Wu Xueqian on World Relations

CALL FOR BETTER URBAN ENVIRONMENT

BeijingR^r HIGHLIGHTS OF THE WEEK

I VOL. 30, NO. 2 JAN. !2, 1987

COMTENTS p. 14 P- 23 - I40TES FROM THE EDITORS Democracy & Legal System Wu Xueqian Talks On Worrd Situation EVENTS/TRENDS 5-9 New Year in • In an interview with reporters on December 31, 1986, State "l-'our Principles' Essential to China Councilor and Foreign Minister Wu Xueqian answered Study Abroad: No Panic questions on the world situation. He pointed out that the forces Citizens Pray for Happier 1987 working for world peace were growing faster than the factors Weekly Chronicle (Dec. 29-Jan. 4) for war and the efforts for world peace have a brighter future (p. 14).

INTERNATIONAL 10-13 Democracy & Legal System Vict Nam: Occupation of Kam• puchea Harmful to Economy • China still needs to improve its democracy and legal system. South Korea: 1986—An Unstable To accomplish this, it is imperative to adhere to the Party's leadership and the socialist road. The recent student South Africa: Apartheid at Home demonstrations have disrupted normal production and work. \nd Sabotage Abroad It is hoped that under the correct guidance of the government, France: 1986: Year of Political school authorities and society the students will halt all harmful "Cohabitation' actions (p. 4).

Foreign Minister Wu Talks About World Situation 14 Steady Growth of China's National Economy China's Economy: A Healthy Stride Forward 17 • A senior official of the State Economic Commission says Urban Environmental Protection China's national economy kept up a steady development in Weil Under Way 20 1986, both in rural and urban areas. Problems, however, persist Luoyang Arrests the 'Yellow (p. 17). Dragon* 22 The Young: Similar Smiles, Dif• ferent Manners 24 ^ For Better City Environmental Protection BUSiNESSARAOE 26 27 CULTURE/SCIENCE 28-30 • After more than a decade's effort, China made some progress in environmental protection by checking air pollution, Tourism 31 controlling noise, and planting trees, as examplified by the case BOOKS 32-34 of Luoyang (see subduing tha "Yellow Dragon"). However I COVER: Value our world. pollution remains a serious problem and the work to overcome I Dravm by Zhu Zhiren and Wei XInan it will be long and hard (p. 22)

],0e0tp\l iSffice t^i? 893860 Sob5cripHon prices (1 year): . Jis; US$22.00 Ausfralia A.$22.00 Canodo Can.S21.00 Distributed by China tnlemat(»naf Book 24 feciwon-ihuong Rood, deijing N*w Zealand NZ.$30.00 UK £12.00 m NOTES FROM THE EDITORS

trampled underfoot and their individual liberties disregarded. Democracy & Legal System The turmoil was a tragic disaster by An Zhiguo for the state and the people, an overwhelming majority of whom were affected. ecent resolutions adopted by to speak out now than in previous Recently, some university stu• R the Communist Party years. This is in sharp contrast dents in Hefei (Anhui Province), of China have repeatedly stressed with the situation during the , Nanjing, Beijing and that establishing a democratic "cultural revolution" (1966-76). other cities took to the streets socialist political system is one of Under the leadership of the calling for freedom and democ• the fundamental tasks of the Party, the Chinese people are racy. Their actions did not have socialist revolution. The ..new carrying out economic and the support of local residents. This Constitution of the People's political reforms. These reforms, shows that the people detested the Republic of China passed at the being unprecedented and experi• chaos of the so-called "mass 1982 National People's Congress mental, cannot be expected to be democracy." and value their hard- says that people of all nationalities won political stability and unity. in China must "turn China into a Most of the students who took socialist country with a high level part in the demonstrations were of culture and democracy." well-intentioned; they were con• (China's reforms are a cerned to support democracy and Over the last eight years China process of improving the freedom; but they were impatient has experienced sustained, stable socialist system. To ensure and some took extreme actions. and balanced economic develop• Quite a few students had only a ment, political stability and a their success, it is vague understanding of democ• strengthening of its socialist racy and freedom, and were democracy and legal system. imperative to adhere to the Party's leadership and the unable to define exactly what it China has abolished the system was they were seeking. Some of cadres for life, and direct socialist road. seemed to think that democracy elections have been introduced in and freedom meant they could do county-level people's congresses whatever they wanted to. as well as some work units. smooth or satisfactory in every China's socialist democratic Deputies to the people's con• aspect. Even the best decisions can system is not perfect, and so it is gresses above that level are elected only be implemented step by step. necessary to continue building up from among a larger number of This is also true of building a democratic political life. All nominees, whose names are only democracy. suggestions and constructive criti• decided upon after repeated Democracy is not an isolated cism are welcomed by the Party discussions among various social phenomenon but is condit• and government. But it is democratic parties and people's ioned by many factors including important to remember that organizations. The role of the the economy, the social environ• China's reforms are a process of NPC, the highest state organ, is ment, ideology and culture. improving our socialist system. To being strengthened. It is playing Therefore, building democracy ensure success, it is imperative to an increasingly decisive role in can only progress along with adhere to the Party's leadership formulating important state prin• economic, political, and cultural and the socialist road — this is ciples and policies and supervising developments. enshrined in the Constitution. No their implementation. The "cultural revolution" was one is allowed, on any pretext, to During the reform of the once known for its "mass move away from the Party's economic structure, enterprises democracy." But in fact that is a leadership and the socialist road, were granted greater decision• mockery of the truth. In those nor is one allowed to infringe on making powers and the super• days some people spoke out freely, the democratic rights and free• visory role of the workers' wrote big-character posters and doms of others. congress was promoted. In the held great debates. Under the fields of literature, art and science, pretext of practising such "mass Some students are concerned the policy of "letting a hundred democracy," they made ground• only with their freedom to flowers bloom and a hundred less charges against others and did demonstrate but they forget that schools of thought contend" has what they wished, free from the in exercising their rights, they been implemented. Visitors will ! restraints of law. The democratic must not harm the interests of the notice a much greater willingness rights of most people were state, the society and the

4 BEIJING RFMEW. NO. 2 EVENTSARENDS

New Year in Beijing

hina's experience in 1986 China will also continue to Cproved again that the nation improve socialist democracy and could have achieved no success in legal system, he said. He added its reforms and economic develop• that at present, the Chinese people ment without the leadership of the should do everything to ensure , Vice- stability and unity and resist any President said January 1 ideological trend towards in Beijing. bourgeois liberalization. "Any words or actions that Other New Year's Day activ• deny the Party's leadership and ities included a gathering of about the socialist system or advocate 4,000 Beijing children at bourgeois liberalization are essen• Tiananmen Square, the centre tially against the people's inter• of the capital. They took part in a ests, and the historical trend, and ceremony at the Monument to the collective, or infringe on the rights will surely be opposed by the People's Heroes, and 100 took of others. In Shanghai and people," said Ulanhu, who is a turns standing guard at the Nanjing for example, student Mongolian. monument to honour "the beautiful future of the demonstrations in downtown Ulanhu made his remarks at a motherland." areas held up city traffic for a reception held by the National while. So people missed trains and Committee of the Chinese On New Year's Day, 1987, ships, many more could not get to People's Political Consultative many shop assistants in Beijing work in time. Conference (CPPCC) and atten• gave up their holiday to serve To guarantee citizens their ded by more than 400 people from customers. Holiday business was legitimate rights as laid down in all walks of life. He also offered brisk despite the freezing cold and the Constitution, some cities have New Year's greetings from the more snow than the city has seen drawn up regulations concerning Party's Central Committee and in several years. Admission to all demostrations. This is essential to the State Council to China's non- public parks was free that day. the further improvement of communist parties, to people Tourists and residents alike democracy and the legal system. throughout the mainland, and to enjoyed Beijing's snow-covered It must he noted that a handful compatriots in Taiwan, Hong landscape, rivers and ponds were of bad elements infiltrated the Kong and Macao and overseas. crowded with iceskaters. and lovers strolled along snowy paths. student ranks and incited the Ulanhu said China achieved students into violence in an political stability and unity and The day was also a busy one at attempt to sabotage political made steady progress on all many factories, where work stability and unity. In China, economic fronts in 1986, the started immediately to meet the although the exploiting classes eighth year since the adoption of higher production quotas that have been eliminated, class the policies of reform and opening have been set for 1987. struggle will continue to exist for to the outside world in 1978. He In the early afternoon, several quite a long time. The long-term said China's excellent situation hundred students held a brief mission of the people's democratic over the past eight years has been demonstration along_ the street dictatorship is to practise democ• created by the Chinese people, east of Tiananmen Square. They racy among the people and who have adhered to the Party's gathered near the square at about dictatorship over the enemies. leadership and socialist road while 1 p.m. shouting slogans demand• Because some students lack carrying out the reform and open ing "freedom to demonstrate!" experience and distinguishing policy. and cancellation of the 10 ability on the question of Reform and economic develop• new regulations setting forth democracy, it is understandable ment will be pushed forward conditions governing marches and they would make some errors in further in 1987, Ulanhu said. demonstrations, issued. by the the course of exercising their Among reforms that will be municipal government the previ• democratic rights. We believe that implemented on a trial basis will ous week. The demonstrators under the patient guidance of the be the division of management blocked the traffic for some time government, schools and society, from ownership of enterprises. It but were eventually dispersed and these students will learn from their is expected that this will invigorate order returned to Tiananmen actions and szain in maturitv. • large and medium-sized state- Square. owned enterprises. An official of the city's public

JANUARY 12. 19X7 m EVENTSARENDS

the reforms are designed to scope. We must never forget to 'Four Principles' improve the socialist system rather wage a struggle against a handful Essentia! to China than abandon or weaken the of people who are hostile to Party's leadership, or change the China's socialist system and who socialist system, the editorial said. try to sabotage it. Under no circumstances shall we lay down dherence to the four cardinal "The open policy, including the principles is the fundamental the weapons of the people's A introduction of foreign funds, guarantee to ensure the success of democratic dictatorship." technology and managerial exper• China's reform and the open tise, serves to expand social Adherence to the four cardinal policy, said Renmin Rihao productive forces and consolidate principles makes it imperative to (People's Daily) in a New Year the material and technological oppose bourgeois Uberalization, editorial. basis of socialism rather than the editorial continued. Over the The four principles refer to the deviate from the socialist path," past few years, it pointed out, adherence to the leadership oT the the paper added. some people in ideological and Chinese Communist Party, to cultural circles have aired Marxism-Leninism and Mao It also said, "We are studying opinions which run counter to the Zedong Thought, to the people's various modern trends of thought four principles, thus spreading democratic dictatorship and to the with the aim of assimilating in a bourgeois liberalization. socialist road. critical manner the latest results of If the trend of bourgeois various branches of science. This liberalization were to continue The editorial said, "The four in no way means abandoning the unchecked, the paper said, the cardinal principles constitute the principled stands of Marxism- Chinese Communist Party would foundation on which we build our Leninism and Mao Zedong lose its fighting capabihty. "In country and are the inevitable Thought." result of the development of the that case," it said, "how could the Chinese revolution. China would The editorial pointed out, "The Party serve as the core of the have no future if it did not have the democracy the Chinese people leadership for the entire Chinese Communist Party's leadership or need today can only be the population and what would be the did not practise socialism. This socialist democracy known as hope for China if it again becomes also applies to the current period people's democracy, rather than a tray of loose sand?" of reform and opening China to the individualist democracy of the The editorial called on all the rest of the world." bourgeoisie. What merits atten• Chinese people to adhere to the We must carry out reform, tion is that while there are no more four principles more firmly and try reform of both the economic and exploiting classes in China, class to achieve still greater success in political structure, under the struggle will still exist for a long reform and opening to the outside leadership of the Party, because period to come within a limited world in the new year. •

security bureau said later that the matter. They believe that China is demonstration was illegal because Study Abroad: seeking restrictions in the wake of its organizers had not received No Panic the increased number of students approval from any official depart• remaining abroad after complet• ment. He said it had been ing their courses. They view the instigated by a few troublemakers. document as an indication of the He also said several people who dmission officials of several Chinese government going back had taken the lead in making A American universities were on its promise. trouble were taken away by police puzzled when quite a few Chinese for education and interrogation students had failed to enrol. They Such speculations, which may and would subject to legal have tended to think that this is a have been justified during the ten penalties. result of China's revised document chaotic years of 1966-76, when The new regulations were issued concerning students who apply for people were living in constant in late December by Beijing's overseas study. change, appear to stem from a municipal people's congress The new document, released misunderstanding. As Vice- standing committee. The regula• recently at a meeting of top Premier clarified: "The tions say that although the Chinese officials, has touched off improved provisions do not mean Chinese Constitution gives citi• much discussion, and some were the policy will change. On the zens the right to hold demonstra• already seeing it as a sign for contrary, it is designed to promote tions, organizers must apply in possible changes in China's open further development." He ex• advance for permission. • policy regarding this delicate plained that with its open policy.

BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 China will continue to encourage people to study abroad in various ways. "During the Seventh Five- Year Plan (1986-90) the n umber of students to be sent to study abroad can only be increased," he added. This idea is regarded as an important aspect of China's open policy and is adopted not for expediency but as part of a strategic decision. Li, who also acts as head of the State Education Commission, points out that the new regulations require that all students studying abroad are chosen according to the country's needs, that all those chosen are given high-quality training and that ihcir studies should be relevanl to llicir fiiiiirc jobs. "To ensure thai students learn what they can use. the process of choosing candidates must be improved. Accordingly, most said contldentfy. adding that it is students studying abroad will be Since 1978, China has sent more understandable if some of the selected by their own work places, than 30,000 students overseas at students cannot come back on and only a small number will be slate expense. So far about half of schedule. • chosen and sent directly by the ihem have completed their courses state." the vice-premier noted. and returned to China. However, of those who went at their own Choosing students "according expense, 40 percent of all students to the country's needs" means that abroad, only a small number those who study applied sciences returned. Citizens Pray must directly serve China's current modernization drive. The revised provisions stipulate For Happier 1987 "We'll improve the past practice a series of terms aimed at of overemphasizing such courses facilitating students to return. s the New Year's bell signals as mathematics and physics, with Students going abroad at their A the passage from one year to more efforts to strengthen the own expense will be shown the the next, some people in Western study of economics, finance and same consideration as those sent countries practise the custom of economic management," he and supported by the state. Efforts saying three prayers in the hope noted. Special consideration will will be made to help them solve that the coming ypar will bring also be given to social sciences, any difficulties and problems they them the answers and good luck. culture and arts. come across. For instance, if they As shown in a recent poll Since China has made fairly are short of travelling expenses to conducted by Beijing Review, steady progress in its higher return, the state will be ready to Beijing citizens also have their education, Li added, the country extend a generous hand. They will own hopes and wishes for 1987. will rely mainly on its own efforts also be provided equal job The survey, which was taken to train postgraduate students and opportunities as those on stale randomly among a group of set up a postgraduate education scholarship. teachers, factory workers, admini• system with distinct Chinese "We are not in a panic about strators and shop assistants, characteristics. With this new our students and believe that the whose ages range from 17 to 61. programme, the state will be able overwhelming majority of them provides us with an array of ideas to concentrate on sending more have an ardent love for the and concerns affecting the people students to study for Ph. D. motherland and are willing to use around the capital city this year. degrees. In addition, China will what they have learnt to help As families gather together to seek more co-operative research change China's backwardness and make traditional dumplings, with foreign countries and explore join other Chinese people in their watch television, and await the toll new ways to train doctors. efforts to build the country," Li of the New Year's bell, a

JANUARY 12, 1987 • EVENTSARENDS

hope their country will continue on a smooth course of develop• ment and attain successfully the goals set for the reforms of the political and economic structures. The poll indicates that one-third expressed their hopes and desires for a happier, more comfortable life. About 40 percent express the wish to enhance their living conditions by acquiring a more spacious flat, buying more electrical appliances or enriching the cultural aspects of their life. Children remain the constant and most common concern of everyone. Because of the present "single-child" policy, parents tend to show more intense concern for their offspring. The poll's findings illustrated this in showing that most of the parents polled expressed their fondest hopes for their children and grandchildren's health and expectations in the new year. Aside from the three most desired wishes, the people polled were also asked what they would most like to accomplish in the next years. A stunning 74 percent expressed their desire to progress in their jobs, including 10 percent who intend to do some pioneering work. A 47-year-old high school teacher, for example, said she will try to find a new approach in her

DENG JUNZHAO leaching so she could incorpo• rate moral education in her Chinese language classes. Also, Nuclear Submarine Ends Maiden Voyage two young workers in an agricultural machinery company hinted that they are in the process This Chinese navy nuclear submarine has jusl completed its of devisins; an invention in their first training voyage and attained a record submerge time and field. speed as well as distance of cruise. The submarine, entirely desinged and built in China, is now in active service. Another interesting discovery resulting from the poll concerns Beijing's young employees' inter• est in general and specialized j learning. Almost half of the people clandestine concern seems to be "It would greatly add to the I polled, mostly those younger than the rising cost of some daily stability of the country's situation 35, indicated their eagerness for necessities such as eggs, milk, if the state had an efficient control further education. As Yang furniture and the poll shows that over price," commented Han Jintian, 25. wrote. "Living amidst 39 percent hope prices will remain Bicheng, a 46-year-old worker. this boom of information, I have stable, and another 32 percent are Han and another 38 percent of to learn. Otherwise I might feel hoping for salary increases to help those polled showed similar lost or left out." A 31-year-old deal with these price increases. patriotic feehngs stating that they shop assistant who was polled said

8 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 slic was studying for a degree in service with five Bocing-707 200.000 tclegrammcs a day, goes licr spare time. planes. into trial operation in Fuzhou. Jan. 1 Demands U) fulfil recreational The Tibet Autonomous Region needs have been inercasiiig as 1 One hundred and fifty newly will allocate 130 million yuan Beijing's citizens unifbnidv lei• ! built or renovated assembly lines (USS35.I million) for education in I surely pace of life grows faster. A go into full operation to start 1987, accounting for 10 percent of 50-ycarold dyei' in a textif: plant, ; regular production of the new the region's 1987 budget. I for example, is trying to organize a CA14I 5-ton J/V'fi//;t,'(liberation) i fishing group in his factory. Many trucks in Cliina's No. I Automo• other people polled mentioned bile Paint, located in Changchun, SOCIAL iheir desiie to travel on their ending the prolonged domination Dec. 31 holidays to some of China's scenic of one single model o\er .^0 )ears. Shanghai policemen have ar• spots. rested Shi Guanfu, the head of an Jan. 2 ""Where there's a will, there's a I reactionary organization called wa\." May this proverb enhance Ye Rutang, minisier of urban the "Wemin Party" which he set the motivation of the Chinese and rural construction and up in October in 1986 aiming at people as well as all our o\erseas i environmental protection, reveals overthrowing the Chinese readers. • i that China has set its goal to Communist Party. He has attem• by Wang Xin provide an apartment to every pted to take advantage of the local Chinese household by the year student demonstrations to attain I 200f). purpose. Weekly Chronicle General manager Zheng Dun.xun of the Petrochemical (Dec.29 - Jan.4) Jan. 2 Import and Export Corporation Xinhua reports a farmer from of China says that China's export the Tibetan-inhabited Baiyu POLITICAL of crude oil in 1987 will not exceed County of Sichuan Province has that of 19S6 to back the OPEC discovered a rare huge piece of raw efforts to stabilize oil price on the .Ian. 2 gold weighing 6.3 kg. The county world market. has become another important Xinhua announces the recent base for gold production. Jan. } founding of the China Committee The first monetary market for ""The Year of Shelter" in opens in Beijing and transactions Jan. 3 response to the UN proclamation totalling 550 million yuan are China's Central Flood Control of 1987 as the international year of done within about two hours after Headquarters reveals that a 100 shelter for the homeless. the opening ceremony. kilometer section of the lower .Ian. ? reaches of the Huanghe (Yellow) Zhou Gucheng. 89. professor of Jan. 4 River, China's second longest, has history at Shanghai's Fudan The State Council has decided been blocked by ice. University, is elected chairman of to open Zhenjiang, an inland port the central committee of the on the lower reaches of the Chinese Peasants and Workers Changjiang (Yangtze) River, to FOREIGN RELATIONS Democratic Partv, foreign vessels. Dec. 31 .(an. 4 A spokesman for the Chinese A ciicular of the Party Central Foreign Ministry stated that it is Committee's organization De• CULTURAL the unshakable stand of the partment reaches Xinhua that Dec. 30 Chineses government and people Chinese officials proven unquali• Seismologists attening a na• to recover Macao before the year fied for their present positions will tional meeting in Beijing predict 2000, and any proposal to return be demoted or transferred. Their move frequent seismic activities in Macao beyond that year is salaries will also be changed in China in 1987 and destructive unacceptable. lime with the position changes. earthquakes might hit some areas on the mainland and offshore Jan. 2 areas near Taiwan. A spokesman for the Foreign ECONOMIC Ministry expresses "China's con• Jan. 4 cern" for the would-be breakth• Dec. 31 China's first micro-computer rough in Japan's 1987 military The locally funded Shanghai controlled telcgramme transmitt• expenditure of the I-percent limit .Airlines starts its regular nighl ing system, which can handle of its GNP.

.lANUARY 12. 1987 •9 • INTERNATIONAL mmmmmmmmmmmmm

VIET NAM The degeneration of moral and spiritual principle as well as corruption and bribery have Occupation of Kampuchea Harmful to Economy disrupted the national economy and hampered Vietnamese fighting in Kampuchea. Socialist countries demanding The only way for Viet Nam to revitalize its economy is to economic reform need correct withdraw its troops from Kampuchea. policies and a solid economic foundation. The failure of Hanoi's attempt to readjust prices, wage and currency in September 1985 he Sixth National Congress of annually. As for the country's showed a basic lack of foundation Tthe Communist Party of Viet industries, less than 50 percent are for Vietnamese economic reform. Nam has mapped out a plan for in use. Viet Nam cannot change its economic and social reform, but The decline in industry and economy fundamentally without past history has shown Viet Nam agriculture and shortage of daily withdrawing from Kampuchea, cannot possibly revitalize its necessities have resulted in As well, Viet Nam cannot win its economy while it doggedly persists skyrocketing prices with inflation war against Kampuchea even with in occupying Kampuchea. standing at a shocking 700 percent extended military deployment and The Sixth National Congress of level. The monthly wage of an a puppet regime in Phnom Penh. the Vietnamese Communist Party, ordinary worker can only buy one Its attempt to wipe out the held in Hanoi on December 15-18, shirt, one kilogramme of pork or Kampuchean resistance forces elected a new 14-member Political 10 kilogrammes of rice. within four months has long since Bureau with Nguyen Van Linh as Clearly continued occupation become the laughing-stock of the the general secretary of the Party's of Kampuchea will further plunge international community. Strong Central Committee. The congress the Vietnamese people into resistance from the Democratic indicated their commitment to hardship. Kampuchean guerrillas is concentrate manpower and In addition, the occupation of increassing in strength. material to increase grain Kampuchea has isolated Viet production, commodities and Nam internationally. The United Viet Nam is caught between its exporting products. Nguyen Van Nations General Assembly has ambition and its inability to Linh in his closing speech, condemned Vietnamese aggres• enlarge the scale of war in recognized that Viet Nam faces sion and most countries refuse to Kampuchea because of the havoc many difficulties in its attempt to have any relations with Viet Nam. it would bring on the domestic fulfill this task. This international sanction is economy. The eight-year occupation of more severe and thorough than The only option for Viet Nam is Kampuchea has brought the that against South Africa or Israel. to completely withdraw its troops Vietnamese economy to the verge How then, can Viet Nam develop from Kampuchea. of bankruptcy. It is mind-boggling trade and revive its economy? War of aggression cannot to consider that such an The only country that provides coexist with economic construc• economically backward country, huge assistance to Viet Nam is the tion. It has proven true in the past with population of 60 million, Soviet Union, which has promised eight years since Viet Nam maintains 1 million regular troops to give more economic aid. In invaded Kampuchea! It will con• and 500,000 reserve forces that return Vietnameses workers are tinue to be true in the future. • spend over half the country's forced to toil in the Soviet Siberia by Mei Zhenmin annual revenue. The manpower, to pay back the "Soviet favour." material and financial resources The unjust war against left for economic development are Kampuchea has also damaged few and far between. Vietnamese morale nationwide. Tired of war in a foreign, For example, the farm work independent nation, Vietnamese depends mainly on women. Farm soldiers have lost the traditional equipment and daily necessities unity of purpose that successfully are hard to obtain in the expelled 500,000 US soldiers countryside. Once famous for its during the Viet Nam war. Desire fertile soil and rice export, Viet for regional hegemony has Nam now imports up to 300,000 brought infamy to the Vietnamese tons to 400,000 tons of rice nation.

