Stockton and Darlington Railway, County Durham
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1829 Merseyside 023 The Rainhill Trials was a competition to decide the best steam locomotive design for the Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Stephenson’s Rocket was both the winner and the only locomotive to complete the tests. 023 1840 Swindon 074 The Great Western Railway (GWR) Works was established at Swindon, a junction and small market town on the London to Bristol line. Swindon became a booming railway centre and by 1901 there were 56,000 people living there, of whom Wick around 14,000 were employed in the 074 GWR works. 1842 Railway Ticket The printed, numbered card ticket which 033 could be stamped and punched came into widespread use in 1842, before then tickets Dingwall Banff had been hand written. The ticket printing machine was invented by Thomas Edmondson, INVERNESS Peterhead chief booking clerk on the Manchester and Leeds Railway; the last Edmondson ticket was 033 issued by British Rail in 1989. ABERDEEN 1844 Westminster The Railway Act required all train 075 Stonehaven companies to run one cheap train a day. It also regulated railway accounts and established the requirement for Forfar Montrose companies to carry mail, troops or police, as required. DUNDEE Arbroath Oban PERTH 075 Crieff St. Andrews Kinross 1845 London The Royal Commission on Railway Gauges 025 STIRLING was held to choose between the different GREENOCK Leith gauges used by the railway companies so Falkirk Dunbar Paisley that Parliament could enforce a standard EDINBURGH width. Standardisation meant that goods GLASGOW could be moved right across the network. Berwick Kilmarnock Melrose Peebles 025 Ayr Kelso 1889 Armagh Hawick Jedburgh A major railway disaster occurred when 076 a runaway train collided into a Sunday Coleraine school outing train, killing 80 people Lockerbie Morpeth including many children. The accident led LONDONDERRY Dumfries to changes in the law enforcing standard train braking systems in all trains. Strabane NEWCASTLE Larne Stranraer Tynemouth Gateshead Donegal Antrim SUNDERLAND CARLISLE 076 Omagh BELFAST DURHAM Penrith Hartlepool 1899 London to Sheffield Appleby 034 The Great Central line opens up. This was Sligo Enniskillen Whitehaven Keswick Middlesborough the last long-distance main line railway Armagh Darlington Stockton Whitby built in Britain during the age of steam. Downpatrick Like the Great Western, it was engineered Newcastle Northallerton Newry Scarborough for high speed running. Douglas Carrick Cavan Dundalk Greenore Westport Barrow Ripon 034 LANCASTER Longford Fleetwood Harrogate Drogheda YORK 1900 Wales LEEDS The Taff Vale Railway strike led to the PRESTON Beverley 077 Mullingar Navan Bradford Selby Athlone Halifax HULL formation of the Labour Party to try to Southport GALWAY guarantee workers’ rights to strike. Athenry Wigan MANCHESTER DUBLIN LIVERPOOL Doncaster Grimsby Kildare Birkenhead Stockport HOLYHEAD Warrington SHEFFIELD Louth Pontarlington Buxton CHESTER Maryborough LINCOLN 077 1909 Derby Wicklow The Midland Railway introduced the Nenagh 027 CREWE Newark first modern control room. Information Stoke was telephoned in to it in real time, and Nottingham BOSTON LIMERICK Kilkenny DERBY Cromer indicators on a rail showed controllers STAFFORD where their trains were. It made handling Burton Shrewsbury complex goods traffic more efficient. King’s Lynn Tralee Clonmel NORWICH WEXFORD WOLVERHAMPTON LEICESTER PETERBOROUGH Fermoy YARMOUTH 027 Killarney BIRMINGHAM Mallow WATERFORD Aberystwyth RUGBY Ely CORK 1926 Britain Youghal Warwick NORTHAMPTON The General Strike. Two million railway WORCESTER 078 Cardigan workers went on strike and some trains Queenstown Hereford Cambridge were kept running by untrained strike- Brecon Ipswich breakers. Carmarthen Harwich GLOUCESTER SWANSEA OXFORD PEMBROKE 078 1948 Westminster LONDON Swindon 035 British Railways formed, nationalising CARDIFF BRISTOL Reading the four large railway companies in the Margate BATH UK, which had been under close state KEY Ilfracombe Chatham Ramsgate control since the outbreak of the Second World War. Branch line circa 1904 Barnstaple Guildford Taunton Mainline (19,000 miles) SALISBURY DOVER Winchester Yeovil Folkestone Bude SOUTHAMPTON 035 Station (not all shown) 1960 Swindon BRIGHTON The heavy freight locomotive Evening EXETER 079 Dorchester Star was built. This was the last steam Track circa 1852 PORTSMOUTH Newhaven Launceston locomotive built for service by British (6,100 miles) Exmouth Weymouth Railways and was in service for just five Track circa 1840 years. Steam relied too much on skilled (1,500 miles) Truro PLYMOUTH labour to compete against cheaper diesel Dartmouth engines. NB not all stations and lines shown, especially in big cities Penzance Falmouth 079 Stockton and