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nas of the HistoryofComputing Index Volume 12 1990

Editor-in-Chief Saul Rosen Self-Study Questions J. A. N. Lee Center Jean E. Sammet Institute for Information Technology Purdue University Consultant 133 McBryde Hall West Lafayette, IN 47907 P.O. Box 30038 Virginia Tech 317 494-1787 Bethesda, MD 20824 Blacksburg, VA 24061-0119 301 907-0233 730231-7539 Robert F. Rosin Enhanced Service Providers, Inc. Advisory Board 39 Avenue of the Common Paul Armer Assistant Editors-in-Chiefs Shrewsbury, NJ 07702 William Aspray 20I 389-5200 Michael R. Williams Gwen Bell 2500 University Drive, NW Walter M. Carlson Department of Science Nancy Stern 1. Bernard Cohen University of Calgary Hofstra University Rosamond W. Dana Calgary, Alberta TIN IN4, Canada Administrative Computer Systems Aaron Finerman 403 220-6781 Hempstead, NY 11550 Calvin . Gotlieb 516 560-5028 Carl Hammer William H. Whitney Thomas W. Madron Daniel D. McCracken BookJASD&D, McGraw-Hill, Inc. Princeton Road Robert W. Rector Department Editors John Todd Highstown, NJ 08540 Anecdotes Henry S. Tropp James E. Tomayko W. M. Turski Article Editors Engineering Institute Maurice V. Wilkes Carnegie-Mellon University Heinz Zemanek Arthur W. Burks Pittsburgh, PA 15213 3445 Vintage Valley Road 412268-6806 Liaison Representatives Ann Arbor, MI 48105 313 662-9630 American Society for Information Science Biographies Manfred Kochen Eric A. Weiss Martin Campbell-Kelly Association for Educational Data Systems P.O. Box 15943 pepartment of William C. Bozeman Honolulu, HI 96815 University of Warwick Data Processing Manageme/1/ Association 808 922-4207 Coventry CV4 7AL, Richard F. Gehrt 020373963 IEEE Computer Society Comments, Queries, and Debme Sidney Fernbach Werner Buchholz Society for Computer Simulation Bernard A. Galler A. Ben Clymer Computing Center 24 Edge Hill Road University of Michigan Wappingers Falls, NY 12590 535 West William 914 297-2052 AFlPS Publications Committee Ann Arbor, MI 48103-4943 Thomas W. Madron, Chairman 313 936-0802 Happenings vacant AFlPS History of Computing Committee Cuthbert C. Hurd Walter M. Carlson, Chairman 332 Westridge Drive Museums and Archives Portola Valley. CA 94025 David K. Allison AFIPS Headquarters 415854-1900 Curator, Division of , Information, 1899 Preston White Drive Society Reston, VA 22091 Arthur L. orberg ational Museum of American History 703 620-8900 Charles Babbage Institute Smithsonian Institution 103 Walter Washington, DC 20560 American Federation of University of Minnesota 202 357-2038 Information Processing Societies Minneapolis, MN 55455 AFIPS is a federation of nonprofit national 612624-5050 Reviews societies and associations involved in the Paul Ceruzzi development of computing technology and its Dept. of Space Science and Exploration application. AFlPS is dedicated to scientific, Computing Center ational Air and Space Museum educational, and literary purposes and acts on The University Smithsonian Institution behalf of its constituent societies in carrying out NEI 7RU, England Washington, DC 205670 programs designed to advance information 0912329233 202 357-2828 processing as a responsible profession. Contents Volume 12 1990

Volume 12 Number 1 1990

History of Computing in France-Machines About this Issue 1 Specifications of Twelve Early Computers Made in France • Pierre-E. Mounier-Kuhn 3 From Gamma 2 to Gamma E.T.: The Birth of Electronic Computing at Bull· Bruno Leclerc 5 The SEA CAB 500 Computer • Dimitri Starynkevitch 23 American Scientists and Calculating Machines-From Novelty to Commonplace' Peggy Aldrich Kidwell 31 The Cellar Principle of State Transition and Storage Allocation • F. L. Bauer 41 Happenings • J. A. N. Lee 51 1990 Paris Conference' Pierre-E Mounier-Kuhn A Report on the International History of Computing Conference, Manchester University, 19-20 July 1989 • Geoffrey Tweedale Virginia Tech Library Receives John T. Parsons Papers • Glen McMullen The Information Age • Jon Palfreman Self-Study Questions' Jean E. Sammet 55 Anecdotes • James E. Tomayko 55 Early Computer User Groups • Bruce H. Bruemmer Computer User Groups [1960] • Herbert S. Bright Biographies • Eric A. Weiss 61 Andri Petrovich Ershov • 62 Comments, Queries, and Debate Whiggism in the History of Science and the Study of the Life and Work of Charles Babbage • R. Anthony Hyman Whirlwind and Microprogramming' Maurice V. Wilkes More on Wilkes, Whirlwind and Microprogramming Pioneer Biographies • George T. Jacobi The Atanasoff Story-A Response' Alice R. Burks and Arthur W. Berks Notes on Babbage, Aiken, and Bowditch • I. Bernard Cohen Joseph Fourier's Anticipation of Linear Programming • I. O. Grattan-Guinness What Does BNF Stand For? • Reviews • Paul Ceruzzi 72 Nijholt: Computers and Languages: Theory and Practice • Ralf Buelow Kawasaki: The Macintosh Way Fang: Tools of Communication: The Computer Story Otnes: Keuffel and Esser Slide Rules Answers to Self-Study Questions • Jean E. Sammet 73

Volume 12 Number 21990

History of Computing in France-Education About this Issue 77 Computer Science at the CNRS and in French Universities: A Gradual Institutional Recognition • Georges-Louis 79 Baron and Pierre-E. Mounier-Kuhn Computer Sciences at the University of Grenoble • Pierre E. Mounier-Kuhn 89 Informatics at the University of Grenoble • Jean Kuntzmann 91 Programming in Grenoble in the 1960s and those who Flew from the Nest • Jean Pierre Verjus 95

Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 12, Number 4, 1990 • 299 Contents