10 BEIJING REVIHW. NO. 2 and one independent assembly• man. Discussion on constitutional SOUTH KOREA revisions had barely started when the opposition learnt the DJP had no desire to end the indirect 1986—An Unstable Year election of the president. Neither side would compromise on the issue and by late September, the NKDP withdrew from the Political crisis in South Korea made 1986 a very uneasy year committee and vigorously re• and it is expected to linger into the new year. sumed the mobilization of its supporters. The doomed commit• tee was dissolved.

ast year was the most unstable responded with harsh measures to Warning repeatedly that any L of the six years since Chun Du eliminate what they deemed as "illegal actions" would be pun• Hwan held reins of government in elements causing political insta• ished severely, the Seoul author• South Korea. The struggle bility. Permanent consultants of ities arrested a NKDP assembly• between the South Korean the NKDP, Kim Yong Sam and man who had commented in the authorities and' the opposition leading dissident Kim Dae Jung, National Assembly that reunific- forces was climaxed at the end of both active in the campaign, were afion with the North rather than November when efforts by the placed under housearrest. Offices anti-communism should be police to break up a mass rally for of opposition parties were ran• Seoul's main political priority. democracy and constitutional sacked. Those who signed the The arrest triggered a storm of revision ended in chaos. Some petition were tracked down and protest from the opposition. 70,000 police and reservists, arrested. But these actions seemed Particularly compelling was the armed with shields and masks, only to fuel the lingering struggle call by NKDP for an overthrow of were posted at every key point in in South Korea for demonstrators the government. Following these downtown Seoul. They used tear and police clashed even more events, the Party began planning gas and other weapons to head off violently at large raUies, like those for a November 29 rally which was the mass demonstration and put in Seoul, Pusan and Kwangju. hoped would draw 1 million people in a show of their support down the resistance. Failing to bring the opposition for reform. The rally did not movement under control, South The perpetual struggle between succeed. That the 70,000 police Korea's beleaguered authorities the opposition and the authorities called out to prevent it reflected adopted new tactics which in• focuses on South Korea's consti• official uneasiness about the cluded simultaneous consolida- tution which was revised in 1980 political situation and the activ• tory and confrontational appro• when Chun Du Hwan became the ities of the opposition. aches to its foes. On one hand, the president. According to the new hardline policy against de• constitution, the president is During the year, the struggle monstrations was maintained and elected by an appointed electoral has involved a diverse group of more people were arrested. On the college for a seven-year term. The Koreans in various occupations. other. President Chun, who had New Korea Democractic Party Students have been conspicuous said that the constitution would (NKDP). which organized the and very active opponents of the not be changed before his term rally, has been leading the government. College and univers• ended in 1988, promised to submit opposition in the struggle against ity students staged 1,700 political the constitution issue to the this and other revisions in the new- movements in the first 10 months National Assembly before his constitution and even calling for a of 1986, according to the statistics term ended. However, this super• shift in power. A campaign to from the Ministry of Home ficial consolidatory move proved collect 10 million signatures for a Affairs. to be ineffective at best. petition demanding constitutional reform was initialed by the NKDP There are no indications that and other political groups. This After a long debate in the the political crisis in South Korea petition was widely hailed when National Assembly, a special will improve in 1987, only one year proposed on February 12, and committee on constitutional revi• before the term of President Chun organizations to support it, such sion was set up in late July. Of the ends. On the contrary, the year as the Headquarters of Consti• 45 members, 23 were from the should feature an even more active tutional Revision, were founded. ruling Democratic Justice Party and fierce show on South Korea's (DJP), 17 from the NKDP, four political stage. The authorities immediately from the Korean National Party by Zhu Kechuan

JANUARY 12, 1987 11 m INTERNATIONAL

SOUTH AFRICA On the eve of the 10th anniversary of the Soweto upris• ing last June, the South African Apartheid at Home and Sabotage Abroad authorities declared a nationwide state of emergency in an attempt to quell black opposition. Last In the past year, South Africa has been characterized by December the South African government intensified press cen• tension and turmoil as its government has continued to sorship to curb the flow of press implement racial segregation at home and military releases. Under the new regu• provocation against neighbouring countries. lation, journalists are required to submit all their reports on political unrest in the country to govern• outh Africa's anti-apartheid which have restricted the move• ment officials for approval. Sstruggle, which has developed ment of blacks in the country for The year 1986 also witnessed an at an unprecedented rate over the 34 years. However, the reforms. intensified effort by the Pretoria regime to employ its military might to intimidate and sabotage neighbouring countries in South• ern Africa. In January, Pretoria enforced a three-week economic blockade against the Lesotho government, touching off a military coup in the tiny kingdom. In May, South Africa's warplanes and commandos launched simul• taneous raids on what Pretoria alleged installations used by guerrillas of the outlawed African National Congress of South Africa in the capitals of Zambia. Zimbabwe and Botswana. In June, Zambia arrested a number of Pretoria's special agents who confessed that the Pretoria regime had worked out a plan to attack and invade Zambia. Later, it was revealed that South Africa was training over 2,000 Zambian dissidents and exiles to fight against the Zambian government. Moreover, the South African government threatened on many occasions that it would take military actions to punish Zambia. Zimbabwe and other frontline South Africa's anti-apartheid activists lighting candles in a church in Johannesburg, states. to mark the start of their 10-day campaign against the government-imposed state of In the past year, the British emergency. Commonwealth, the European Economic Community, the Unit• year, is now under strengthened while far from appeasing the ed States and several other naUons leadership and involves people blacks' struggle, have sparked have agreed to impose economic from all walks of life including conllicts among the whites and sanctions upon Pretoria. Though whites. But South African Presi• anti-reform sensation among the the racist Pretoria government dent P.W. Botha has remained conservative forces in the country. might have felt initial impacts of obdurate in his apartheid policy. Hence, the Pretoria government international punishments, there Last April, the Pretoria regime has inevitably resorted to a more is no sign yet to indicate that announced minor reform by stubborn racial segregation Pretoria is willing to accept a agreeing to lift off the "pass laws" policy. fundamental change and scrap of

BELIING RUVll^W. NO. 2 the apartheid system. In his New for dismantling apartheid, saying wing coalition are famous for their Year message deHvered on South Africa would not yield to liberalism. In the field of economy, December 31, Botha signaled that the irresponsible and often the new cabinet has lifted his government would make no superficial demands. restrictions on foreign currency significant change in its present Foreign observers noted that control, devaluated the franc, policies. Illustrating this view, he the keynote of Botha's New Year reduced taxes, privatized state- also announced that an early message is that in the new year owned enterprises and lowered general election would be held in Pretoria will cling fast to its interest rate. It has adopted many 1987, making it clear that the present stubborn stand to resist social reform measures such as upcoming election would be for the international call and domestic lifting restrictions on firing whites only. The South African struggle for substantial changes in workers. Chirac has also actively President defied the effort by the South Africa's apartheid system. taken part in national defence and international community to press by Guang Hexin foreign affairs which used to be handled only by the president. Mitterrand, however, made no I efforts to conceal his dissatisfac• tion concerning Chirac's policies. • He has publicly declared that he would not sign any laws on FRANCE I provatization. He has shown his sympathy for the students in their ; demonstration for the abolition of 1986: A Year of Political 'Coliabitation' a higher education reform bill by proposing withdrawal of the bill. France, in 1986, has seen many political ups and downs due In spite of this, analysts have to the political "cohabitation" by the president and prime noted that the political alliance minister, who belong to different political parties. between the right and left is basically stable and is likely to continue to be so this year. Both sides have almost identical views he French parliamentary elec• new questioijs about the distri• on major important issues such as Ttions held every five years, bution of power between the fighting terrorism and the attitude changed the political situation of president and the prime minister. towards US-Soviet arms control the Fifth Republic last March for Both of them seek to identify their talks. The French people will the first time since its founding 28 respe ctive power from the continue to support the political years ago. Since then, France has constitution, thus shrinking the coexistence at least up to the next been governed by rightists for 23 traditional power structure general elections in 1988. There• years and by a leftist coalition of centred around the president. This fore, no side is likely to break the sociahsts and communists for five. process of readjustment of power alliance first. Last year, however, the Socialist has been very smooth. President by Ma Weimin Party, which was dominant in the Mitterrand still has the right to previous elections, lost its major• decide major policies concerning ity to the right-wing coalition of national defence and diplomacy the Rally for the Republic Party and,'with the mighty support from and the Union for French his Socialist Party, he has the right Democracy. Francois Mitterrand, to monitor the domestic affairs. the left-wing Socialist president, On the other hand, the centre of had to "cohabit" with Jacques daily domestic policy-decision has Chirac, the conservative leader of shifted from the presidential house the Rally for the Republic Party. to the prime ministerial house. Chirac has become the most The presidents of the Fifth poNverful prime minister of the Republic have usually centralized Fifth Republic. wide power in their hands. The reason for this is due to the The new government has constitution, created in 1958 and carried out a series of liberal tailored for General de Gaulle reforms aimed at invigorating the because of his personal authority. national economy. As a matter of The "cohabitation" posed many fact, the two factions of the right-

JANUARY 12. 1987 13 •1 ARTICLES

Foreign Minister Wu Tali^s About World Situation

Wu Xueqian, Chinese state councilor and foreign minister, in an interview with reporters on December 31, 1986, answered questions concerning the international situation and China's foreign policy. The full text of the questions and answers follow.

Question: Would you comment tionism. Contradictions between influence and its prestige is on the on the outstanding features of the north and the south have rise. the international situation in become more accute. Q: The two Chinese proposals on 1986 and the achievements Taking an overall view of the nuclear and conventional dis• China has made over the year in international developments over armament have been adopted by following its independent fore• the year, it can be said that the the United Nations General ign policy for peace? forces working for world peace Assembly at its 41st session. Answer: There are both gratifying were growing faster than the How do you evaluate the two new developments and worrisome factors for war and the efforts proposals? What is China's elements in the 1986 international defending world peace have a basic stand on disarmament? situation. On the one hand, the brighter future. A: The basic idea of China's world's people were calling ever proposals is that the United States louder for peace, disarmament, and the Soviet Union have a co-operation and development •'special responsibility" for the and were engaged in various arms race and therefore disarma• activities towards this end. ment, and they should "take the Smaller countries, while becoming The 1986 world was both lead" in drastically reducing their more independent, had a greater gratifying and worrisome. nuclear and conventional ar• influence on major international senals. The adoption of the two issues affecting the world's future. The people were calling proposals by the United Nations Reforms and readjustments for for peace while the Genera! Assembly through full accelerating scientific, technical consultations shows that China's and economic development and two superpowers, though stand is in accord with the international co-operation have equally louder about arms common wishes of the people of become a current world theme. all countries for arms reduction disarmament, extending and world peace. The adoption On the other hand, it must not also proves that it is a reasonable be overlooked that the intern• their contention into outer and realistic stand. ational situation was very un• space. stable. The superpowers are It is applaudable that both the engaged in a continuous arms United States and the Soviet race which is extending to outer Union endorsed the two pro• space. The United States and the posals. But what we hope to see is Soviet Union, who have held that they will truly respect the frequent dialogues including the In following a peaceful and common wishes and demands of summit in Iceland, have failed to independent foreign policy, China the people of various countries reach any substantive agreement further developed in the past year and take action to implement the on major issues as they are still its relations with many countries two UN resolutions. unable to bridge their differences. and economic and technical The basic stand of the Chinese Conflicts continue in various "hot exchanges have expanded. We government on disarmament is spots" as efforts for political have taken active steps and put that it opposes the arms race and settlements have so far proved to forward reasonable proposals the expansion of this race to outer be fruitless. The world economic with the purpose of relaxing the space. We stand for final situation is not stable either. What tense situation and promoting realization of a total ban and should be pointed out particularly disarmament and international destruction of nuclear, chemical is that many developing countries co-operation, and our actions and biological weapons as well as have had greater difficulties as a were welcomed by the intern• a drastic reduction of conven• result of falling prices for their ational community. In today's tional arms. We also maintain that major products and trade protec• world, China exerts a growing countries, big or small, should

