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North Africa from Human Origins to Islam Brett Kaufman Brett Kaufman ARCH 1616 Between Sahara and Sea: North Africa from Human Origins to Islam Brett Kaufman [email protected] Office Hours: Tuesdays, 2:30-4:30 pm Rhode Island Hall 007 The Phoenicians 1200 – 586 BC How can Phoenician colonial interactions be characterized? What’s a Phoenician? Phoenicians in the Homeland Phoenicians in the West Timeline 1200-800 BC: Phoenicians go out in search of natural resources, especially metal. Their strategy is to tap into existing trade networks and establish profitable relationships. 800-700 BC: In response to Assyrian pressure, Phoenicians colonize much of the central and western Mediterranean. 700-550 BC: Phoenicians continue to found cities, and in mid-6th century abandon many of them. 580-264 BC: Carthaginian Phoenicians consolidate their empire and the old relationship of mutual trade with Greeks starts to get violent. The rise of the Roman Republic occurs in this period, culminating in the First Punic War. 264-241 BC: First Punic War. Carthage loses and withdraws from Sicily. 218-201 BC: Second Punic War. Hannibal drives his forces through Italy, but is still defeated at the battle of Zama. Carthage is indebted to Rome. 149-146 BCE Third Punic War. Carthage is surrounded by Roman soldiers following its ancient ally Utica's defection to Rome. Carthage is burnt to the ground. What is a Phoenician? Spiny Murex shells to make “Royal Purple of Tyre,” or “Tyrian Purple.” What’s a Phoenician? Cultural evolution vs. Cultural history Poenus=Punic Φοινίκη→Phoenician בן צר=Citizen of Tyre צדני=Sidonian עם קרתחדשת = Nation of Carthage What’s a Phoenician? How do we know what we know about the Phoenicians? There are maybe 30 Phoenician inscriptions at most, most from 6th century BC and later. ~1000 BC “Coffin which Ithobaal, son of Ahiram, king of Byblos, made for Ahiram, his father, when he placed him in the house of eternity. Now if a king among kings or a governor among governors or a commander of an army should come up against Byblos and uncovers this coffin, may the scepter of his rule be torn away, may the throne of his kingdom be overturned, and may peace flee from Byblos. And as for him, if the destroys the inscription, then the…” What’s a Phoenician? Golden Pyrgi tablets from Etruria, Italy, 6th century BC Urbanistic Inscription from Carthage, 3rd century BC How do we know what we know about the Phoenicians? Phoenicians in the Homeland Modern-day aerial view of Tyre Phoenicians in the Homeland What was the geopolitical context of early Phoenician expansion? TALE OF WENAMUN (end of 12th / 11th centuries BC): Wenamun talks with Zakarba'al, prince of Byblos: "And he answered and said to me: 'What affairs bring you?' Thus I spoke to him: 'I came in search of timber for the great and august ship of Amon-Re, Sovereign of the gods. Your father did [it], your grandfather did [it] and you also will do it!' Thus I spoke to him. But he said to me: 'Certainly they did it! And if you give me [something] for it, I shall do it. In truth, when my people fulfilled this charge, the pharaoh - life, prosperity, health! - sent six ships loaded with Egyptian merchandise and unloaded them in my storehouses. As for you, what do you bring me for your part?' And he bade them present the rolls of the annals of his fathers, and ordered them to be read in my presence, and they found a thousand deben of silver and all manner of things in his rolls. Therefore he said to me: 'If the ruler of Egypt were my lord, and I were his servant, he would not have sent silver and gold, saying: "Fulfill the charge of Amon!" They would not transport a royal gift, such as was the custom to do in the case of my father. As far as I am concerned, neither am I your servant! Nor do I serve him who sent you! If I shout to Lebanon, the heavens open up and the logs lie at rest [on] the seashore!" Phoenicians in the Homeland Tiglat-Pileser I (roughly contemporary with Wenamun): "I marched to Mount Lebanon. I cut down (and) carried off cedar beams for the temple of the gods Anu and Adad, the great gods my lords. I continued to the land Amurru (and) conquered the entire land Amurru. I received tribute from the lands Byblos, Sidon, Arvad. I rode in boats of the city Arvad, of the land Amurru, travelled successfully a distance of three double-hours from the city Arvad, an island, to the city Samuru which is in the land of Amurru. I killed at sea a nahiru, which is called a sea-horse." Phoenicians in the Homeland Kings of Tyre (Josephus) Reign Abibaal ~1001 BCE Hiram I 969-936 BCE Baal-eser I 935-919 BCE Abdastrato 918-910 BCE Ithobaal I 887-856 BCE Baal-azor II 855-830 BCE Mattan II 829-821 BCE Pygmalion 820-774 Ithobaal II 750-740 Hiram II 739-730 Mattan II 730-729 Elulaios 729-694 Baal I 680-640 Itobaal III 621- Baal II Mattan III Hiram III -609 Phoenicians in the Homeland Assyrian Empire (late 8th cent.) Phoenicians in the Homeland Neo-Assyrian kings of note: Shalmaneser III, 858-824 BCE : faces a contingent of Aramaean tribes from Damascus, Hamat, and also Israel under King Ahab. (married to Sidonian Phoenician princess, Jezebel). Eventually breaks through, and receives tribute from these kings. Adad-Nirari III, 810-783 BCE: defeats another Syro-Palestinian coalition of Aramaeans, but reaching a tribute agreement with King Joash of Israel, mentioned in both biblical and Assyrian sources. During the time period of both of these kings, the Phoenicians were relatively unmolested. Tiglat-Pileser III, 745-727 BCE: embarks from Assur with aim of subjugating most of known world, consolidates Neo-Assyrian empire. Sennacherib, 704-681 BCE: Further consolidates empire, focusing mosly on Babylonians. Traps Judean King Hezekiah “like a bird in a cage,” takes Jaffa, but does not take Jerusalem. Phoenicians in the Homeland The city of Tyre, with Phoenicians unloading goods for Shalmaneser III Gates of Balawat, Band III 858 BC “the tribute of Tyre and Sidon, silver, gold, lead, bronze, purple-dyed wool I received” Phoenicians in the Homeland Phoenicians shipping timber to Sargon II Khorsabad relief 721-705 BC 8So Hiram sent word to Solomon: “I have received the message you sent me and will do all you want in providing the cedar and pine logs. 89My men will haul them down from Lebanon to the sea, and I will float them in rafts by sea to the place you specify. There I will separate them and you can take them away. And you are to grant my wish by providing food for my royal household.” 1 Kings 5:8 Phoenicians in the Homeland Kilamuwa, 840-830 BC, from Sam’al in Cilicia (Anatolia) I am Kilamuwa, the son of Hayya. Gabbar became king over Y’DY (Sam’al) but accomplished nothing. There was BMH, but he accomplished nothing. Then there was my father Hayya but he accomplished nothing. But I Kilamuwa…what I accomplished not even their predecessors accomplished…The king of the Danunians lorded it over me, but I hired against him the king of Assyria. ‘He gave a maid for the price of a sheep, and a man for the price of a garment.’…to some I was a father, and to some I was a mother, and to some I was a brother. He who had never seen the face of a sheep I made owner of a flock; him who had never seen the face of an ox, I made owner of a herd and owner of silver and owner of gold; and him who had never seen linen from his youth, in my days they were covered with byssus (the finest linen textile). I grasped the MSKBM by the hand and they behaved toward me like an orphan toward his mother…. Phoenicians in the Homeland Barrakkab, 744-727 BC, from Sam’al in Cilicia (Anatolia) He (father Panammu) ran at the wheel of his lord, Tiglat-Pileser, king of Assyria, in campaigns from east to west…over the four quarters of the earth…then Panammu, my father, fied, while following his lord TP III, king of Assyria, in the campgains; even his lord [TP III] wept for him and his brother kings wept for him, and the whole camp of his lord, the king of Assyria, wept for him….Then me Barrakkab, son of Panammu, because of my father’s righteousness and my own Tiglat Pileser III righteousness, did my lord make to sit upon the throne… Phoenicians in the Homeland Phoenicians in the Levant Phoenicians in the Homeland Pottery and weapons from Akhziv, 11th to 7th centuries BC Phoenicians in the Homeland Tel Dan inscription “House of David” (~825 BC) Phoenicians in the Homeland “For the king had at sea a ship of Tarshish with a ship of Hiram: once in three years the ship of Tarshish came, bringing gold, and silver, ivory, and apes, and peacocks.” 1 Kings 10:22 Phoenicians bring luxury goods to Asurnasirpal II in Nimrud, Bas-relief, 859-839 BCE Phoenicians in the Homeland Jezebel and Ahab Representative of reorientation of relationship between Tyre-Jerusalem (Phoenicians- Judeans) To Tyre-Samaria (Phoenicians-Israel) “Ahab the son of Omri did evil in the eyes of Yahweh more than all that were before him. And it came to pass…that he took to wife Jezebel, the daughter of King Etobaal of the Sidonians, and went and served Ba’al, and prostrated himself to him.
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