On the Beginnings of Computer Development in Poland • -leon -tukaszewicz 103 Three Inventors-Scenes from Early German Computing History' Ralf Bulow 109 Happenings' J. A. N. Lee 127 Heinz Zemanek, Austria's Computer Pioneer, Turns 70 • J. A. N. Lee The Bicentenary of Charles Babbage • I. Grattan-Guinness IFIP Working Conference on the History of Computing in Europe • Gyozo Kovacs and Heinz Zemanek Computer Bowl" • Steve Wilcox Self-Study Questions' Jean E. Sammet 128 Anecdotes' James E. Tomayko 130 More on General Electric's Start in the Computer Business Dr. Robert Johnson Interview Biographies' Eric A. Weiss 137 Alan J. Pertis Bertram Vivian Bowden • Geoffrey Tweedale William P. Hanf • Heinz Zemanek Marcel Linsman Harriett . Rigas Louis Robinson An Interview with Jan Rajchman Comments, Queries, and Debate· Werner Buchholz 147 Babbage's Friend' Donald Watts Davies Errors in the Issue • Mark Halpern Reviews • Paul Ceruzzi 147 Ceruzzi: Beyond the Limits: Flight Enters the Computer Age • Martin Campbell-Kelly Staudenmeier: Technology's Storytellers: Reweaving the Human Fabric Bijker, Hughes, and Pinch: The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology Van Crevald: Technology and War: From 2000 Be to the Present Rifkin and Harrar: The Ultimate Entrepreneur: The Story of Ken Olsen and Digital Equipment Corporation Time-Life Books (ed): Understanding Computers Vol. 24: Illustrated Chronology and Index Lee: Winning with People: The First 40 Years of Tektronix • Charles Susskind Searle: The Bombsight War: Norden vs. Sperry Kruh: Tales of Yardley: Some Sidelights to his Career IEEE Scientific Supercomputer Subscommittee. The Computer Spectrum: A Perspective on the Evolution of Computing Forrester: High-Tech Society • K. W. Smillie The Computer • K. W. Smillie Molina: The Social Basis of the Microelectronics Revolution • K. W. Smillie Answers to Self-Study Questions • Jean E. Sammet 153

Volume 12 Number 31990

History of Computing in France-Professionalization About this Issue 157 CRIN: The History of a Laboratory' C. Pair 159 The French Society of Computer Scientists: AFCET • Colette Hoffsaes 167 Work for the Hairdressers: The Production of de Prony's Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables 177 • I. Grattan-Guinness An Experimental Model of an Electronic Computer • Helmut 1. Schreyer 189 Happenings' J. A. N. Lee 199 Dr. Oliver B.A. Strimpel Named Executive Director of the Computer Museum· Gail Jennes Second Colloquium on the History of Information in France: Paris, 24-26 April 1990 • J. A. N. Lee De La Machine a Calculer de Pascal a I'Ordinateur, 350 Ans d'informatique, Musee National des Techniques, Conservatoire National des Arts et Metiers, Paris, France, 25 April-23 September 1990 • J. A. N. Lee Book Award Given A Correction • Joachim Fisher Self-Study Questions • Jean E. Sammet 204

300 • Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 12, Number 4, 1990 Contents

Anecdotes • James E. Tomayko 205 For the Record: Pioneering Days in British Computing • A. S. Douglas Reviews· Paul Ceruzzi 210 Lilley and Trice: A History of Information Science 1945-1985 • Calvin N. Mooers Crandall and Flamm: Changing the Rules: ]echnological Change, International Competition, and Regulation in Communications • Emil Friberg Yates: Control Through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management • William Aspray Killen: IBM: The Making of the Common View • Herman Berg Answers to Self-Study Questions • Jean E. Sammet 214

Volume 12 Number 4 1990

About this issue' J. A. N. Lee 217 History of Computing in France-Users The Beginnings of Computing Activities at the Atomic Energy Authority, 1952-1972 • Albert Amouyal 219 Informatics in the Defense Industry • Henri Boucher 227 A Look into the Future of Information Processing • Heinz Zemanek 241 Another Look into the Future of Information Processing, 20 Years Later • Heinz Zemanek 253 Happenings' J. A. N. Lee 261 Smithsonian Opens Major Exhibition on the Information Age at the National Museum of American History ISU Student Helps Rebuild Portion of the ABC • Ronald Crow Bicentennial Conference on Computing The Smithsonian and the RAND Corporation Cooperate in Videotaped Session with RAND's Computer Pioneers' Terri Schorzman Design Decisions on Early Computers or Why We Did What We Did • Geoffrey Tweedale Oral History History and Sociology of Supercomputers Self-Study Questions' Jean E. Sammet 267 Anecdotes' James E. Tomayko 269 The Evolution of Ideas by David J. Koepke Biographies • Eric A. Weiss 277 Obituaries Jose Garcia Santemases Roy Nutt Florence Jessie MacWilliams Charlotte Boschan Memoirs Early Days of Electronics at IBM • Richard G. Canning Early Computer Days in Britain and Australia· Richard G. Canning Biographical Snippets • John M. Bennett Comments, Queries and Debate • Werner Buchholz 286 Soviet BESM Computers' Gregory D. Crowe Museums and Archives • Michael Williams 287 CBI Announces Availability of the Papers of Edmund Berkeley Smithsonian Opens Their Information Age Exhibition • Vicki Moeser Reviews • Paul Ceruzzi 291 Science and Reform. Selected Works of Charles Babbage by Anthony Hyman • K. W. Smillie A History of Personal , Adele Goldberg (ed) • Eric Weiss Self-Study Answers • Jean E. Sammet 294·

Volume 12 Index 302

Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 12, Number 4, 1990 • 301 Author/Subject Index Volume 12, 1990