14 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 2 have a say on disarmament, that Communique and I hope that Q: There have been considerable bilateral and multi-lateral efforts both China and the United States developments In the relations for disarmament should comple• will cherish, protect and enhance between China and many Eu• ment and promote each other, that the hard-won progress we have ropean nations during 1986. any disarmament talks and made in developing relations over How do you assess the develop• agreements between the United all these years. ments in the relations between States and the Soviet Union As for Sino-Soviet relations, China and Eastern Europe and should not harm the interests of generally speaking, they have between China and Western other countries, and that at the developed in some areas and Europe? And how would you same time efforts are made for halted in others. Economic, describe the prospects for these disarmament, "hot spots" in the scientific, technical and cultural relations? world should be eliminated and co-operation and exchanges as A: I think both East and West aggression and expansion well as trade between the two European countries are important stopped. countries have registered further forces in defending world peace, growth. The volume of trade, and they all are playing their active Q: How do you assess the current involved in agreements signed by role in international affairs in Sino-American and Sino-Soviet the two countries in 1986, has accordance with their specific relations? amounted to US$2.6 billion, an conditions. China and East and A: We Chinese people have always West European nations all desire cherished friendly feelings for the to develop relations and they share peoples of the United States and common interests on the two most the Soviet Union. China sincerely The year 1986 witnessed important issues of the world wishes to improve and further its rapid progress in the today — peace and development. relations with the United States relations between China There exist broad prospects for and the Soviet Union on the basis China to further expand relations of the Five Principles of Peaceful and East European of friendship and co-operation Coexistence. This is not only in the countries in political, with these countries. fundamental interests of the economic and other areas peoples of the three countries, but The year 1986 has witnessed it is of great importance for world rapid progress in the relations peace and stability. increase of 30 percent over that of between China and various East In 1986 Sino-American rel• 1985. The work of the Sino-Soviet European countries in political, ations have been basically stable economic commission has been economic and other areas. China and have continued to grow to a going smoothly. Also, the two maintains a stable and sustained certain extent. Visits and dis• countries have reached agreement relationship of friendship and co• cussions that took place between on resuming boundary talks. operation with Romania and officials of the two countries at However, thus far no substantial Yugoslavia. The official goodwill various levels have furthered progress has been made in visit to China made by the leader mutual understanding. Sino-US developing political relations, of Democratic Germany, Erich economic and trade relations have which have yet to be normalized, Honecker, in October 1986, and maintained the momentum of and China is dissatisfied with this. the working visit to our country previous years. Their scientific Comrade , on made by Polish leader Wojciech and technical co-operation, educ• September 2 this year, made an Jaruzelski in September the same ational and cultural exchanges, extremely important speech on year, marked a new stage in the and contacts between their armed Sino-Soviet relations, offering a relations between China and the forces all have expanded. How• realistic approach to normaliz• East European countries. Some ever, the Taiwan issue remains a ation of relations between the two important leaders of East Eu• major obstacle to further growth countries. I hope the Soviet side ropean countries will come to visit in the Sino-US relafionship. I will consider earnestly China's China and Premier hope the US government will proposal and take concrete will tour five East European abide by the three Sino-US joint actions to remove the three major countries in 1987. communiques and take effective obstacles, especially urging Viet We will confinue to develop action to eliminate this obstacle so Nam to withdraw its troops from relations with various East that Sino-US relations can achieve Kampuchea, which would elimi• European countries on the basis of a sustained and steady growth. nate the de facto "hot spot" the Five Principles of Peaceful between China and the Soviet Coexistence and in accordance The year 1987 will mark the Union. This could lead to real with the principles that each side 15th anniversary of the public• improvements in Sino-Soviet should respect the other in ation of the Sino-US Shanghai polifical relations. deciding policies according to its

JANUARY 12, 1987 15 •1 ARTICLES

national conditions and neither long-term, stable development of foundation for better relations in side should impose its will on the bilateral relations. the next, other. There is no need to hide the fact Q: China has always paid great The year 1986 was a year of that some problems appeared in attention to developing friendly continued development of rel• bilateral relations in 1986. We and co-operative relations with ations between China and Wes• have to take an earnest attitude other third world countries. What tern Europe. The exchange of towards political issues which are progress has been made over the visits by leaders of the two sides related to how to present historical year in these relations? And what and the political dialogues at facts and whether or not to are their prospects? various levels have increased their implement major principles of A: China belongs to the third mutual understanding on import• maintaining friendly relations world and shares their fate. It is ant international issues. We have between the two countries. It our belief that stability and many similar views on preserving should definitely be said that some development in third world security and stability in Asia and problems have been basically countries are of great importance Europe, on easing international solved thanks to the common to world peace and human tension and on defending world efforts by the leaders of the two progress. peace. countries, the two governments Our trade with Western Europe and figures from all walks of life. In the past year the unity and has increased by a big margin, Meanwhile, there still exist some co-operation between China and economic and technological co• problems which have not been other third world countries have operation has expanded, and totally solved, so the two sides been further developed and exchanges in scientific, technical, should continue to make efforts. strengthened, and there have been educational and cultural fields In the economic field, many frequent exchanges of high-level have further increased. The Japanese friends have begun to visits and people-to-people con• friendly and co-operative relations pay more attention to issues of tacts between them. between China and various West reducing Chinese trade deficits China firmly supports the just European countries are experienc• and expanding co-operation in struggle of third world countries ing a period of increasing funds and technology. We appre• for their national independence activities. ciate their efforts. In order to and against foreign aggression We feel assured that the friendly satisfactorily deal with these issues and interference. In the past year, exchanges and co-operation be• and achieve remarkable results, China has made every effort to tween China and Western Europe both sides should make a common urge foreign troops to withdraw will expand even further in the effort in the coming year. from Kampuchea and Afghani• coming new year. stan, to seek a just and reasonable The coming year, 1987, will be solution to the Middle East the 15th anniversary of the question, and to support the just Q: How would you describe Sino- normalization of Sino-Japanese struggle of the people in southern Japanese relations over the relations. Reviewing the historical African countries and the struggle year? experience and gratifying achieve• of Latin American countries A: In general, Sino-Japanese ments in the development of Sino- against outside interference. With relations have grown continuously Japanese relations since the two tegard to conflicts between third over the past year with new results co\intries established diplomatic world countries, China has always achieved in many areas of co• ties, I sincerely hope that both stood for their just and reasonable operation and exchange. Japanese sides will make earnest efforts to solution through negotiation on Prime Minister Yasuhiro Naka- promote the healthy and smooth the basis of equality among parties sone took part in the cornerstone development of their relations. I concerned, and not through arms laying ceremony for the China- believe that so long as both China or threat of arms. China firmly Japan Youth Exchange Centre and Japan implement the Sino- supports third world countries' during his visit to China last Japanese joint declaration, the efforts in developing their nafional month. Japanese statesmen, entre• treaty of peace and friendship economies. At the same time, preneurs and well-known public between China and Japan and the China hopes to work together with figures also came to China and four guiding principles of peace them to further their co-operation had friendly and candid exchanges and friendship, equality and under the guidance of equality, of views with Chinese leaders. By mutual benefit, mutual trust and mutual benefit, effectiveness, and extensive exchanges between the long-term stability, they will not common progress. The co• two countries, the mutual under• only make new progress in their operation is seen in an increasing standing between them has friendly relations of co-operation number of areas and in increas• deepened, and this benefits the in this century, but also lay a solid ingly diversified forms. China

16 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 supports the reasonable proposals hegemonism and power politics, the United States and the Soviet of Latin American countries to promoting peace ana Union will continue their dialo• improve the terms of debt development. gues, because, after all. dialogue is repayment, with creditor and better than confrontation, and debtor nations sharing responsi• Q: How do you visualize the calmly sitting around the negotiat• bility and seeking new ways to international situation in 1987? ing table is better than a tense solve the debt problem. China also A: At the turn of the year, people situation with swords drawn and supports the efforts by OPEC to invariably place hopes on the new bows bent. We hope the two keep oil prices stable. All these year. Looking back and into the countries will have earnest efforts on China's part have won future. I am deeply convinced that dialogues and reach an agreement extensive support and welcome although the present international to stop the arms race and eliminate from the third world countries. situation is complicated and teems •"hot spots." We also stand for the In the coming year China will with many unpredictable factors, promotion of North-South dialo• firmly stand by the side of third 1987 will be a year of peace and gue and co-operation. This will be world countries and continue to development, further strength• favourable to world peace and the strengthen unity and co-operation ened through the efforts of the coinmon development of all with them in the struggle against people all over the world. We hope countries.

China's Economy: A Healthy Stride Forward by Lu Dong

hina's national economy sus• output value. Farmland irrigation Ctained an overall steady facilities improved. Progress was development in 1986. made in building centres of Good Harvests, Further Develop• agricultural and export goods ment of Rural Economy. Last production. The rural economy as year, although some localities in a whole began, in 1986, to head China were hit by serious natural towards a steady and sustained disasters, farm production was growth. still high. The country's total grain Steady Advance of Industry, output topped 390 million tons, an Readjustment of Product Mix. In increase of more than 10 million 1986, China's industry reined in its tons over 1985. Livestock breed• "overheated" growth of the ing, aquaculture and fishery previous two years and saw a continued to grow. The livestock "appropriate," steady growth. headage was about 116 million, up The total industrial output value I. 6 percent over 1985, and the for 1986 is expected to reach 980 total output of aquatic products billion yuan, up 8.7 percent over amounted to 8 million tons, up 1985. II. 9 percent over 1985. Due to a China's industrial production in decrease in their acreage, the 1986 had three prominent fea• output of jute, oil-bearing crops, tures. First, production of electric tobacco and other cash crops Lu Dong. power, raw materials and other dropped slightly. However, the vital elements in the national supply of these products can meet economy increased. Power output market demand. 4 percent set for the Seventh Five- increased 9.3 percent over 1985, The total agricultural output Year Plan period as a whole (1986- which is higher than the growth of for 1986 is expected to reach 303.8 90). Rural industry continued to industrial production. Production billion yuan, 4.4 percent more develop while being readjusted. of major raw materials, such as than in 1985. This figure exceeds The total output value of rural steel, iron, copper and cement, the average annual growth rate of industry for 1986 was about 330 registered an increase of more billion yuan, which is 21 percent than 10 percent each. The author is minister in charge of the State more than 1985 and exceeded, for Second, development of light Economic Commission. the first time, the total agricultural and heavy industries balanced out

.lANUARY 12. 1987 17 satisfactorily. The growth of light completed in the coastal areas, Foreign Trade and Finance. In industry was slightly faster than bringing USS400 million in 1986, Chinese exports rose 14.7 that of heavy industry. foreign currency incomes. Two percent and Chinese imports were Third, readjustment of product hundred and five electrical kept within the planned figure. mix meant that production met machinery enterprises underwent With exports growth outstripping demand a little more closely. A a technical renovation in 1986, growth in imports, Chinese survey of 100 kinds of products and 96 production centres of Customs authorities estimate that made by the state showed that 41 electrical machines for export China's trade deficit for 1986 was kinds of products in much were set up. Of all the new about four billion US dollars less demand, including colour TV sets, products and technological items than in 1985. In 1986 China made cotton yarn, cotton cloth, crude developed by China in 1986, 116 great strides in importing foreign oil, pig iron, chemical fertiHzer, have filled real gaps, 186 were the capital and the state revenue plan small tractors and internal- best in China, and 60 were as was fulfilled. However, the oil combustion engines, had fulfilled advanced as the world level of the price drop on the international the year's plan one month ahead late 1970s and early 1980s. market and other factors which of schedule. Restrictions were led to an increase in China's placed on the production of slow- Brisk Domestic IVlari

Investment in Fixed Assets Curb• ed, Key Projects Boosted. A total of 194 billion yuan may have gone into investment in the fixed assets of state-owned units in 1986, which is 15 percent more than in 1985 and lower than the 1985 growth rate of 41.8 percent. The makeup of investment in capital construction was readjus• ted. In the first 11 months of 1986, the propordon of investment made in productive projects rose from 56.6 percent in the same period of 1985 to 60.5 percent, and YUAN ZAOYI the proportion of investment in 1986 was the third year since 1949 bumper harvests for Jiiin farmers. The year's grain output exceeded 13.5 miilion tons. non-productive projects dropped from 43.4 percent to 39.5 percent. Investment returns improved too. a 15 percent increase over the In 1986 more sources of credit The number of projects whose previous year. There was an ample were available to banks. By the fixed assets were funded by state supply of food, particularly meat, end of November, deposits in investment completed in 1986 rose fowl, eggs, vegetables, fruit and urban and rural banks reached over 1985. A record number of aquatic products. Supply and 217.9 billion yuan, 56 billion yuan renovation projects and projects demand for the bulk of everyday more than in January. This proved using imported equipment and household goods were balanced. helpful to industrial and agricul• technology which started cons• There was also greater choice tural production and national truction a few years ago also went available. The retail price index construction. into production in 1986. Two for social commodifies is expected The year 1986 was the first year hundred export-oriented textile to be about 6 percent, lower than of China's Seventh Five-Year Plan and light industrial projects were the state's planned figure. and this beginning is encouraging.

