformed 293 - ecosystem 452 - demography 461 - individual 452 - depletion zone 455 - micro 455 - foraging 457,459 - of observation 410,412,423 Subject Index 547

- spatial 452 - transgene 120 - temporal 452,454 silversword 308, 324 scale-independent response 434 Simaroubaceae 287 Scapania 388 single-chain Fr 127 Schistidium apocarpum 389 single-stranded binding protein 60 Schizosaccharomyces 56, 72 Siparuna 315 - pombe 26, 28, 62, 64, 358 Sit4p phosphatase 59 Schlegelia 320 site productivity 421,426,427 Scrophulariaceae 287 size hierarchies 458, 463 Scutellaria baicalensis 279 SOz 500 Sebenipedium 315 sodium azide 38 secretory pathway 217 soil development 416 Sedum 317 - niches 464 seed stroage oil 140 - oragnic matter 454 Sehnemobryum 386 - organisms 455 Selaginella 313 - pH, pattern of variability 452 selectable markers 116 - water, horizontal distribution 454 self incompatibility 224 -- pulses 454 self-splice of introns 17 soil-depth effects 457 Senecio 477 soil-resource distribution 451-467 - nebrodensis 311 - heterogeneity 453,456,457 - viscosus 311 -- abiotic causes 453 - vulgaris 324 -- biotic causes 454 Sequoia sempervirens 491 -- in ecosystems 464 serine protease 229,230 soil-water potential 454 Serratia 19 Solanaceae 287,288,292 Sesamum indicum 284 Solanum 311,320 severity 401,413,420 - chrysotrichum 288 shade leaves 495 Sonchus 324 shade-adapted chloroplasts 496 Sorbus aucuparia 490 - leaves 485 - intermedia 488 Shigella jlexneri 99 soybean 114,159 shoot-tip explants 148 Spartium 494 shrub(s) 455 speciation processes (in bryophytes) - encroachment 455 387 shrub lands 456 species, clonal 461 Shugart's 1:50 rule 430 - coexistence 457,464 sieve tube(s) 3-5 - diversity 458,465 signal peptidase 81 - richness 457,458 - sequences 81 - traits 458, 459 - transduction 105,216,228 specificity 413 signaling 467 Sphaeropteris 9 - compounds 294 Sphagnum brevifolium 387 - pathways 459,466 - capillifolium 387 silencing 120 - fallax 387 - post-transcriptional gene 120 - isoviitae 387 - transcriptional gene 120 - recurvum 387 548 Subject Index

- rubellum 387 - xylem loading 188 - russowii 387 sulfur, atmospheric 182 spike-progeny method 38 - compounds 177-189 splice site 16 - demand 183,186 splicing of introns 15-28 - deprivation 183 -- factors 21 - / nitrogen ratio 177 -- in vivo 20 - nutrition 177-189 split-root 187 - reduced 177 starch biosynthesis 125 sunflower(s) 143,147,148,154,157,164 - metabolism 243 - high-oleic 158 START 56,59 - transformation 163 Stauntonia hexaphylla 280 - transgenic 163 stearoyl-desaturase 158 superoxide anion radical 221 stem(s) 481,482 - radicals 106 - parenchymes 492 Swertia japonica 278 - segments 494 Symbiodinium 357 - temperatures 487 symbioses 455 steppes, semiarid 456 Synechococcus 208,356, 359, 360 storage tissue 182 Synechocystis 346,352,354,355,358, storage-lipid 143 359,362,363 StpA protein 20 synergism 413 Streptochaeta 316 syntrophy hypothesis 73,342 streptococcal antigen IIII 127 Syringa 494 Streptococcus 320 - vulgaris 485 - mutans 127 systematic(s) of bryophytes 383-392 Streptomyces 208 - progress in angiosperms 314 stress 498 -- in non-angiosperms 313 - acid 497 systemic acquired resistance 103 - salt 220 - water 254 T-DNA 152 Strobus 314 Tabernaemontana elegans 272 structural diversity 295 Taeniophyllum 477 Stylosanthes hamata 184 TAG 160 sub-genomic circles 25 - assembly 143 succession, cyclic 404 Tagetes patula 276 - micro- 404 Takakia 385 - primary 409,414 - ceratophylla 385 - regeneration 411 - lepidozioides 385 - secondary 411 Tanacetum parthenium 276 sucrose 3,5,11,246 target DNA-primed reverse- - cycling 247 transcription 23 sugar-sensing 246 - site 23 sulfate / glutathione ratio 188 targeting, intracellular 119 - transporter 184 Taxaceae 288, 289 -- high affinity 184, 185, 188 taxane(s) 291 -- low-affinity 184,185,188 - diterpenoids 290 - uptake 177,183-186 taxonomy of bryophytes 388, 389 Subject Index 549