Aberdeen Proving Grounds, 137 Analog Calculators, 39, 52, 219, 227, Automatic Sequence Controlled Academie des Sciences, 180 229 Calculator, 206 Academie Francaise, 175 ANALOGY, 153 Automatic Translation Center, 98 Accounting & Tabulating Corporation Analysis of Inequalities, 71 of Great Britain Ltd., 117 Analyzer of Differential Equations, 103, ACE computer, 55, 73, 74, 206, 281 105, 106 Babbage, Charles, 31,114,127,177, ACE Pilot Model, 74 Analyzer of Linear Algebraic 183, 262, 291 ACM, see Association for Computing Equations, 104 Backus Naur Form, 71 Machinery, 230, 295 AD Circuit, 192 Backus Normal Form, 71 ACM Software System Award, 214 Anderson, Robert, 263 Backus, John, 71, 277 ACM Turing lecture, First, 137 Angstl, Helmut, 42, 43 Baer, J. L., 96 Acoustic input, 245, 256 Antiaircraft guns, 228 Baker, Charles L., 270, 275 Acoustic output, 245, 256 APL typeball, 255 Baker, F. Terry, 275 Action Thematique Programmee, 161 APT language, 148 Baker, W. R. G., 130 Ada, Lady Lovelace, 99 ARAL, 103, 104 Baldwin, Frank S., 34 Adding machine, 112 Arithmometer, 31, 37 Ballistic Research Laboratory, 137 Adding machine patents, 35 Armer, Paul, 262 Balzer, R. M., 271, 276 Admiralty Signals Establishment (ASE), Armoire Extension Tambour, 20 Bank of America, 130, 132 282 ARR, 103, 105 Barnard, Frederick Augustus Porter, 32 Arsac, Jacques, 175 AEG company, 189 Baron, Georges-Louis, 79, 80 Artificial intelligence, 128, 206, 259 AET,22 BASIC, 151 ASCC, 9,114 AFA1RO, 171 Basic circuits, 189 Aspray, William, 213 AFCAL, 164, 167 Basic control structures, 274 Association for Computing Machinery, AFCAL T1, 164, 167, 172 Batch Processing, 247, 257 see ACM, 47, 56 AFCET, 85, 99, 159, 164, 167 Bates, D., 273, 276 Association Francaise D'Informatique et Battle, management, 149 AFCET ALGOL, 161 de Recherche Operationelle AFIC, 167, 172, 174 Bauer, Friedrich Ludwig, 41, 42, 187, (AFIRO), 231 AFIRO, 164, 167, 171 189 Association Francaise de Calcul Bauer-Samelson Cellar Automaton, 46 AFRA, 167, 172 (AFCAL), 160, 168,231 Bazin, M., 237 AFRA-AFIC, 171 Association Francaise de Regulation et Becquet, Francoise, 23 AFRAIRO,l71 Automatisme (AFRA), 168 Bell System Technical Journal, 230 Aiken, Howard H., 8, 39, 141,277 Association Francaise des Ingenieurs de Bell, Gordon, 292 Airline-reservation systems, 148, 248, I'Instrumentation et du contrale, 170 BELLE program, 295 258 Association Francaise pour la Bendix G-15, 55, 74, 155, 289 ALCOR group, 45, 47 Cybernetique Economique et Bennett, John M., 281, 285 ALGOL, 96, 159, 162,241,246,247,256, Technique, (AFCET), 85, 99 Berg, Herman, 213 268, 270 Association Technique Maritime et Berkeley, Edmund, 287 ALGOL 58, 46, 47,137,268,295,296 Aeronautique (ATMA), 231 Bernstein, Morton I., 262 ALGOL 60,46,47,84,97, 100, 137, 160, ASTC,171 BESM 6 Computer, 106 161, 246, 268, 295, 296 Asynchronous parrallelism, 224 BESM Computer, 62 ALGOL 68,84,98, 159, 161,246,256 AT&T,212 Best, Sheldon, 277 Algor FORTRAN, 253 Atanasoff, John Y., 68, 124, 187 BESYS, 74 Algorithms, 231, 246 Atanasoff-Berry Computer, 69, 150, Betatron, 144 All-electronic autopilot, First, 151 217,261 Beyond the Limits exhibit, 148 Allison, David, 261 , 208 Bilion, E., 236 Alto System, 214 Atomic Energy Authority, 219 Billing, Heinz, 45 ALWAC User Association, 59, 215 Auchincloss, William S., 35 BINAC, 148 American Banker's Association, 133 Austrheim, Harold, 262 Binary connectors, 41 American Documentation Institute, 210 Autocode, 208, 221 BioMod,262 American Society for Information Automatic computer design, 247 Biot, J. B., 180 Sciences (ASIS), 210 Automatic Computing Engine, see BIZMAC, 132, 216 Amherst College, 38 ACE,73 Bizzell, Robert, 270, 272, 276 Amouyal, Albert, 219, 220, 237 Automatic programming, 43 Blagden, Sir Charles, 180

302 • Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 12, Number 4, 1990 Index

Bletchley Park, 187 C-3PO, 289 CHESS CHALLENGER, 296 structure, 47 CAB 1011,230 Chess Championship, 267, 295 BNF,71 CAB 2000, 230 Chess game, 246 Boehm, Barry, 262 CAB 3018, 230 Chomsky Grammars, 41 Boggs, David, 214 CAB 500, 223, 232 Chomsky, Noam, 46, 71 Boiteux, M., 238 CAD/CAM, 148 cn 10070, 98, 224 Bolliet, Louis, 84, 95, 96 CADDA,154 CII 1010, 223 BOMBE,288 CAE 510, 165, 223 cn 1020, 223 Book Award, 203 CAE 90-10, 223 cn IRIS 80, 224 Boolean algebra, 89, 162 CAE 90-40, 223 cn 1070, 224 Boolean logic, 10 Calculating machines, 113, 179 Cipher Bureau, 151 Borda, J. c., 180 Calculatrice Arithmetique Binaire Circuit analysis, 89 Borda-Delambre tables, 181 (CAB), 23 CISI,219 Born, Max, rio Calcumeter, 35 CIVA Project, 162 Boschan, Charlotte (obit), 279 Callahan, Judith, 287 Civilian CEA, 221 Bottenbruch, Hermann, 45 Callies, Jacques, 5 Clarke, Arthur c., 210 Boucher, Henri M., 227, 228 Cambridge University, 220, 263 C1ayden, David, 264 Bounded context grammars, 47 CAMILLE (CAlculateur MILitaire C1ewett, Ray, 262 Boussard, Jean Claude, 84, 96 LEger), 233, 234 CLINFO,262 Bowden, Bertram Vivian, 138, 290 CAMP, 58, 60 Clouet, Roger, 6, 7 Breaking the Code (play), 288 Campaiia, Francisco Campos, 109, 110, CO-OP, 56, 59, 215 Bright, Herbert S., 56, 61 115 COBOL, 57, 96, 268, 278, 296 Brill, Robert Cutler, 147 Campbell-Kelly, Martin, 149,217 Cochran, Bill, 207 British Computing Society, 205, 263 Campos machine, 120 CODASYL, 56, 57, 60, 278 British Tabulating Machine Company Canning, Richard G., 281 Code breaking, 149 Ltd., 117 CAPAC II, 232 Cohen, I. Bernard, 70 Britzelmayr, Wilhelm, 41 CAPAC III, 232 Cohen, J., 96 Brooker, Tony, 207, 208 Card Programmed Calculator (CPe), Collator, 279 Brookings Institution, 212 16, 17,280 Colmerauer, A., 96, 99 Brown, J., 207 Card punches, 9 Colossus, 206 Bruemmer, Bruce H., 56 Carleton College, 38 Columbia, Observatory, 32 Brunsviga calculating machines, 31, 34 Carnegie Tech, 137 Columbia University, 267, 294 Brunsviga desk calculator, 114 Carnegie Mellon University, 295 Columbian Exposition, 34 Buchholz, Werner, 189,217,241,253 Carr, Frank J., 272 Commissariat a I'Energie Atomique, Budden, Ken, 207 Carteron, J., 220 160 Bull AET, 160 Cartography, 179 Communication, 288 Bull BS tabulator, 5 Cathode poisoning, 280 Compagnie des Machines Bull, 5, 6, 85, Bull Gamma 10, 4 Cathode-ray tube, 263, 294 96, 154, 221, 224 Bull Gamma 2, 5, 10 Centre de Calcul Scientifique de Compagnie General de l'Electricite Bull Gamma 3, 11, 13, 15, 16,21 l'Armement (CCSA), 237 (CGE),236 Bull Gamma 3-Tabulator combination, CDC 1604, 56 Compagnie Generale de Computation 16 CDC 3600, 224 Telephonique, 8 Bull Gamma 3 B, 19 CDC 6400, 223, 224 Compagnie Internationale de Services Bull Gamma 3 calculator, 20 CDC 6600, 223 en Informatique (CISI), 225 Bull Gamma 3 E T, 154 CDC 7600, 219, 223 Compagnie Internationale pour Bull Gamma 3 Extension, 20 CEA,219 I'Informatique (Cn), 97, 223 Bull Gamma 3 M, 17 Cea, Jean, 98 design, 47 Bull Gamma 30, 3 Cellar Principle, 41 , 41 Bull Gamma 60, 4, 96, 154 Centre de Recherche en Informatique Completely parenthesized arithmetic Bull Gamma calculator, 14 de Nancy, 163 expressions, 46 Bull Gamma E T, 3, 5, 19,21,22,92, Centre European de Recherches Complex number calculator, 124 95 Nucleaires (CERN), 99, 221 Comptometer, 31, 35 Bull General Electric 400, 224 Centre Interarmees de Recherche Computability, 162 Bull PPC, 18 Operationelle (CIRO), 237 Computer Applications to Military Bureau de Cadastre, 179 Centre Nationale de la Recherche Problems, 58 Bureau des Longitudes, 179 Scientifique (CNRS), 79, 159, 160, Computer Bowl II, 128 Bureau of Computation and 220 Computer Conservation Society, 263 Programming, 106 Ceruzzi, Paul, 262 Computer Museum, 199, 261 Burk, Alice R., 70, 203 CETAC II, 233 Computer music, 75 Burk, Arthur W., 69, 70, 203 Charles Babbage Institute, 287 Computer Networks, 247 Burroughs adding machine, 38, 114 Chartres, Bruce, 285 Computer programming languages, 42 Bush, Vannevar, 39, 124,211,292 Chatelin, Philippe, 200 Computer Revolution, 151 Business Equipment Manufacturers Check sorter, 131 Computer Sciences Corporation, 277 Association, 56 Chenus, Pierre, 7, 9, 10, 19 Computer simulation, 153 Biilow, Ralf, 72, 109, 110 CHESS, 295 Computer Technology Corp., 255

Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 12, Number 4, 1990 • 303 Index

Computer User Groups, Early, 56 Defense Advanced Research Projects ELEA 9003, 154 Computron, 144 Agency (DARPA), 52 Electricite de France (EDF), 220 Comrie, L. J., 39 Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph, 180 Electromagnetic technology, 190 Comte, Auguste, 80 DeLand, Edward, 262 Electromechanical accumulators, 10 Conditional control structures, 274 Delay lines, 10, 11 Electronic Automatically Computing Condon, Joe, 295 Delegation Ministerielle a l'Armement Machine, 105 Conseil National des Universites, 79 (DMA),235 Electronic counters, 7 Conservatoire National des Arts et Dennis, J. B., 276 Electronic Office, 151 Metiers (CNAM), 174 Denumerable Boolean algebras, 141 Electronic Research Associates (ERA), Constantine, 271 Description Languages, 164 19 Context-free grammar, 47 ' Desk calculators, 109 Electronic storage CRT, 285 Context-free language, 46 Determinants, 109 Electrostatic storage, 263 Control blocks, 272 DEUCE, 154, 207 Elkind, Jerry, 214 Control Data 3300, 241 Deutsches Museum, 203 Elliott Brothers, 154 Control device for calculating machines, Delegation Generale 11 la Recherche Elliott, Bill, 284 110 Scientifique et Technique, 164, 170 Elliptic integrals, 180 Controle (AFIIC), 170 Depot Generale de la Guerre, 180, 181 Ellis, Thomas, 262 Convair Astronautics, 153 DGRST,159 Elzen, Boelie, 264 Cook, Geoffrey, 207 Diagnostic program, 208 EMAL, 103, 105, 106 Core memory, 146 DIAMAG,97 EMAS system, 100 Cornell University, 38 Difference engine, 31, 52, 109, 147,291 Embargo, 223 Couffignal, M., 220 Differential analyzers, 109 Emery, James c., 272, 273, 276 Courant, Richard, 120 Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Engelberger, Joseph, 216 Card Programmed Calculator (CPC), 18 149 Corporation, 154 Cray 1, 203 Dijkstra, Edsger W., 96, 270, 271, 273, English Electric DEUCE, 284 Cray BLITZ, 295 276 English Electric KDF9, 285 Cray XMP 48, 295 Diode networks, 9, 10 ENIAC, 69, 104, 124, 144, 145, 150, 206, Credit Lyonnais, 15 Dionysius Lardner Boucicault, 147 216, 291 Crelle, A. L., 37 Document processor, 249 ENIAC patent, 69 Cremieux, A., 236 Dodds, Ken, 282 ENIGMA,288 CRIN,159 Dolotta, T. A., 96 ERA,229 Crow, Ronald, 262 Dondoux, J., 237 ERMA, 130, 132, 134 Crowe, Gregory D., 286 Douglas, A. S. (Sandy), 205, 209 ERMETH,47 Crystallographic Research, 207 Draper, Daniel, 32, 35 Ershov, Andri Petrovich, 62 CUE, 59, 60, 215 Dreyfus, Philippe, 175 ESTEREL, 100 Current account-calculating machine, DSDPS,215 Ethernet, 214 115 DUO, 57, 58 EXCHANGE, 57, 58, 59, 60, 215 Curry, H. B., 270, 276 DUO-East, 57 Extension Tambuor, 19 Cushion key tops, 37 DUO-West, 57, 59, 215 Cyber 175, 294 Dussine, Roger, 19 Cyber 176, 294 Dynabook, 214 Facit, 154 Cybernetic, 167, 176,210 Dynamic stack, 47 FACT (Fully Automatic Commercial CYCLADES project, 97 Dynamometer, 178 Translator), 278 FACT compiler, 278 Factories of the Future, 151 d'Olier, J., 236 EAI 231R, 223 Fairchild Camera & Instrument Dalton adding machine, 38 Earley, J., 276 Corporation, 267, 296 Dantzig, G. B., 70 Eccles-Jordan circuit, 190 Fanuc, 216 Data structure, 272 Echelles Bancaires, 10 Faraday, Michael, 262 DATAMATIC 1000 User Group, 59, Eckert, J. Presper, 9, 19, 69, 187 FAST, 57, 59, 60, 215 215 Eckert, Wallace J., 39, 294 Faster Than Thought, 140 Datatron, 295 Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, FBI,289 Datatron 205, 137 148 Feissel, Henri, 8, 19 Davies, Donald Watts, 147 Ecole des Ponts et Chaussees, 177 Felt, Dorr, E., 31, 35 Davis, Donald, 263 Ecole Nationale Superieure Felts comptometer, 32 De Beauclair, Wilfired, 191 d'Aeronautique (SupAero), 227 , Barry, 284 De la Cote d'Or, C. A. Prieur, 179 Ecole Nationale Superieure du Genie Ferranti Company, 19, 52, 139, 154,206 De Paula, Frederic R. M., 116 Maritime (ENSGM), 227 Ferranti Mark I, 68, 139, 263, 282, 283 De Possel, Rene, 81 EDB2,3,154 Ferranti Mercury, 154,220,221,223 De Prony brake, 178 Edison, Thomas, 125 Ferranti Mercury computer, 222 De Prony, Gaspard Clair Francois EDSAC, 68, 74, 206, 207, 220, 263, Ferranti Mercury delay-line memory, 9 Marie Riche, 177, 178 277,282 Ferranti PEGASUS, 154, 284 Decidability, 162 EDVAC, 52, 69, 73 Ferranti PERSEUS, 283 Decimal-Binary Converter, 194 Eickel-Paul algorithm, 47 Ferrel's harmonic analyzer, 39 DEEP THOUGHT, 296 Einstein, Albert, 110 Ferrel, William, 39