18 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 2 Seventh Five-Year Plan period, we will strive to spread the development of our economic reforms, expand agricultural pro• duction, enliven large, and medium-sized enterprises, "in• crease production and practise economy," readjust the product mix and develop our national economy at a proper speed to achieve improvements in economic returns. Grain produc• tion is expected to exceed 400 million tons. Production of light and textile products (in particular brandname, higher quality, and products in great demand at home) is expected to increase A workshop at the Baoshan Seamless Steel Tube Plant in Shanghai. significantly. 20 percent of the Problems in Economic Develop• the other were still seriously range will be upgraded in design ment. Overall demand is still imbalanced, with brandname and and colour; 5,800 new products large in spite of effort made to quality products in short supply will be put on the market. We plan curb its growth. Excessive invest• and other products overstocked. to add to our power generating ment in fixed assets, especially in With this imbalance as well as the capacity by 5.5-6 miUion KW. projects not included in the state readjustment upwards of prices of Raw material products and export plan, surpassed the country's raw materials and transport items are expected to improve financial and material resources. expenses, and the increase in further in quantity and quality. In 1986 the growth of money for interest rates and in the depreci• Industrial production growth will consumption was smaller than in ation rates and pay rises for be maintained at about 7 percent, 1985, but still greater than the exployees, some of the indexes of as is required in the Seventh Five- growth in national income and industrial profits handed over to Year Plan. It is expected that our labour productivity. Grain pro• the-state were not satisfactory. national economy will develop duction was not as high as the Enterprises' inability to pay the steadily, creating fa\e con• 1984 record. This is due to a fairly expected amount of taxes con• ditions for carrying out reforms in weak material and technological tributed to the state financial an all-round way and fulfilling our base, inadequate ability to with• deficit. Seventh Five-Year Plan by 1990. stand natural disasters. How to In 1987, the second year of the subsidize agricultural production out of rural industrial income, Quality check for the "Princess" blouse of the Wujiang Embroidered Silk Factory (in how to enhance the interest of Jiangsu) which has become high fashion in France. ZHOU ZHONGYAO farmers in growing grains and cereals, and how to ensure the steady growth of farm production are still problems being solved. In industry, excessive taxes, low state-set depreciation rate and unreasonable social welfare bur• dens on the large and medium- sized state-owned enterprises combined to sap their vitality. They were short of financial reserves and therefore unable to engage in renovation and develop• ment themselves. People's consumption patterns underwent great changes. Produc• tion structure and product mix on one hand and consumption patterns and market demand on

JANUARY 12. 1987 m ARTICLES mimm'-m^

Urban Environmental Protection Well Under Way by Qu Geping benefits and environmental the urban environment. improvement. • Many cities began prevent• ing and treating air pollution by Initial Achievements working on smoke and dust. In 1985, the country re-equipped and .After more than a decade of renovated more than 13,000 cfi'ort, China's environmental boilers and instituted 140 smog protection has made some pro• control areas. In Shanghai, a gress, particularly in urban areas. densely populated industrial city, 1) Treating industrial pol• the volume of dustfall dropped lution. By 1985, the 167 key significantly. To reduce smog and pollution treatment projects concentrations of sulphur dioxide, planned by the state in 1978 were cities north of the Huanghe more or less complete. Between (Yellow) River have expanded 1981 and 1984, the country their centralized heating facilities. completed more than 100,000 The use of gas is spreading in pollution treatment projects. This Beijing, Tianjin and many other increased China's wastewater cities. This step alone helps reduce treatment capacity by 1.8 million urban rubbish by 80,000 tons and tons and gas treatment by 220 sulphur dioxide in the lower million cubic metres per hour. Qu Geping. atmosphere by 6,000 tons a year. More than 10,000 enterprises and • China has treated polluted hina's awareness of environ• workshops that consumed a great water in more than 100 reservoirs, mental protection developed deal of energy, wasted raw C rivers and lakes in recent years. only recently. The first national materials and were serious More than 40 urban sewage works environmental protection confer• polluters have been closed down, have been built all over the ence was convened in 1975. This merged with other businesses, country, increasing the country's was followed by tht establishment moved to city outskirts . or daily wastewater treatment capac• of major environmental protec• switched to alternative ity by 2.38 million tons. Beijing tion organizations at the central production. has adopted measures to protect and local levels. Today, China can treat 2,500 water resources. This has impro• In September 1979, the state million more tons of industrial ved the quality of the water of the promulgated the Environmental wastewater a year than in 1980. Guanting, Miyun and Huairou Protection Law. The new Consti• Concentrations of harmful metals reservoirs, the city's three largest tution adopted in December 1982 and petrol in wastewater have sources of water. notes: "The state protects and dropped year by year. Purifiers • More than 170 streets and improves the living environment have been installed in many neighbourhoods have adopted and the ecological environment, seriously polluting boilers and the measures to limit noise. Traffic and prevents and remedies major sources of pollution in some noise in these areas has dropped pollution and other public haz• large and medium-sized cities have by two to seven decibels. In ards." Environmental protection begun to be brought under Beijing, some industrial enter• was also listed as one of the 10 control. When the Wuhan Iron prises have been given a time limit major tasks of the Sixth Five-Year and Steel Complex began produc• for controlling their noise pol• Plan (1981-85). In December tion in the 1950s, no environ• lution. Some have been moved out 1983, the state held the second mental protection measures were of urban area and all motor national environmental protec• considered. Polluted water dis• vehicles in the city have been fitted tion conterence which laid down charged by the coking mill flowed with low-noise horns. Tractors are the guiding principle that into the Changjiang (Yangtze) banned from the city proper, and economic development, urban River and smoke belching out 15,000 old three-wheeled trucks construction and environmental from the steel smelting factory which caused serious air and noise protection should go hand in hand polluted the city's air. After five pollution have been improved or to ensure economic results, social years of treatment, this pollution banned. on the middle reaches of • To improve the working and The author is director of the State Changjiang has been remedied. living conditions, many cities have Environmental Protection Bureau. 2) Checking deterioration of encouraged their citizens to plant

20 BEI.IING REVIEW. NO. 2 trees, grass and flowers. In the past being built in different industrial improve the siting of urban five years Beijing has planted more districts according to their nature industries, eliminate pollutants, than 10 million trees and 4 million and effect on the environment. plant more trees, and improve square metres of lawn, and built Attempts have been made to environmental protection laws. 150 hectares of roadside gardens protect sensitive areas from and 14 parks. Tianjin has built pollution. Some of the worst more than 60 garden-like residen• polluters have been relocated, and tial areas, planted 14 million trees, construction of potential polluters Much Work Ahead and covered 990,000 square halted. This has effectively curbed metres of land with grass. new pollution. Despite these improvements, Efforts by the residents of • Combining environmental environmental pollution remains Hangzhou to improve the ecology protection with urban construc• a serious problem in China. of the scenic West Lake have tion and renovation. Most public The pollution caused by the attracted more than 80 kinds of utilities have effects on the township enterprises on the city's birds to this noted tourist resort. environment. Efforts have been outskirts is even more serious. Lanzhou used to be habitat for made to develop centralized Because of poor equipment and migratory birds, but when the heating and gas supplies which inadequate management, the more than 6,000 township enterpr• ises on Shanghai's outskirts produce twice as much water pollution as their urban counter• parts to manufacture goods of the same value. Because of pollution, 10 percent of Shanghai's 26,600 hectares of surface water can no longer support fish. Smoke and dust pollution of the air also remains a serious problem in many cities. Imbalanced and backward energy distribution and consumption patterns, and dense population mean many cities lag far behind state-set environmental control standards. Noise pollution too still plagues many Chinese cities. The main reasons behind these problems are: industrial boom of the 1960s help to curb air pollution, and to • Inadequate education about brought pollution to the city's air improve drainage and sewers, environmental protection. and the Huanghe River, water which minimize water pollution. • Inadequate environmental plants were on the brink of • Enacting local by-laws on protection organizations and a extinction and birds disappeared. environmental management. lack of trained professionals in the Since the end of the 1970s, Gansu After the state law on environ• field. provincial and Lanzhou city mental protection was passed, the • Cadres, especially at the governments have implemented cities have developed rules for its grass-roots level, who concentrate measures to improve the local implementation so it can be on production but neglect envi• environment. Various algae, carried out in earnest. ronmental concerns. micro-organisms, fish and • Funding. Localities are ex• • A lack of attention to shrimps have returned to the pected to collect funds for environmental protection when Huanghe River, and birds were environmental protection projects local governments and economic sighted in the region again starting through their own efforts. In• departments draw up plans, in 1985. dustrial enterprises are asked to allocate funds and begin construc• take full responsibility for the tion and renovation projects. Protection Measures pollution they themselves cause. • As a developing country, The state will reward enterprises China's economic and technolog• • Siting industrial projects as who recycle waste by lowering ical level remains low, and the part of overall urban planning. their taxes. Efforts are also being state lacks funds and equipment New industrial projects are now made to control urban growth. for environmental protection. •

J.A.NUARY 12, 1987 21 m ARTICLES •••iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii wmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmm Luoyang Arrests the 'Yellow Dragon' by Our String Reporters Chen Chaozhong and Wang Geng

uoyang has many claims to received many letters from LFame. It was the capital of many primary school pupils reporting Chinese dynasties and is the home pollution, and many residents also of the famous Longmen Grottoes. complained. It is also a growing industrial "1 feel we should learn a lesson city. Since 1949, hundreds of from the developed countries, factories have been built there (see where numerous disasters have issue No. 35, 1986). And been caused by pollution. This unfortunately, until recently, it should not happen in China. As has also been known for its mayor, I would be remiss if I did pollution by the "Yellow nothing about it. It seems to me dragon" — waste gas discharged that building socialism with by the No. 1 Tractor Factory. Chinese characteristics also in• But the "yellow dragon" and volves protecting the many other forms of pollution environment." have come under control in recent years, thanks in no small part to Mayor's 'Military Orders' the efforts of Wu Zhenguo, the city's mayor. The 46-year-old mayor holds a After Wu took office in May news briefing each year at which 1983, he spent two months touring he reports on the environment and statue of "Peony Fairy Maiden," more than 40 factories, hospitals announces what pollution projects a symbol of Luoyang. and villages in the area. are to.be pursued. Plans must be "I discovered that not a few accomplished within set time factory authorities were con• hmits. These are known as the cerned solely with output and were "mayor's military orders." houses the tomb of General Guan neglecting the environment com• Two years ago, the more than Yu of the state of Shu (221-263), pletely. Untreated waste gas, 800 cypresses in the courtyard of one of the Three Kingdoms of waste water and industrial efflu• the 16th century Guanlin Temple ancient China. ents were being discharged were dying, srhothered by clouds The cypresses, planted during everywhere," he recalled. of smoke from a small battery the Ming and Qing dynasties "While patients were being factory at the back of the temple (1368-1911), had been growing tall treated inside hospitals, danger• complex. The temple, 7-1/2 and sturdy until attacked by the ous waste water was being kilometres from Luoyang, is an smoke. pumped out into the streets. I ancient historic site as well. It Wu"s campaign to save the trees began with a news briefing and continued with several on-the- spot investigations. He tried to persuade the factory authorities to stop polluting, but without success. Finally he simply ordered the factory to switch to making other products. Today there is no more smoke and the cypresses are flourishing. In September 1985, the city government began a campaign against noise pollution and specifically forbade motorists to blow horns on major streets. On September 4, Wu, wearing an armband and waving a red flag, was seen checking the traffic in the

22 BEIJING REVIEW. NO. 2 streets. One violator of the anti- noise notice said later, "In spite of his heavy schedule, our mayor stood on duty in the streets. From now on I will not sound my horn needlessly." Recent statistics indicate that traffic noise in Luoyang has dropped from an average of 74 decibels in 1983 to 68 decibels. Wu has made it a rule to attend every conference in his city on environmental protection. He always attends the city's environmental bureau meetings held to commend model sanit• A lake in the botanical gardens. CHEN CHAOZHONG ation workers. He also visits their homes during Spring Festival each enterprises had to switch produc• covered that an investment in year. He allocated special funds to tion; last year the plan for the environmental protection actually build a dormitory for them after construction of 37 electroplating improved working and living he learnt that they were suffering factories was rescinded. conditions and increased produc• from a housing shortage. .A.nd his The "yellow dragon" dis• tion as well. office is always open to them. charged by the tractor factory was By investing 2.2 million yuan to a major environmental polluter. It upgrade the converter and con• contributed more than 1,000 tons quer the "yellow dragon," the Comprehensive Control of poisonous smoke and dust to tractor factory has also prolonged the city's atmosphere each year. In the converter's useful life, saved Luoyang's recent problems April 1984, the city government pig iron, produced more rolled stem from a failure to adhere to issued an order calling for the steel, and recovered refined ferric the overall plan developed by the "yellow dragon" to be conquered oxide powder. All this earned the city in the 1950s after it was by the end of 1985. factory 2.5 million yuan — designated by the state as a key enough to recoup its entire city for urban construction. The factory went into action investment within a year. During the "cultural revo• immediately. After some research, Luoyang has also introduced lution." some enterprises ignored the converter technology was other protection measures: water- the plan and pollution intensified. upgraded and the gas-purifying treatment devices in the city's 40 Now, however, factories must equipment was improved. The hospitals, central heating in some meet deadlines for controlling dust content of the factory's dwellings to cut down on pollution pollution. If they fail, they must smoke in 1986 was within state- , caused by the burning of coal, either switch to making other permitted levels. - electric buses instead of diesel products or shut down. In 1985,44 The factory managers dis- buses on the main streets, and liquefied petroleum gas instead of An avenue downtown. coal as fuel. Luoyang's government has also tried to heighten its citizens' awareness of environmental pro• blems. In the past few years, it has sponsored two "environmental protection months," organized lectures on environmental sciences, edited and printed materials on environmental pro• tection, and produced TV pro• grammes on the subject. The Chinese government has named Luoyang a model city in pioneering environmental protec• tion, which has now become one of the nation's state policies. •

J.ANUARY 12. 1987 23 m ARTICLES

The Young: Similar Smiles, Different Manners A society's inner pulse usually becomes visible first in the behaviour of its young people. So it is in the differing life styles, social contacts, concepts, values and behaviours of the younger generations of Beijing and Shanghai that the unique features and personalities of the two cities are reflected.