Darlington Dublin-Kingstown Hartley’s Jam Factory Tay Bridge Disaster, London to Brighton Crumlin Viaduct, Railway, County Durham Railway, Ireland Aintree, Liverpool Scotland South Wales Seaside resorts grew rapidly Initially designed to carry coal from the minefields to the Ireland’s first railway opened in 1834 connecting Dublin Late Victorian A tragic railway disaster occurred on the evening of 28th The Crumlin Viaduct was built between 1854-5 to carry in the steam barges at Stockton on the River Tees, this was the world’s to the important mail boat harbour and rapidly developing consumers December 1879 when the iron bridge across the River the Taff Vale Extension line over the Ebbw valley. This age and were first public steam railway, opened in September 1825. The 25 resort of Kingstown experienced Tay collapsed in a winter storm. The northbound train line connected the Welsh mining valleys and Newport to enjoyed by all, as mile track rapidly became popular with passengers who paid (Dun Laoghaire). The the rise of crossing the bridge tumbled into the river and around Hereford and the West Midlands, enabling South Wales coal this painting by one shilling and sat on basic wooden benches in open trucks scenic six mile track the branded 75 people lost their lives including all the train crew. to fuel Victorian industry. The viaduct was a true product of Charles Rossiter, although the company designed a passenger coach called the became the world’s product. According to The Times newspaper, the station master the industrial revolution. Made of wrought and cast iron, it ‘To Brighton Experiment. The railway directors needed an Act of Parliament first commuter line as Railways made and superintendent from Tay Bridge Station on the north was the highest railway viaduct in the British Isles, standing and Back for to authorise the building of the track; it took three attempts property speculators it possible for side, walked out onto the broken bridge in the dark to almost 70 metres above the lowest point of the valley. Three and to get the Bill through Parliament as opinion was divided as to began developing companies try to see what had happened. The telegraph wire had Sixpence’ (1859) shows. These are third class travellers on Viaducts were a whether railways would be of any use. Lord Eldon, the Lord residential streets and like Liptons, gone down with the bridge and they hoped that the train a day return from London; the carriage is crowded, basic, common and dramatic Chancellor, said ‘I am sorry to find the intelligent people of building houses close to Cadburys, was stopped at a signal on the other side; this hope was uncomfortable and open to the weather, but the passengers sight along the new the north country gone mad on the subject of railways’, while the proposed stations Pears, Bass and Colemans to advertise and market their destroyed by finding the mailbags washing up on the shore. are willing to endure this for a day’s holiday by the sea. railways, straddling the Duke of Cleveland defeated one application because the and halts, even before the line was finished. The proximity products nationally and to become famous household The approximate number of accident victims had to be Three shillings and sixpence would be around £16 sterling empty valleys and busy railway would interfere with his fox hunting. The whole railway of the track to the sea created engineering challenges as names. Like today, Victorian shoppers embraced brands estimated from the ticket sales. in today’s money or a day’s wages for an unskilled labourer. towns. The majority cost £167,000 and journeys averaged 12.5 miles per hour. embankments had to be built to protect the line against as they offered reliable quality and, in the case of foods, A national level inquiry into the accident found structural of Victorian railway Like Scarborough and Blackpool, Brighton was a classic The success of the Stockton and Darlington Railway caused a the tide in some places and cuts blasted through cliffs in unadulterated or pure products. Railways also enabled problems in the bridge, poor maintenance, high winds viaducts were built of example of a seaside resort that was once the preserve of sensation and triggered over a century of global steam railway others. This resulted in an extremely picturesque journey companies like Rowntree, Levers and Hartleys to move and the habitual breaking of the bridge speed limit brick; the Stockport the elite but became a mass tourism destination with the building. for passengers and one of the most expensive railways out of the cities, build large factories and provide their had all contributed to the catastrophe. As a result, the Viaduct opened in 1842, arrival of the railway. The railway companies also invested built in the nineteenth century at a cost of almost £60,000 workers