Taxus 290, 291 transposase 41 - baccata 288 transposition 22 - chinensis 289 - homing-like 26 -- var. marei 288 transposons 39 - cuspidata 288 - retro- 39,41,42 - yunnanensis 288 tree(s) 3,9,10 TCA-cycle 209 - deciduous 11,178,181 template switch 24 - leaf initiation 10 terminal-recognition factor 60 - skeleton 502 terpenoids 269 trehalose 247 tertiary interactions 15 triacylglycerols 141 Thamnosma montana 286 Trichosporon 51 thermoreduction 344 triphosphatase 63 Thermotoga maritima 342 Tripterygium wilfordii 275 Thiobacillus ferrooxidans 208, 209 -- var. regelii 275,276 - thiooxidans 208 Triticum 353 thioesterase(s) 143 - aestivum 322 threshold-response 434 trunk diameter 486 Thurnia 315 Trypanosoma Ti plasmid 117,152 - brucei 64 tigrina mutants 36 twig(s) 482,485 Tilia cordata 487 - segments 494 Timotimius 388 twintrons 22 tissue-culture 141 two-component regulatory system 102 tissue-specific expression 119 type-III secretion system 98 Tmesipteris 313 tobacco mosaic virus 123 Uleobryum occultum 388 Toc complex 363 Ulex 484 tooth decay 127 Ulmus 493. 498 trans esterification 17 - americana 159,491 transformation 116 Umbelliferae 289 - efficiency 146, 151 Umbellularia californica 159 - patterns 148 understory species 457 - of plastids 118 uptake 453 transgene copies 150 - capacities 458 transgenic canola 162, 163 - kinetics 460 - crops 114-131,161,162,165 - poplar(s) 178,181,182,187 vaccines 126 translation inhibitors 183 Vaccinia virus 65 -- pre- 184 Valeriana officinalis var. sambucifolia translocase 82 289 - inner mitochondrial membrane - wallichii 289 (TIM) 84 Valerianaceae 289 - outer mitochondrial membrane vegetation change 465 (TOM) 83 Viburnum 320 translocation 253 vicariance 322,323 - in phloem 3-12 Viciafaba 7 550 Subject Index

Vigna angularis 282 -- carbon balance 501 Viola 318 - species 481 vir induction 156 viral pathogen resistance 123 Xanthomonas 99 - resistance 115 - campestris pv. vesicatoria 101, 102 virus(es), cytoplasmic 64 xylem loading of sulfate 188 - pox 65 xyloglucan endotransglycosylases 217 vitamin(s) 199-202 - A 125 yeast( s) 20, 78, 86 Voacanya africana 272,290 - baker's 54 - killer plasmids 64 wall-associated kineases 224 - linear plasmids 63 Wardiaceae 385 - petite-negative 72 water 451,456 - petite-positive 72 - availability 453 - promoters 57 - cycling 454,457,458,464 Yersinia 100 - stress 254 - pestis 99 wheat-germ agglutinin 57 - pseudotuberculosis 101 wind pollination 316, 317 Yops 99 Wingea 51 Yucca 9 Wollemia 314 wood 480,482,483,497 Zea mays 51,89,226 - chlorenchyma 497 Zn2+-finger-like domain 18 - photosynthesis 497 Zygosaccharomyces 51 woody plants 454,477-504 zymocin toxin 53,55