by Yang Dongping, Dai Gang

ang Dongping pushed his way Beijing. One of the guests, Xu demonstrating their zeal and Yalong Nanjing Road, Xiaojun, 25, tapped him on the concern for the nation's present Shanghai's most crowded shopp• shoulder and said, "Hey, 'buddy,' and future. Yang saw in his ing street.When he reached the play the host of 'cutting,' O.K.?" friends' Kan Da Shan spiritual charming riverfront Bund, he "What? 'Cutting'?" Yang was Hnks with 1919's famous anti- turned to look back at the city's puzzled. "Yes, 'cutting the feudalist May 4th Movement and skyline, dominated by European- mountain' of course?" Waves of 1976's April 5th Movement, which style buildings that gleamed in the laughter echoed through the spelt the end for the "cultural chilly drizzle, and tried to call up warm, youthful atmosphere of the revolution." Today's young too the familiar feelings he usually had room. have done and will continue to do while walking along spacious "Cutting the Mountain" is a their share as "social pioneers." Changan Aveiiue in Beijing on a literal translation of Kan Da Shan, sunny October afternoon. But the a slang term popular among feelings obstinately failed to Beijing's young people. It actually Aromatic Nanjing Road return. Al last he had to admit that refers to a kind of voluble Beijing and Shanghai are indeed discursive harangue — the Beijing Last Spring Festival, Yang went two different cups of tea. equivalent of the college "bull to Shanghai, where he was invited The two cities look very session," but not limited to to dinner by Chang, an old friend different, and their people are students. "The mountain" is the who had just returned from his different, too. Yang, a former only English for Da Shan, hinting honeymoon journey to Beijing. "educated youth" (a term to the rich and uninhibited content of Chang's opinion of Beijing was describe urban students who were a free "seminar" of the kind. lukewarm: "Large as it is, it's too sent to rural areas during the Before Yang had had time to empty. The prices are terrible, and "cultural revolution" — Ed.) from recover from his confusion, Xu not enough convenient living Shanghai who now lives in Beijing Xiaojun had already delivered an facilities." Yang could not come has travelled back and forth out-and-out harangue punctuated up with a rejoinder. enough that he can compare some with expressions like "back• Looking around at Chang's of the differences that lie behind ground times," "psycho- bridal chamber, he saw an artfully the similarly smiling faces of his revolution," "transformative arranged "mini-palace." Though young friends in both cities. transition" and "macro-culture." only 12 square metres, its well- It is almost self-evident that He covered a wide range of topics designed and -finished modular Beijing, the thriving Chinese concerning China and its position furniture was bathed in the capital, and Shanghai, China's in the present world situation, dreamy light of a fine, unusual largest coastal metropolis, are the while the others interrupted him ceiling lamp, wall lamps, desk country's two greatest cultural time and again with their own lamp and floor lamp, while an centres. The former might be said voluble pros and cons. impressive collection of to reflect the "virile," "straight• Like Xu and his friends, many appliances — a colour TV set, a forward" culture of northern Beijing young people are experts refrigerator, a stereo sound system China, while the latter has a more at these sessions. Self-confidence and a wahing machine — occupied "sensuous" and exquisite style, is 100 percent and they are proud the rest of the space. characteristic of the culture south of it. They display a boundless Young people in Shanghai have of the Changjiang (Yangtze) interest in almost everything a strong desire to pursue the latest River. under the heaven and will share trends in life styles as much as they opinions with friends about any can. They know how to enjoy life Bull Sessions in Beijing subjects at any time. within the limits of their budgets. One day, Yang attended a get- Perhaps, Kan Da Shan is rooted Compared to their Beijing coun• together at a friend's home in in Beijing youth's tradition of terparts, they are more material-

24 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 istic, but no less artistic in their Beijing's young men on the other display their wit even when attitude towards life. hand are forthright and sincere quarrelling. "The Year of the Pig Shanghai is plagued by an even and look down on those who are is over! Why do you keep more critical housing shortage "stingy," "narrow-minded" or squeezing with your snouts?" a than Beijing. Therefore, many "fickle." The same holds for many young lady once said to someone would-be couples must work for a young women. standing behind her in the crowd. long time to realize their dream of At Shi Du, a scenic spot in the The man retorted: "It's now the a room of their own. Once a young hills outside Beijing, Zhen Hong, a Year of Dog! That's why there's so couple is allocated an apartment, handsome, talkative girl, casually much barking!" it is so precious to them that they shook hand with Yang. She told A fast pace is characteristic of may spend several thousand yuan him that she could not lolerate many Shanghai people: on buses, and years on arranging the space being passed on her bicycle by passengers just hold out their and furnishing it. Most the money young men. Once, after she cycled money to the conductor and call, must be saved out of their like mad to pass a couple of young "two sevens!" (two seven-cent incomes. men, she heard them shout from tickets) or "one four!" One quick Young Beijingers tend to be behind, "Buddy, you beat us!" She glance at the passenger's hand and more casual and not as particular was very proud of her victory. the conductor lean;, over and about their housing arrangements. Xu Fang, a slim, pretty 23-year hands out the tickets — wrapped When Yang thought about the old, with hair down to her in the change--while simulta• pains Chang had taken and how shoulders, is keen on music and neously taking the fares. much he had spent, he could not literature. Her character comes The spread of new words and help respecting his friend even through in her calm "manifesto of cKpressions is also surprisingly more. What was more. Chang had love": "To tell the truth. Where fast. Every time Yang returned to even managed to graduate from can we make our ovv n choice o>her Slianghai. he would liear new an evening college during the same than in love? If i don't marry the onci, especially abbreviations. time. person I love, isn't that loo unuiir For example. "New Con" stands The bride entertained the guest a treatment to myself.'" She has for the popular textbook. '".New with several inviting dishes full of fallen in love with a divorced Concept English" and also the colour, taste and smell. After the teacher who is more than 10 year courses based on it. dinner came Nestle's instant older than she is. Shanghai you.lh are quick to coffee and sweets. Yang, warm Young women in Beijing often respond to new things. Fashions and comfortable in his friends' look healthier and less artificial and taste turn over at incredible home, did not want to recall the than Shanghainese. After Yang speed. The latest fashion or style is duller food in Beijing. described Dia, a sort of coquett- no sooner seen in a nev»' movie or When Yang again found ishness, that he has often other source than it is seized upon, himself walking along under the perceived among Shanghai duplicated and appears on neon lights of Nanjing Road, all women, both Zhen and Xu Shanghai's streets. Nowadays the young faces around him expressed disdain for it. They do young people vie with others in seemed handsome or beautiful, not think it important for women fashions. They love to attract and their silhouettes looked to be good at housework or to attention and appreciation for fashionable and lovely. After a know how to keep themselves their fashionable wardrobes and busy day of work, Shanghai's looking good — they call them unusual behaviour, so, more and young women love to make "complete housewives!" And in more, newer and newer, fashions themselves up and go window- their vocabulary, that is a inevitably replace the older ones. derogatory term. shopping in the evenings. As they Sense of humour is a kind of passed him, Yang could smell the beauty, as is speed. Young elegant aroma of sophisticated Humour And Speed Beijingers ha\ also begun to gain perfume. "The breezes on Nanjing In China, Beijingers are well- a sense of efficiency. They favour Road are really aromatic," he known for their sense of humour. fashions from Shanghai and reflected. The local dialect has many slang Guangzhou. terms and colloquialisms that are Yang ended his impressionistic "Buddy, You Beat Us!" widely used in everyday life. comparisons of the two cities' Once when Yang was in a young people by concluding that Shrewd \oung people in densely packed bus, he heard a they could learn t>om each other. Shanghai really care about young man's strangled voice One important aspect of modern• material benefits, originality and shouting: "Hey, don't squeeze! Or ity is the ability to be open to all being in the spotlight, and hate lil end up flat as a picture!" things, and to be able to adopt those who are Ling Vc Qing People laughed and the tension what is healthy and discard what is (Shanghai dialect for dull-witted ). level dropped. Beijingers often not. •

.lAN'JARY 12. iyS7 2.S I

Electronic Exports Increase

p to December 20 China Usigned contracts for the export of US$440 million worth of electronic products (5.5 times more than in 1985) and exported USS113.35 million worth of electronic goods (a record rate of increase of 117.98 percent). In 1986 China exported whole sets of equipment valued at US$44 million over and above its traditional parts and components exports, (a 23-fold increase over 1981). Of the US$170 million worth of business concluded at the Chinese Export Commodities Fair in the autumn of 1986, 80 percent were from the export of whole pieces of equipment. Exports of televisions increased most rapidly. The Colour Television Factory of the Huafa Electronic Co. Ltd. in Shenzhen exported In 1986 China exported 196,300 85,000 colour TV sets In 1986 to Britain, the United States and Canada. sets, 181,300 more than planned. These televisions are going to the electronic goods in the 1960s. varieties and the improvement of British. US and Canadian mar• Since 1979 China has imported 22 technical skill and quality. Some kets, 3 million further sets have big and medium-sized projects for products have reached the world been ordered by foreign producing colour TV tubes, linear level. Chinese-made televisions businesses. integrated circuits, computers and work for an average 10,000 hours electronic parts and components. without breakdown. In addition, China also ex• As a result, it has speeded up the • ported production lines and development of new product by Wang Qiuping technology. In 1986 China exported to Southeast Asia, South Asia and America production lines for radio, tape-recorders, TV sets, electric fans, picture tubes and electron tubes and parts. It More Foreign Techinicians Work for China also concluded a contract with Pakistan to invest in electric fans ^^hinese modernization is being tralia, Italy, Holland, Spain, production, held business talks on supported by more and more Belgium, the Soviet Union and the exporting production lines for foreign economic and technical East European countries. black-and-white TV tubes, ferrite experts. In 1986 over 10,000 Some of them come to China and condensers. China also took foreign experts came to work in with their technology and equip• part in the bidding for 10 Chma, 20 times as many as in ment and some come to work as construction projects abroad and 1978. Most of these experts: 40 advisers, managers and techni• signed contracts on providing percent from Japan. The United cians in Sino-foreign joint ven• technology and labour services States, the Federal Republic of tures and co-operative enterprises. with Singapore, Japan and Hong Germany, Britain, and France are They work in all the 29 provinces, Kong. next, according to an official from the State Bureau in Charge of m.unicipalities and autonomous Of the 30 importers of the Foreign Experts. regions of the mainland. Chinese electronic products, eight Since 1978 an increasing imported more than US$1 million number of foreign experts have These experts have played their worth of electronic goods each in come to work in China, as has the role in developing energy, water, 1986, compared with three in number of their countries of farm and forestry resources. They 1981. I origin, 28 at the last count: have also contributed to the China began to export its Including New Zealand, Aus• communication and transport

26 BEI.IING REVIEW, NO. 2 facilities and various industrial The official of the foreign MongoHa to Hainan Island in fields. experts bureau said the experts' south China's Guangdong They helped the construction of co-operation with the Chinese has Province, several hundred large projects been important in modernization. The biggest car manufacturing between 1979 and 1985, including During the Seventh Five-Year enterprise in China, the company three chemical projects, four Plan period (1986-90) the number fulfilled its production targets for chemical fibre projects, four of foreign economic and technical 1986 on December 8. Its profit rate power plants, three harbours, two experts coming to China is due to from sales will be 3.5 percent and cement plants, two coal washing increase. the profit rate for shares will be 7.5 factories, a colour TV tube by Yao Jianguo percent. The company has not factory, a synthetic leather factory only made up the losses of its trial and an electrolytic aluminium production period, but has also factory. These projects have made profit. accelerated China's economic Dr. Martin Posth, deputy development and technical impro• Holland Imports general manager of the company, vement. Some foreign experts also has attributed its success to the 30 joined the construction of a Trichogen Cure modifications made to better suit number of key projects in 1986. he Holland Vialle Co. signed its vehicles to the Chinese Petroleum and seismic pros• Tan agreement in early De• highways, climate and the specific pecting experts from the United cember with the Woollen Fabrics demands. Dr. Posth said, the cars States, France and Japan helped & Sanlu Factory in Beijing for the and buses turned out by the Chinese scientific workers with purchase of US$50 million worth Chinese company are up to the their study of the geological of Dabao trichogen cure over the standards of the Volkswagen structure of Tarim and the next five years. The first batch is to Automofive Company of the Junggar basin in Xinjiang, the be delivered in March this year. Federal Republic of Germany and Qaidam basin in Qinghai Province Invented by Director Wu are better than the ones in Brazil, and Oerhtossu in Inner Mongolia. Mexico, Algeria and Nigeria. They helped in the discovery of Baobei of the Beijing factory, the The company has established nearly 1,000 areas of oil and gas. cure has proved effective in the repair garages in Beijing, Shan• The China National Shipbuild• treatment of baldness and won a silver prize at the 35th Brussels ghai, Tianjin and the capital cities ing Industrial Corporation im• of 26 provinces and autonomous ported a dozen or so technologies Eureka World Invention Fair late last year. regions. The company plans to and invited a group of foreign make 30,000 cars and 100.000 car experts to bring China's shipbuild• by Yao Jianguo engines in 1988 and 300,000 cars in ing industry up to world standard. 1990. • These experts also provided consulting services and helped improve management. A 12- member Japanese advisory group Volkswagen Finds invited by Tianjin Harbour Trade News in Brief authorities in April 1984 made A Ready Market some suggestions on renovating and developing the harbour. he Shanghai Volkswagen • The Taipingwan Power Station Following their suggestions the Automotive Co. Ltd., a joint on the Yalu River jointly built by work efficiency rose, the pressure T venture between China and the China and the Democratic on the harbour relaxed and the Federal Republic of Germany, has People's Republic of Korea services improved, creating a produced 12,000 Volkswagen started to supply electricity to much better basis for the further cars, top-class limousines and Korea by the end of 1986. The development of the harbour. travel buses since it went into station in the lower reaches of the Experts from the United States, operation in September 1985. All Yalu River has an installed Japan, Canada, Italy, the Federal the vehicles have been sold in generating capacity of 190,000 kw. Republic of Germany. Sweden China, and the company has The stafion has four generating and Belgium have lectured at more received orders for 3,000 cars for sets, two for the Chinese side and than 10 management training this year. Its products can be seen two for Korea. The construction centres in Dalian, Tianjin, Beijing from the Tibet Plateau in the of the station started in October and Chengdu and have helped southwest to the Wusuli River in 1982. The generating sets for the train about 10,000 directors, the northeast and from the Chinese side have gone into managers and technicians. grasslands in north China's Inner operation.