304 • Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 12, Number 4, 1990 Index

Ferrite cores, 11 Goldberg, Adele, 214, 291 Huedepohl, Phillip A., 262 FERUT,139 GOTO Controversy, 273 Hughes Aircraft Co., 131 Field Data Applied Systems and Grace Murray Hopper Award, 214 Humble Oil Company, 74 Techniques, 57 GRAIL,262 Huskey, Harry, 74 FIELDATA,57 Graph algorithms, 162 Hybrid circuits, 233 Finite automaton, 46 Graph grammars, 47 Hybrid computation, 129 First industrial robot, 216 Graphic Systems, 97, 262 Hybrid computing machines, 223 Fischer, Joachim, 203 Grattan-Guinness, Ivan 0., 71, 128, Hyman, R. Anthony, 67, 290 Fish, Hamilton, 33 177, 178 Fizeaugraphe, 8, 9 Greenwald, Irwin, 262 FLEX, 214 Gries, David, 62 IBM, 6, 16, 18, 132, 140, 208, 213, 279, Flexowriter, 24 Griffiths, M., 97 280 Flip-flop Circuit, 193 Groner, Gabriel, 262 IBM 1401,4,97, 153 Flip-flops, 7 GROPLAN group, 99 IBM 1620, 161 Floating point arithmetic, 17 Grosch's Law, 253, 255 IBM 360, 254 Fluorescent Ink, 132 Grosch, Herbert, 130 IBM 360/155, 224 Formal language, 159, 162, 164, 259 Groszkowski, Janusz, 103 IBM 360/30, 223, 224 Formal language definition, 249 Group for Mathematical Apparatus IBM 360/50, 223, 224 Formal methods, 241 (GAM),103 IBM 360/65, 223 Formal , 250 Groves, Leslie R., 8 IBM 360/67, 97 FORMAT,218 GUIDE, 58, 59, 60, 215 IBM 360/75, 223 FORMAT statement, 278 Gunning, William F., 214, 262 IBM 360191, 219, 223 Formula-controlled computer, 45 Gunter's scale, 32 IBM 380/158, 224 FORTRAN, 56, 74, 96, 100, 147, 148, 160, IBM 603, 7 162,218,222,241,246,270,274 IBM 604,10 FORTRAN Assembly Program (FAP), 74 Half-Educated Computer, 249 IBM 610 Autopoint Computer, 294 FORTRAN Monitor System (FMS), 74 Hall, Philip, 41 IBM 650, 3,19,21,95,159,167,221, FORTRAN PUI, 256 Halpern, Mark, 147 223, 224, 289, 295 Fourier integrals, 71 Hamblin, Charles, 285 IBM 701,57,106,148,228,263 Fourier series, 71 Hanf number of formal mathematical IBM 7030 (Stretch), 219, 224 France, 3, 79, 219 languages, 140 IBM 704, 154, 221, 223, 224, 278 French Atomic Energy Authority, 219 Hanf, William P., 140 IBM 7040, 223 Frequency divider, 190 Hanover Technical University, 120 IBM 7044, 92, 97 Friberg, Emil, 212 Hansen, Stephen, 288 IBM 7090, 221, 223, 224 Friden desk calculating machines, 220 Harmonic Analyzer, 31 IBM 7094, 222, 224 Friedman, William F., 151 Hartree, Douglas, 138, 206, 207 IBM France, 85, 96, 232 Hartree-Slater-Fock (H-S-F) IBM France BG/Ea, 233 method,206 IBM France CETAC II, 234 G3,45 Harvard College Observatory, 35 IBM Model 077, 279 Galley, M., 164,238 Harvard Mark I (ASCC), 114 IBM Scientific Center, 97 GAM, 103, 104 Harvard University, 8, 9, 39, 141 IBM SMS, 234 Game of Nim, 283 Handler, W., 257 IBM Vienna Laboratory, 254, 258 Gamma 3, 200, 201 Hebenstreit, J., 84 IBM Watson Laboratory, 267, 294 Gamma 60, 221, 224 HEEP, 58, 60 IBM World Trade, 16 Gamma ET, 230, 232 Heirtich Hertz Institut fiir Ichbiah, Jean, 99 Gamma Extension Tambour, 230 Schwingungsforschung, 190 Iconoscope tube, 143 Garnier, J. G., 179 Herlihy, Ed, 288 ICT,154 Garwin, Richard, 294 Hexagone project, 236 IEEE Computer Society, 141 Gass, S. 1., 70 High Energy Physics, 221 IFIP, 174, 191,277 Geiger counters, 143 High resolution graphics, 262 IFIP Silver Core Award, 141 General Electric Corporation, 130 Highway Engineering Exchange IFIP Working Conference, 128 General Motors/North American Program (HEEP), 58 IFIP Working Group 2.2, 164 Monitor, 74 Hilbert, David, 120 ILLIAC, 282 Genuys, Francois, 164 History of a Laboratory, 159 ILLIAC Suite for String Quartet, 75 GEORGE,285 HITECH,296 Illustrated Chronology and Index, 150 German Computing History, Early, 109 Hoare, C. A. R., 274 INC, 215 German patent law, 110 Hodgkinson, Ted, 206 Index registers, 45 Germanium diode networks, 9 Hoffsaes, Colette, 167, 168 Infix notation, 43 Germanium technology, 233 Hollerith tabulating machines, 124 Informatics, 91, 227 Gerneth, D. c., 41 Hollerith, Herman H., 113 Information Age, 53, 217, 288 Giant Brains, 140 Honeywell 800, 278 Information Hiding, 271 Gill, Stanley, 140,206,207,220 Honeywell Bull, 202 Information Processing, 241, 253 Glennie, Alec, 208 Honeywell Business Compiler, 278 Information Science, 210 Globe Wireless, 279 Honeywell-Sperry Rand suit, 70 Information-communication, 162 Gloess, P., 233 Hopper, Grace Murray, 9 Informatique, 162, 175

Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 12, Number 4, 1990 • 305 Index

Ingalls Jr., Daniel H. H., 214 Koopmans, T. C, 70 Magnetostrictive delay-line memory, 20 Initial orders, 207 Kovacs, Gyozo, 128 Mail service, 248 Input. 255 Kuno, 189 MAILUFTERL, 242, 245 Institut Blaise Pascal, 164 Kuntzmann, Jean. 81, 89. 92, 95 Maisonrouge, Jacques, 7, 230 Institut de Recherche sur Malavard. Lucien, 81 I'Enseignement des Mathematiques. Manchester University Mark 1,9, 19, 163 139, 206, 263, 283 I'Affair Bull, 200 Institut de Recherches en Informatique Marchant, 34 Laboratoire Central des et Systemes Aleatoires, 99 Marchant calculating machine, 38 Telecommunications. 5 Institut Electrotechnique de Grenoble, Marczynski, R., 105 5. 8 Lagrange, 184 MARUCA missile. 228 Lampson. Butler W.. 214 Institute de Recherche en Informatique Masson. Claude. 23 Landin. P.. 274 ct Automatique (I RIA), 223 MASURCA Mk I missile, 233 Language PAF. 26 Institute for Advanced Study (lAS). 145 Matrix inverter, 207 Language Theory, 24 J. 250 Institute Universitaires de Technologie, Mauchly, John W., 9, 39, 69, 70,187 Last-in-first-out storage (LIFO). 42 84 Maurel. F., 236 Lattes. Robert, 175 Integrated vacuum technology. 144 Maurice. Franklin, 6, 8. 19 Lecarme. 0 .. 96 Intelligence gathering. 149 Maury, Antonia. 35 Leclerc, Bruno. 5. 6. 8 Interactive Computing Systems. 247 McColough, Peter, 214 Ledger Account. 116 Interactive Processing, 257 McCracken. Daniel D., 275 Lee, J. A. N.. 199 Intercom 101, 74 Mcilroy, Doug, 264 Lefort, Pierre Alexandre Francisque. Intergrated Data Processing. 248, 258 MCUG, 59, 215 180 Internal Translator (IT). 137,295 Meggers. William F., 37 Legendre. A. M.. 179 International Automatic Congress. 277 Memex,211 Legras. Jean. 159 International Federation of Operational Menger, Karl. 41 Leibniz calculator. 125 Research Societies (IFROS), 174 Mercedes calculating machine, 38 LeLlsP, 99 International History of Computing Mercedes-Euklid calculating machine, LePalmec, J.. 96 Conference,S I 38 Levels of abstraction, 275 International Measurement Mercouroff, W., 163 Levinthal, Jay. 132 Confederation, 174 Metallic tape, 9 LGP-30, 56 Iowa State University, 39. 262 Metcalfe, Robert M., 214 Limeil Computing Center, 224 IRARO,17I MGDPS, 215 LlNC, 59 IRISA,99 Michelson, A. A., 39 Lindenbaum algebras, l4l MICRA,132 Linear Programming, 70 Microbars system, 132 Linguistic ALGOL, 161 Microelectronics Revolution, 152 Jacobi, Derek, 288 Linsman, Marcel, 141 MICROPAC,57 LISP, 99, 160 Jacobi, George T., 68, 132 Microprogramming, 67 Jacoby, Harold, 34 Local area network, 214 Military computers, 232 Jacquard looms, 113 Logabax, 118 Miller, 275 Jennes, Gail, 200 Logarithms, 177, 180 Millionaire Calculating Machine, 31, 32, JOH NtAC. 262 Logical operations, 42 37,38 Johnson, Robert, 130 Computer Laboratories (LCL), MIT,39 Jones, Fletcher, 278 284 Mitra, 223 Low, Seth, 33 Jones, William J., 215 MITRA 15, 165 Jorrand, P., 96 LR technique, 47 MOBIDIC,57 JOSS, 262 Lukasiewicz, Jan, 41 Mobile calculators, 228 Juntzmann, Jean, 91 Lukaszewicz, Leon, 103, 104, 105, 286 Model E Comptometer, 37 LUSTRE,100 Modu, Konrad G., 269 Lyons Electronic Office (LEO), 263 MODULA,100 Kaiser, A., 236 , 270 Kalmar, Laszlo, 46 Moeser, Vicki, 290 Kantorovich, L. V., 70 MacDonald, Neil D., 287 Mooers, Calvin N., 212 Kawasaki Heavy Industries, 216 Machin, Ken, 207 Moore School, 282 Kay, Alan C, 214, 292 MacKenzie, Donald, 149, 264 Morris, C., 250 Key-driven adding machine, 35 MacWilliams, Florence Jessie, 278 Mounier-Kuhn, Pierre E., 3, 51, 79, 80, Keyboard, 241, 255 MADDIDA, 55, 74, 148 89, 175, 200, 201 Kidwell, Peggy Aldrich, 31, 32 Magnetic core memories, 19 Mouton, G., 182 Kilburn, Tom, 138, 206, 208,263 Magnetic drum, 19, 20, 24 Mu-metal, 11 Kilby, Jack, 153 Magnetic Ink, 132 , 97,100 Klammergebirge, 43 Magnetic Ink Character Recognition Multiple-access systems, 97 Knuth, Donald E., 274 (MICR),132 Multiplier tube, 143 Knutsen, K. A., 6 Magnetically focused electron multiplier Multiplying punch, 280 Koenig, Seymour H., 294 tube, 143 Multiprocessors, 237 Koepke, David J., 269, 275 Magnetostrictive delay line, 16 Munich Institute of Technology, 42

306 • Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 12, Number 4, 1990 Index