JANUARY 12. 1987 27 I CULTURE/SCIENCE

The Forbidden City on Screen

he Forbidden City, completed view, we sec six large halls at the precious objects in it. and listening T in 1420, is one of the most heart of the design, where the : to ancient court music, filmgoers magnificent of imperial palaces. emperors used to deal with state may feel they are residents of the Twenty-four Chinese emperors affairs and where the imperial j Forbidden City themselves. and their lamiiics lived there. A family lived. Around them are The film also focuses on one of state nuiscLim since Oclobcr 1925, arranged many auxiliary build• I the three beautiful palace gardens, It now atiracts 10 miliuri visitors a ings. This design suggests the i Its trees, dowers, small bridges. year. might and unparalleled power of ' pavilions and natural landscape in In order to .•n;ikc die palace the emperors. The rooms and ' the four seasons are all ver\ better kmnvn. t'le Ccntnil News- gla/ed roofs are in different styles striking. reel 'ina L) 'lancntarx Film and colours lo show the rank of Two parts portray the lives of Studio has spi-nt three years their occupants. The paintings on two emperors of the Qing Dynastv making The f'/'hukL-H Cily. a the eaves, beams and ceilings also \, Kangxi and Qian- doi.amientaiy iiim in '8 parts indicate the identity of their ; long. Kangxi, of Manchu nation- I ality from northeast China, was crowned in 1662. During his 61- year reign, he put down a number \f rebellions and I'orced Russian invaders to sign a peace treaty with I China, thus safeguarding the Chinese border, and . bringing peace and unity to the empire. Emperor Kangxi was a hardwor• king man who read books on mathematics, astronomy, physics and other sciences. He also tried to : persuade scholars to write and compile books. Tour lo the South. a well-preserved work on a long scroll, details his contribution to ; the history of China.

Emperor Qianlong came to power in 1 736. In the early part of I his reign.. Qianlong was a good I emperor, guiding the country forward. However, that did not The Emperor's study in the Palace IVIuseum. last long. He began to squander money and also discriminated against intellectuals, which led to a totalling 6 hours and 40 minutes. owners and the time they were reign of terror and political It vividly portrays the history of built. The horizontal boards corruption that lasted for a the palace, its treasures and inscribed with graceful calli• ' century. cultural relics, and the lives of its graphy, and the ornaments on the One of the most attractive parts royal residents. It also relates how emperor's thrones, also suggest of the film is the 30-minute the emperors governed the the ruler's absolute power. account of the emperors' wedding country, what their wedding and ceremonies and birthday celebr• funeral ceremonies were like, the The Hall of the Golden Throne, ations, together with details of the origins of various precious (Jinluandian) at the palace's imperial bedrooms, how and what objects, etc. centre is where the emperor held they ate, how they got dressed, and The Palace Architecture. The his inauguration ceremony, his how they amused themselves. first part of the film describes how wedding ceremony, and celebra• Artistic Treasures: The owners the Ming Emperor Yongle tions to mark his birthdays, the of the Forbidden City amassed designed his palace 580 years ago new year and the winter solstice. great quantities of precious in 1406, placing it at the centre This hall is exceptionally brilliant. objects from each dynasty. point of Beijing. From a bird's-eye Viewing its architecture and the Although a lot of them were lost

2X BEIJING RF.VIEW, NO 2 before liberation, the palace is still Kind and Wise Women and The blocks are shown, as are the works one of the largest and most Goddess of Luoshui River by Gu and handwriting of some out• marvellous museums in the world. Kaizhi of the 4th century, and the standing calligraphers; the four Episodes 9 to 17 of the series are famous Song painting River-Side , treasures of the study — writing about the most important of these Scene on the Qingming Festival brushes, ink sticks, ink slabs and precious objects, displayed in the about the lives of people of paper used by emperors; and some order of their dynasties. The different social status by Zhang of the tributes paid by local earliest coloured pottery can be Zeduan from the 12th century. governments, minority nation• traced back 6,000 years. One Pottery and porcelain come alities and foreign countries. marble bowl, inlaid with gold from the New Stone Age to the The film gives an account of the threads, for instance, has 180 red late 19th century. Many pieces historical changes that took place gems on it. it was used by have never been shown to the inside the court, and the process Qianlong on state occasions. public before. by which it became one of the Another marble bowl is engraved largest and richest museums in the Many exquisite clocks and with a beautiful courtyard scene. world, niredni- Ying Xiaoying watches were brought into the Bronze ware includes various and her colleagues, with the help court in the 17th and 18th types of tools, weapons, cooking ol'experts and museum staff, have centuries, most of them made in utensils, tableware and musical collected together a vast amount France and Britain. instruments from the Bronze Age of little known information and (21st century to 5th century BC). The costumes, ornaments and put it all on screen. For those who These objects have various daily necessities of the emperors have never been to the museum inscriptions on tliem. and empresses are all priceless and vs ho knows little about it, the treasures. The inscriptions on film will be of absorbing interest. Painting is represented by a bones, tortoise shells, bronze | The film is dubbed in English. number of masterpieces, including objects and drum-shaped stone French and Spanish. •

Ups and Downs in China's 1986 Sports

or Chinese sports fanatics and Korea finished a close second with new synthetic track and some Fofficials China's sports in 1986 93 golds. Traditional Asian .sports gymnasiums. weie as much something to pride giant Japan landed a lowly third Last year's other sports upon as something to worry with 58. triumphs for the country were about. almost all reaped in by its women China had to overcome, apart Most significant on China's athletes who piled fortune upon from a sometime partial referee- sports calendar for the past year fame on international as well as ing, the vacancy they left in five of was the 10th Asian Games which home arenas. the 25 events where a total of 40 were not to prove anything like a Gao Min scored an all-time gold medals in bowling, tac- routine quadrennial event. high of 582.90 points to win the kwondo, equestrian, boxing and The 16-day tournament com• women's springboard diving while field hockey almost proved the manded the attention from more Chen Lin took the platform title at undoing to derail the Chinese than half the Chinese population, the Fifth World Swimming from the track of defending their turning them into regular TV Championships in Madrid. Asian championship. viewers, radio listeners and The Chinese women spikers, in newspaper browsers. Fresh from the Seoul Asiad, the absence of their "iron Yet the keen attention was China is now bending itself on hammer" Lang Ping, pulled away rather paid to how China did not preparations for the next games a straight victory at the lOth lose than to how China won in slated for 1990 in Beijing. World Women's Volleyball Seoul. South Korea. Championship for a fifth consecu• However, China managed 94 Work is in full swing to build tive win at world-class tourna• gold medals to retain its position new facilities and modernize the ments of the Olympics, world cup as the number one sports power on existing ones needed for the 11th and world championship. the continent that it won at the Asian Games, including a new- Two of the Chinese women race previous Asiad. while South velodrome, a new natatorium, a walkers rewrote the world best

.lANUARY 1.:, is'ST 29 • CULTURE/SCIENCE time of their speciality three times slated for next February. qiang won a world championship in 1986, all on track. Li Sujie The transfer of a footballer title at last year's world weightlift• walked off with a women's 5,000- from China to the Netherlands not ing championship for a second metre world best of 21 minutes only created a historical first in the world title since 1979. 34.37 seconds. country but also opened the door The machinery of Chinese Guan Ping sliced 7.87 seconds for more Chinese booters to play sports in the past year also off Li's mark for another world in foreign clubs in the future. experienced grinding halts due to a best time of 21:26.50 in the 5,000- Xie Yuxin, a promising talent lack of new grease in some sports. metre walk and she soon clocked a from south China who made his China's women volleyball team, world best of 44:42.2 for the successful debut at the First FIFA though reigning world champion, women's 10,000 metres. Under-16 World Soccer Tourna• topped the agenda of recruiting Woman judoist Gao Fenglian ment in 1985, has been contracted new blood in the wake of several made fame for China as she won to play in a Dutch second division retirements including pillar spiker the 72-kilogramme and over class club starting next February Lang Ping and playmaking setter title at the Fourth World instead of sticking around the Yang Xilan. Women's Judo Championships Chinese national squad. Sports officials and talent and thus became the first Chinese China thus started promoting scouts, therefore, turned to two world champion in this oriental its own soccer through exporting national sports meets in 1986, one sport. footballers to soccer-orientated for high school students and the The Chinese women shuttlers countries. China also scheduled a other for college students. once again proved their flair and training tour for its national form in the sport by retaining the eleven to the world famous soccer Boxing and golfing were revived Uber Cup — top honour for world nation of Brazil this January. in preparation for the 1990 Asian team badminton, and the indi• Games though for the time being vidual prizes in the world cup and The Chinese men shuttlers re• only dwellers in Shanghai, Guang• the grand prix final, both through captured the Thomas Cup for the zhou and Beijing can benefit the Li Lingwei. world badminton team champion• rings and links available there. ship after edging their arch rival The three-decade ban on boxing Only four years after taking to the Indonesians 3-2 in Jakarta. was lifted last year, but amateur competitive soccer playing, the He Zhuoqiang snatched a world boxers have been practising in Chinese women's eleven scored 23 record lift of 116 kilogrammes for quite a few cities and competed goals and yet to concede one to the 52-kg category at the 12th unofficially on different occasions win the Sixth Asian Women's World Junior Weightlifting for the last few years. • Soccer Championship. Championships while He Ying- by Yi Gaochao The Chinese swimmers, men and women alike, made big headway in the water after scientific training with the help of foreign coaches, especially of Klaus Rudolph of the German Democratic Republic. They snatched 10 of the 29 Beijing Review Siifsc^iiVe 9/ I swimming gold medals on offer in aim Please enter my subcription to Beijing Subscription Rates the Seoul Asiad and this was the Review for ycur(s). Country 1 year 2 yeats 3 yeafs biggest slash from traditional I enclose— in payment thereof. Asian swimming powerhouse Name USA (USS) 22 37 52

Japan in the Asiad swimming England |£) 12 22 30 pool. Rest of Europe |US$1 16 27 37 Job iiile

But on the table the oneupman- Austialia (AS) 22 37 52 ship of the Chinese paddlers was Address NEW Zealand |NZS) 30 52 72 challenged by South Koreans in Canatja (csi 21 36 50 the defeat of both men's and women's table tennis teams in the Swtizeiland (SF| 45 77 108 Asian games. W Geimany |0M| 50 90 125 Country Although the Chinese avenged Auslna ISchl 330 500 780 their defeat at the following Asian Italy (Lite) 29,000 49,000 68,000 Table Tennis Championships with Please mail this form, together with your payment, to your local dealer or either of the following a clean sweep, they are still far addresses. • Ct'iia Ir.ieFP^i.oiidl fjo^k iiadiiig Coipuiaiiijti (CuOf Sliudiiini F P Bo> 399 Bt:)irg, Ch nii, • M-inayemeni from certain about the 39th World DE'parirppn! Be:iing Re^^'PiA ?4 BaiA^n/hu^ng Road BR ;ing ZVm'c. Reacp's m Chma ndy subscribe in Beijing RUV.E'A'local iin!:ial officBs Table Tennis Championships

30 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2 •TOURISM

Visitors Increased in 1986 More Young People From January to October, there were 450,000 foreign visitors According to the State General groups entering China. This is a drop under 30, an increase of 40.2 Admimstration for Travel and of 3 percent over the same period of percent over the same period of Tourism, 20.52 million travellers 1985, from 17.5 to 14.5 percent. 1985. There were 473,000 tourists entered China from January to As internal transport and ac• aged from 31 to 50, an increase of November 1986, an increase of commodations improve, and entry 2.4 percent over the preceding 26.4 percent over the correspond• procedures are simplified, experts year, while tourists over 51 ing period in 1985. predict that the number of individual numbered 335,000, a drop of 12.4 travellers will continue to increase in percent. Visitors to China, 1986 the future.