Munich University, 41 Pair, Claude, 84 Production Programming, 275 Myers, David, 281 Pake, George, 214 Program correctness, 274 Myers, Glenn J., 276 Palevsky, Max, 214 Programmable electric relays, 10 Myers, William P., 262 Palfreman, Jon, 55 Programmation Automatique des Palmer, Ralph, 280 Formules (PAF), 23, 26 Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), Programmed Thematic Action, 161 N. V. Electrologica, 154 214 Programming, 256 NATO Air Defense Ground Pantograph, 35 Programming code chart, 13 Environment (NADGE), 233 Parallel Adder, 194 Programming language, 250 apier's rods, 32 Parallel Processing, 241, 243 Programming language design, 47 Nash, Robert T., 262 Parallel storage device, 191 Programming Methodology, 159 Nashlin, Pierre, 176 Parallel Store for Binary Numbers, 195 Programming plugboard, 12 National Bureau of Standards, 9, 32, Parentheses mountains, 43 Project Lightning, 146 37,296 Parenthesis-free formulas, 41 Project MAC. 257 National Cash Register Company, 132 Paris Observatoire. 180 Project Sketchpad, 148 National Institute for Applied Sciences, Paris Universal Exposition, 32 Project Typhoon, 144 98 Parnas, D. L., 272, 276 Profect Whirlwind. 137, 148 ational Museum of American History, Parseval, A. M., 179 PROLOG, 98, 99, 100. 151 32,217,261 Parsing Techniques, 41 Proving theorems, 45 National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Pascal's adding machine, 32 Pulse transformers, II 73, 74, 139, 282 Pascal, Blaise, 203, 241, 253, 256 Punched card collator. 279 National Research Development Patents, 109 Punched cards, 233. 280 Corporation (NRDC), 283 Patrick, Robert, 278 Pushdown automaton, 46 Natural Language Translation, 97, 98 PB-250 User Group. 59, 215 Pushdown storage, 46 Naur, Peter, 71, 274 PDP 8,97 Pushdown translation procedure. 46 Naval Artillery, 228 PEGASUS, Ferranti, 154,284 Neon tubes, 189 Peirce, C. S., 250 Networks, 241 Perlis, Alan J., 137, 138, 267. 295 O-grammars, 98 Neutron study, 220 PERM, 42, 47 New Meteorological Observatory, PERM II, 45 31,32 Perret, Jacques. 175 Newell, A., 45 Personal computer, 151. 259 R2-D2,289 GG/ANS,60 Personal workstations, 292 Radar. 282 ippon Telegraph and Telephone, 212 Peters, C. G .. 38 Radiotype, 279 aval Ordinance Research Calculator Philco 212-2000, 153 Rajchman, Jan A., 142,216 (NORC), 34, 294 Philips Corporation, 96 Ramo Wooldridge RW133, 235 Norden Mark XV, 151 Philips 8000, 96 Ramo, Bunker, 236 North American Aviation, 58 Phillips, Charles. 57 Rand Corporation, 58, 148,217,262 Northwestern University, 39 Phillips, William, 187 Rand Tablet, 262 Nuclear physics, 205 Photoelectric mark reader. 7 Randell, Brian. 217 Nuclear submarines, 235 Physical systems dynamics. 223 Randell, Liz, 217 NUll, Roy, 58, 277 Picard, Claude, 164 Random numbers. 262 Nystrom calculator, 35 Pierre, c., 237 Raymond, Francois H., 8,10,11,81, Nystrom's circular calculating rule, 35 Piloty, Hans, 42, 45 230 Pinkerton, John, 263 RCA, 132, 142, 280 Pinwheel machines, 34 RCA 501 User Group, 59, 215 Odhner, W. T., 34 Pioneer Biographies, 68 REAC,262 OEMI,133 put, 241, 246, 250, 253, 254, 258 Read-only memories, 144 Office Equipment Manufacturers Place Vend6me, 230 RECOMP,56 Institute (OEMI), 133 Plan Calcul, 82, 97, 200, 223, 224, 236, Recoque, Alice, 23 Oldfield, Barney, 130 238 Recursive descent, 46 Olivetti, 154 Planimeter, 35 Recursive functions, 46 Olsen, Ken, 149 Plankalkiil, 41, 42 Rees, John K., 33 1990 Paris Conference, 51 Poland, 103 Reeves, Colin, 207 Optical character recognition, 244 Polish computer, First, 105 Regenerative memory, 69 Optical input, 256 Polish FORTRAN, 106 Regulation in communications, 212 Optical output, 256 Polish notation, 42, 45 Relaxation methods, 207 OR Circuit, 193 POOL, 56, 59, 215 Relay calculators, 124 Ordinateur, 175 Postdoctoral thesis, first, 84 Reliability problems, 8 Ostheimer, Fred, 7, 8 POUCHE, 57, 59, 60 Remington-Rand Corporation, 8, 132, OTAC, 216 Preis, Sig, 207 279 Owen, Charles, 284 Price, Vic, 207 Remote operation, 247 Prinz, D. G., 139,208 Resistor tolerances, 190 Problem-Oriented Languages, 246, 253, Reversion storage, 45 PACA II, 233 257 Revue Maritime, 231

Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 12, Number 4, 1990 • 307 Index

RIBBIT chess pro~ram, 295 Shannon, Claude, 211 Stylus-operated adding machine, 35 Richard, Andre, 23 SHARE, 56, 58, 59, 60, 215, 216, 278 Subprograms, 28 Rigas, Harriett B., 141 Shaw, J. Clifford, 45, 262 Supercomputers, 264 Ritchie, Dennis, 264 Sheridan, 46 Supermarket laser scanners, 52 Robinson, Louis, 141 Ship-borne computer, 232 Susskind, Charles, 150 Rollet, Jean, 8 Shore, D., 274 SWAC,262 Rosen, Saul, 68 SICOB, 4,15 Swarthmore College, 39 Rosenbloom, Paul, 41 Siemens Company, 42 Swire, Brian, 284 Ross, A. M., 8 Siemens Halske AG, 154 Symbol-substitution machine, 241, 249 RUG, 56, 59, 215 SIGNAL,l00 Symbolic computation, 295 Runge-Kutta, 207 Silicon Valley, 151 Symbolic Optimal Assembly Program Runge-Kutta-Gill, 206, 207 SILLIAC, 282, 284 (SOAP), 160 Rutishauser, Heinz, 43, 45 Simultaneous Processing, 246 Symmag,23 Siret, Y., 96 Syntax, 159 Slide rule, 35, 38, 103 Syntax-directed translation, 46 SABRE, 148 SMALLTALK, 214 System architecture, 8 SAGE defense system, 75, 148, 233 Smillie, K. W., 151, 152,292 System Development Corporation Saint Pierre, J, 98 Smith, Adam, 179 (SOC), 55, 75 SAKO, 103, 106, 107 Smith, Richard, E., 67 System of Automatic Coding, 106 Sale, Tony, 263 Smithsonian Institution, 261 SAMAS,117 Smithsonian Videohistory Program, 262 Samelson, Klaus, 42, 47 Snively, George, 130 T. J. Watson Astronomical Computing Santesmases, Jose Garcia, 277 SNOBOL, 161 Bureau, 39 SAP, 278 SNOCOM,282 Tabulating printer, 6 Sauer, Robert, 42 Societe d'Electronique et Tarski, Alfred, 41 Schecher, Heinz, 42 d'Automatisme (SEA), 8, 23, 223, Taylor, Robert W., 214 Schemerhorn, Frederick A., 33 228 Teaching of mathematics, 162 Scheutz, Georg, 31 Societe Francaise de Recherche Technische Hochschule Berlin- Schilling, Emil Philipp Jakob, 109, 110, Operationnelle (SoFRO), 167, 168, Charlottenburg, 189 113 173,175 Telecommunications Research Schorzman, Terri, 263 Software, 245 Establishment (TRE), 138, 206 Schreyer, Helmut T., 187, 189 Software design, 269 Telefunken, 190 Schroter's rule, 42 , 148, 162 Telegraph, 288 Schwartz, B. L., 70 Software System Award, 214 Teleprocessing, 237 Sciama, A., 231 Solar, 223 Teletype, 9, 279 Scientific Data Systems (SDS), 214 South African Mutual Insurance Texas Instrument Company, 131, 132, Scientific/engineering calculations, 262 Company (SAM), 284 153 Scintillation counter, 143 Soviet BESM Computers, 286 Text Processing, 241, 249 SEA, 8, 9, 10, 85 Space Technology Laboratories, 153 Telemecanique 2000, 223 SEA 3900 A, 4 Sperry S-l bombsights, 151 Thacker, Charles P., 214 SEA analog computer, 92 SSEC (Selective Sequence Electronic Thellier, P., 235 SEA CAB 1011, 3 Calculator), 295 Theory of computer languages, 249 SEA CAB 500, 4, 23, 92, 96 Stack,43 Theory of nonlinear oscillations, 103 SEA CUBA, 3 Stack pushdown store, 42 Thomas arithmometer, 31, 33, 34 SEA CUBA 2000, 3 Standard Telephones and Cables (STC) , Thomas, Charles Xavier of Colmar, 31 SEA CUBA 3000, 3 284 Thompson, Ken, 264, 295 SEA Dorothee, 4 Standardization, 248 Thyratron tubes, 11 SEAC, 9, 38, 229 Stanford Research Institute (SRI), 130 Tide predictors, 109 Second Colloquium on the History of Stanislaus Design, 42 Time-sharing, 237 Informatics in France, 200 Starkweather, Gary, 214 Time-sliced, 247 Selective Electrostatic Storage Tube, Starynkevitch, Dimitri (au), 23, 24 Tomayko, James E., 218 145 Steiger, Otto, 31, 37 Top-down design, 273, 275 Selenium diode matrixes, 11 Stepped drums, 33 Transactions of tlie IRE, 230 Semantics, 159 Stepwise refinement, 274 Treatise on the Wealth of Nations, 179 SEMS, 223 Storage allocation, 47 Trigonometric tables, 177, 180 Senouillet, Gerard, 233 Storage capacity, 243 Trilling, L., 96 SEPSEA CAB 500, 96 Stored program, 145 TRITON analog simulator, 229 Sequential and parallel operation, 247 Strachey, Christopher, 138, 139,208, TRITON simulator, 228 Sequential parsing, 46 274 Troncet adder, 35 Sequential translation, 44 Stratton, S. W., 39 Tube characteristics, 190 Serial architecture, 9, 10 STRIDA,232 TUG, 59, 60, 215 Service Geographique de I'Armee, 181 Strimpel, Oliver B. R., 199 Turing machine, 46 Service Technique des Constructions et Strong, Jack, 58 Turing, Alan M., 45, 73, 138, 139,208, Armes Navales (STCAN), 230 , 273, 274, 275 283, 296 Servomechanisms, 228 Stuart-Williams, Raymond, 283 Tweedale, Geoffrey, 52, 140,264

308 • Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 12, Number 4, 1990 Index

Typewriter Keyboard, 244 Van der Poel, 45 Wilkinson, Jim, 207 Vaquero, Antonio, 276 Williams tubes, 19 Vauquois, B., 100 Williams, F. c., 138,208,263,283 Verjus, Jean Pierre, 89, 95, 96, 97 Williams-type tube, 294 U.S. Naval Observatory, 38 Vieillard, Georges, 6, 8, 19 Wirth, Niklaus, 273, 274, 276 Uncapher, Keith, 262 ' Vienna Definition Method (VDM), 254 WIS, 153 Undecidability theory, 141 Vienna Definition Language (VDL), Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 250, 259 UNESCO, 174 254 Woodger, Mike, 72 Unimation robot, 216 Viennese Circle, 250 Woolfson, Michael, 207 Uniservo magnetic tape handlers, 9 Voice Output, 245 Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 38 UNISYS,217 Von Esch, G. Peter, 215 World Wide Military Command and United Aircraft Symbolic Assembly Von Neumann, John, 73, 144, 229 Control System (WWMCCS), 129, Program, 58 153 Uniterm System, 212 Wrigley, Philip, 281 Unite d'Enseignement et de Recherche WWMCCS Information Systems, 153 (UER),163 Wagner, Frank, 58 Unityper, 9 War-gaming, 149 UNIVAC, 9, 11, 129 Ware, Willis, 262 Xl, 154 UNIVAC l103A, 154 Watson Scientific Computing Xerographic laser printer, 214 UNIVAVC 1107, 278 Laboratory, 34 Xerox Corporation, 214 UNIVAC ANfFSQ 20, 235 Watt, James, 125 Xerox PARC, 214 UNIVAC I, 217, 229, 289 Webb adder, 36 Xuan, Nguyen Dinh, 96 UNIVAC Scientific Exchange, 58 Webb ribbon adder, 35 XYZ, 103, 105, 106 UNIVAC User's Association, 57, 58, 59, Wegstein, Joseph, 296 215 Weinert, Jim, 9 University Assessment, 79 Weiss, Eric A., 218, 293 University of , 264 Weizenbaum, Joe, 74 Yale University, 38 University of Grenoble, 91, 95, 160 Well-formedness check, 42 Yardley, Herbert 0., 151 , 220 Werner, G., 96 Yvon, Jacques, 220 University of Michigan, 38 Weygandt determinant calculator, 122 University of Montreal, 98 Weygandt, Ernst Adolf, 109, 120, 123, University of Nancy, 159, 160 124 Z-22,47 University of Pennsylvania, 39, 282 WGBH,53 Z-22R,154 UNIX, 101, 264 Wheeler, David, 206, 207, 220, 269, 282 ZAM 2 computer, 103, 106, 107 USE, 58, 59, 215 Whiggism, 62 Zatocoding System, 211 UTECOM,285 Whirlwind Computer, 67, 74 Zeheb, Dave, 132 Wiener, Norbert, 210 Zemanek, Heinz, 127, 128, 141,217, Wilcox, Steve, 128 241,242,253,274 V2 rocket, 191 Wilhelm Schickard's calculating Zipf, AI, 132, 133 Vacuum tube, 9 machine, 52 ZMMD compilers, 47 Vacuum-tube relay, 189, 190, 192 Wilkes, Maurice V., 67, 74,138,220, Zuse, Konrad G., 41, 42,154,187,189, Vacuum-tube technology, 189 263,270,276,277,282 202

Annals of the History of Computing, Volume 12, Number 4, • 309