Nationality Number Growth rate over No Tip in China (million) 1985 (%) Foreigners 1.38 7.4 Recently, the State General Overseas Chinese and compatriots Administration For Travel and from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan 19.137 28.1 Tourism issued a circular that no tips are allowed to be accepted from visitors in any form. The circular said that all the The foreign exchange income More Foreign Businessmen travel and tourist branches should gained was about US$1.1 billion, an state the regulation to all the increase of 13 percent over the same foreign visitors before tourist period in 1985. groups enter China. We refuse any tips. China is one of the few Han Kehua. head of the State Of the foreign visitors from countries in the world where General Administrations for Travel January to November, 186.000 people do not accept tips. and Tourism, said that since 1985, the were businessmen, an increase of world tourist trade has been slowing 47 percent over the corresponding down due to the depression, terrorism period of the preceding year. The and the abnormal weather all around proportion of businessmen in the Tailpiece the globe. However, the situation of total went up from 12.3 percent to China's tourist trade is most 17 percent. The number of • In recent years, China Intern• encouraging, as more tourists come to travellers in the fields of science ational Travel Service, Hainan China. and technology, culture and Branch and Zhanjiang Branch, education, sports and health, rose have jointly developed the Nanhai More Individual Tourists to 185,000. an increase of 13.6 submarine park. More than 10 percent, leaving the non-specialist submarine tourist spots have From January to October, there travellers at 260,000, a decrease of already been set up on Fangji were only 2.7 million tourists in 6.1 percent. Island in Dianbai County, on Naozhou Island in Zhanjiang city and on Sanyawan on the South Nationality Number Growth rate over China Sea. Some foreign tourist (thousand) 1985 (Jan.-Nov.) groups have already visited them. Not long ago, six foreign tourist American 276 21.3 groups agreed to visit in 1987. Citizen of the Federal Republic • To serve the older traveller, of Germany 46 12.6 Guangzhou's Travel and Tourist British 74 11.5 Company has established a tourist Thai 37 40.6 department for the old. Special Russian 18 13.1 care will be given to the choice of Japanese 449 1.2 route, entertainment and the Italian 15 -17.8 accommodation. Philippine 49 -8.5 • A hotel is being built in China's Australian 68 -7.1 Xian City in the style of the Tang Canadian 38 15.4. Dynasty (608-917). The project is expected to be completed in 1990.

.lANUARY 12. 1987 .^1 •i BOOKS

'Mao Zedong' — Biography, Assessment, Reminiscences —Compiled by Zhong Wenxian First Edition (1986)

n English acquaintance of read (p. 14): "In 1966, due to his Amine said to me recently, inaccurate appraisal of the "What Mao did was all right, and domestic and international situ• what Deng is now doing is also all ation, Mao Zedong started the right." This reflects the concern of 'cultural revolution,' which foreign friends who feel involved became an unbridled political with China to square the present turmoil far exceeding his expect• with the past. How indeed are we ations and control." What was to assess Mao Zedong, and Mao's own assessment of the reconcile present policies with the 'cultural revolution?' Deng legacy of Mao? Is there in fact any Xiaoping tells us in his central contradiction between them? This article: "In the last couple of years new book. Mao Zedong, published before Chairman Mao's death he by the Foreign Languages Press, said that the 'cultural revolution' Beijing, attempts to answer these had been wrong on two counts: questions. Included is a chapter by one was 'overthrowing every• Deng Xiaoping "On Mao Zedong thing,' and the other was waging a Thought" in which" he agrees that 'full-scale civil war.' These two "If we don't make an appropriate counts show that the 'cultural evaluation of Comrade Mao's revolution' cannot be called merits and demerits, the old correct. Chairman Mao's mistake workers will not feel satisfied." (p. was a pohtical one, and not a small The English edition of'lVlao Zedong — 93) one." (p. 92) Biography, Assessment, Remini• In an interview with the Italian scences," published by Foreign Lan• The book contains a long guages Press, Beijing. autobiography by Mao himself journalist Oriana Fallaci in 1980, (over 50 pages) taken from Edgar Fallaci said to Deng, "We Zedong's later years." (p. 96) Snow's Red Star Over China, Westerners find a lot of things together with comments on Mao hard to understand. The gang of "In those years, Comrade Mao by Zhou Eniai, other comrades of four are blamed for all the faults. Zedong was in fact not so his. and by his surviving son Mao I'm told that when the Chinese consistent in his thinking as he had Anqing. It is not always talk about the gang of four, many been previously, and some of this appreciated that Mao lost five of them hold up five fingers." statements were mutually con• members of his family in the Deng replied: "We must make a tradictory. For instance, in course of the struggle, including clear distinction between the appraising the 'cultural revo• two wives and a son Mao Anying. nature of Chairman Mao's lution,' he said that its mistakes "Father particularly adored bro• mistakes and the crimes of Lin amounted to only 30 percent and ther Anying, who was a lieutenant Biao and the gang of four. For its achievements to 70 percent. in the Soviet Red Army much most of his life. Chairman Mao And when he referred to the 30 admired by Stalin and who was did very good things... (p. 90). percent of mistakes, he meant killed on the battlefield in Korea," And, in the 'cultural revolution,' "overthrowing all" and waging a writes Mao Anqing, (p. 229) Comrade Mao Zedong did not "full-scale civil war." How can Besides the biography and intend to overthrow all the veteran anyone reconcile that with the reminiscences there is much by cadres.... In some instances, idea of 70 percent achievements?" way of assessment of Mao, and the persecutions had already been (p. 96) present review will concentrate on carried out by and the However, in a "Brief Bio• summarising this. gang of four, while in others they graphy" we learn that Mao also took place behind his back. This fought against Lin Biao ".. .and The "Cultural Revolution" notwithstanding, it must be said exposed and denounced the gang that the overthrow of a large of four," a fact not always In a "Brief Biography of Mao number of cadres was one of the recognized abroad. In a memoir, Zedong" by Zhong Wenxian, we biggest tragedies of Comrade Mao . chairman of the

BEIJING REVIEW, N(J, 2 China Association for Science and Technology, writes that when he accompanied a Chinese-American physicist. Dr. Yang, to see Mao in 1973: "After the fashion of the time I said unwittingly, 'I wish Chairman Mao eternal life.'" Chairman Mao gave me a serious look. "No one can have eternal life," he said, then, showing concern, asked me, "Did you suffer much in the 'cultural revolution?'" (p.212).

Mao Zedong Thought

What then of Mao Zedong Thought now and in the future? Deng again: "The Party educated an entire generation in Mao Zedong Thought, and that is what enabled us to win the revolution• Mao Zedong at conference of the Central People's Government in 1950 (from the ary war and found the People's book). Republic of China. The 'cultural Still, it is Chairman Mao who ventures. But the iiecessary revolution' was really a gross should be held primarily respo• conditions were not present, error. However, our Party was nsible for the Great Leap because at the lime an emba:'-go able... to put an end to the Forward. But it didn't take him was being imposed on vlima. And 'cultural revolution' and it has long—just a few months — to later, the gang of four branded any continued to advance ever since. recognize his mistake, and he did attempt at economic relations Who achieved all this? Is it not the so before the rest of us and with other countries as 'worshipp• generation educated in Mao proposed corrections. And in ing things foreign and fawning on Zedong Thought? (p. 95) That is 1962... he made a self-criticism. foreigners' ... and sealed Cl'.ina why we will always keep But the lessons were not fully off from the outside world. Chairman Mao's portrait on drawn, and as a result the 'cultural Comrade Mao Zedong's strategic Tiananmen Gate. revolution' erupted, (p. 92) When idea of differentiating the three Deng Xiaoping recently criti• we talk about mistakes we should worlds opened up a road for us. cized himself in an interview with not speak only of Comrade Mao, We have gone on opposing the CBS TV network for not for many other leading comrades imperialism, hegemonism, coloni• opposing the Great Leap For• in the Central Committee made alism and racism... After .several ward. His answer to a question put mistakes too. Criticism of mis• years of effort, we have secured to him by Fallaci in his 1980 takes is necessary but it must be international conditions that are interview is of interest here. appropriate. Criticizing Comrade far better than before; they enable Question: "Wasn't the Great Leap Mao's personal mistakes alone us to make use of capital from Forward a mistake? Wasn't will not solve problems.... It is no foreign countries and of their copying the Soviet model a exaggeration to say that were it advanced technology and expe• mistake? How far back should the not for Chairman Mao there rience in business management. past mistakes be traced? And what would be no New China. Mao These conditions did not exist in did Chairman Mao really want Zedong Thought has nurtured our Comrade Mao Zedong's life• with the 'cultural revolution?' whole generation. Without Mao time." (p. 87) Answer: "Mistakes began to occur Zedong Thought the Communist "If we were never supposed to in the late fifties — the Great Leap Party of China would not exist do anything that Comrade Mao Forward, for instance. But that today, and that is no exaggeration hadn't suggested, we could never wasn't solely Chairman Mao's either. have decided on our present fault either. The people around And what would Mao have to course of action... .The objective him got carried away too. We say about present policies? "While of the four modernizations was acted in dirpct contravention of Comrade Mao was still living... defined by Comrade Mao Zedong objective laws, attempting to we wanted... to absorb foreign and proclaimed by Comrade Zhou boost the economy all at once. capital and Aindertake joint Enlai.... In many respects we are

.lANl.'ARY 12. 1987 BOOKS I

deling things Comrade Mao scientific system formed by these mulated the strategy of different• suggested but failed to do tenets, (p. 88) iating the three worlds and himself." (p. 95) personally ushered in a new stage "Theory must be tested in in Sino-American and Sino- practice, this is what we are talking Japanese relations. By so doing he about A few individuals think created new conditions for the "Seek Truth From Facts" otherwise. Either they openly development of the worldwide oppose the basic tenets of Having said all this, what struggle aginst hegemonism and Marxism-Leninism, or else they exactly do we mean by Mao for the future of world politics." uphold Marxism-Leninism in Zedong Thought? "It is not right (Deng, p. 89) word only... while in deed to say that Mao Zedong Thought opposing Mao Zedong is a development of Marxism- It seems then that Mao is safe, Leninism in all its aspects or that it Thought... We must oppose these but that the application of his represents a new stage of erroneous trends of thought... ideas is essentially confined to Marxism." (p. 94) Comrade Mao Finally, what of the intern• China or countries having similar Zedong wrote a four-word motto ational significance of Mao? conditions. for the Central Party School in "From the international point On a different note, my own Yanan: 'Seek truth from facts.' of view, Mao Zedong Thought is favourite quotation is from "Two These four words are the inseparably linked with the Talks on Philosophy" in which quintessence of Mao Zedong struggle against hegemonism; and Mao is discussing the future of the Thought— "Marx and Lenin the practice of hegemonism under world in the longer term. "The never mentioned the encirclement the banner of socialism is a most Earth had birth, so it must die.... of the cities from the obvious betrayal of socialist The extinction of mankind and the Earth is different from the 'end of the world' preached in Christian churches. We predict that after the extinction of mankind and the Earth, more progressive things will replace mankind, that is, a higher stage of development." Coming nearer home again: "Marxism also has its emergence, development and extinction. This may sound strange, but since Marxism holds that everything born must die, why shouldn't this apply to Marxism itself? It is metaphysics to deny its extinction. Of course, more progressive things will replace it." (p. 211) It is interesting that a national society for the study of the philosophical ideas of Mao Zedong was founded in Chengdu, Sichuan Province in last October Mao Zedong with his second son Mao Anqing (far ieft) and daughter-in-law Shao Hua by the Philosophy Research (second from right) and others in 1962 (from the book). Institute, the Philosophy Depart• ment of Beijing University and principles on the part of a Marxist- countryside — a strategic prin• Central Party School. ciple that had not been formulated Leninist party after it has come to anywhere in the world in their power." (Deng p. 89) "From the This volume, which includes 70 lifetime. Nonetheless, Comrade late 1950s. he (Mao) led the CPC photos of Mao, is a thoroughly Mao Zedong pointed it out as the in a resolute fight against the good read, and of inestimable specific road for the revolution in leaders of the CPSU, who pursued value to well-wishers in the China's concrete conditions." (p. great-nation chauvinism and at• English-speaking world who may 86) "What we consistently take as tempted interference with and still be a little at sea on the our guide to action are the basic control of China." (Zhong p. 14) question of Mao Zedong and his tenets of Marxism-Leninism and " In the evening of his life thought. Mao Zedong Thought or... the Comrade Mao - Zedong for• by George Langstone

34 BEIJING REVIEW, NO. 2

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