Suan Sunandha Science and Technology Journal Editorial Board

Editor in Chief

Asst. Prof. Dr. Anat Thapinta

Associate Editors

Asst. Prof. Dr. Sirilak Namwong Dr. Tatsanawalai Utarasakul Asst. Prof. Dr. Yuttana Sudjaroen Dr. Sansanee Sansiribhan Dr. Narumon Boonman Mr. Dulyawit Prangchumpol Dr. Pantip Kayee Mrs. Kittiya Poonsilp Dr. Pratheep Meewattana Mr. Michael Cota

Assistant Editors

Dr. Serisa Pinkham Miss Nunyong Khamparat Dr. Rutanachai Thaiprathum Miss Patthama Hirunyophat Miss Kunya Bowornchokchai Miss Tidarat Sanphom Mr. Noppadon Chamchoi Software and Technical Support

Miss Charinthip Hirannukhrao Mrs. Lalisa Sahanawin Mr. Dulyawit Prangchumpol Mr. Michael Cota Mrs. Kittiya Poonsilp Editorial Liaisons

Miss Charinthip Hirannukhrao Mrs. Lalisa Sahanawin

The Suan Sunandha Science and Technology Journal (ISSN 2351-0889) is officially published semi-annually by the Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, 1 U-thong Nok Road, Dusit District, Bangkok 10300.

Printed by Podduang Enterprise Co., Ltd., Bangkok Thailand

Editorial Board

Asst. Prof. Dr. Kheamrutai Thamaphat Assoc. Prof. Dr. Thi Thanh Van Ngo Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Hanoi Water Resources University, Vietnam King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi Assoc. Prof. Dr. Chartchai Leenawong Prof. Dr. L. Lee Grismer Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Departmet of Biology, La Sierra University, USA Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang

Dr. Noppadon Kitana Assoc. Prof. Dr. Peraphon Sophatsathit Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Chulalongkorn University Assoc. Prof. Dr. Worasit Choochaiwattana Dr. Sittiruk Roytrakul Faculty of Information Technology, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Dhurakij Pundit University Biotechnology (BIOTEC) Prof. Dr. Somboon Tanasupawat Asst. Prof. Dr. Tosak Seelanan Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University Chulalongkorn University Prof. Dr. Vithaya Meevootisom Asst. Prof. Dr. Boon-ek Yingyongnarongkul Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University Ramkhamhaeng University Assoc. Prof. Nongluksna Sriubolmas Dr. Prasat Kittakoop School of Pharmacy, Eastern Asia University Chulabhorn Research Institute Asst. Prof. Dr. Suthep Wiyakrutta Dr. Naruebodee Srisang Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology Ladkrabang Mahidol University

Prof. Dr. Ruide Yu Dr. Warapong Tungittiplakorn Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Department of Agro-Industrial Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China Faculty of Applied Science, King Mongkut's University of Technology North Prof. Dr. Subhash C. Pandey Bangkok Editor-In-Chief, Journal of Environmental Research and Development, Bhopal Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noppawan Piaseu Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Benjaphorn Prapagdee Mahidol University Faculty of Environment and Resource Studies, Mahidol University Asst. Prof. Dr. Wararit Panichkitkosolkul Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty Asst. Prof. Dr. Srilert Chotpantarat Science and Technology, Thammasat University, Geology Department, Faculty of Science Rangsit Center Chulalongkorn University

SUAN SUNANDHA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Faculty of Science and Technology 1 U-thong Nok Road, Dusit District, Bangkok 10300 THAILAND

CONTENTS

Volume 1, Number 1 July 2014

Detection of Aflatoxin Producing Aspergillus flavus in Post-harvest Contaminated Vigna ungulculata Seeds Ajay Kumar Gautam______1-4

Sustainability: an Approach in Planning to Raise the Quality of Life Through Open Space Development Sonal Y. Khobragade______5-13

Interactive e-Learning System for Thalassemia: a Case of a University Hospital in Thailand Phanu Waraporn______15-19

Wild Elephant Conservation Using Sound Waves to Obstruct Them from Plantations: a Case Study at Kui Buri District, Thailand Pratheep Meewattana and Chollathorn Chammarnkid______21-24

Bird Diversity in Fruit Gardens in Bang Nang Li Sub-district, Amphawa District, Samut Songkram Province Nitinarth Charoenpokaraj______25-28

Detection of Aflatoxin Producing Aspergillus flavus in Post-harvest Contaminated Vigna ungulculata Seeds

Ajay Kumar Gautam

Department of Botany, Abhilashi Institute of Life Sciences, Mandi-175008 (H.P.) India.

Abstract: The present study was carried out with a specific objective to study post- harvest spoilage of Lobhiya (Vigna unguiculata) seeds contaminated with Aspergillus flavus. Infected seeds were collected and cultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) media, at 25±2 °C. Aspergillus flavus isolates were primarily characterized by its morphological and microscopic characteristics. Collected fungal isolates were also screened for their afaltoxigenic nature on preliminary basis and at molecular level. For preliminary screening, 5 mm disc of fungal culture was soaked with few drops of liquid ammonia. Color change from yellow pigment to plum-red with different intensities showed the mycotoxic nature of the fungus. DNA from fungal isolates was isolated and amplified using PCR with aflatoxin specific primers, apa-2, ver-1 and omt-1. Amplicons of 1032 bp, 895 bp and 596 bp were obtained in most of the isolates regardless of primer set used which was useful to differentiate between mycotoxic and nontoxic isolates of A. flavus. The isolation of aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus during post-harvest period of lobhiya seeds raise a serious concern over the quality of seeds and a threat to heath of consumers. It was concluded that Aspergillus flavus is responsible for postharvest spolilage of Lobhiya (Vigna unguiculata).

Keywords: Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.), post-harvest spoilage, Aspergillus flavus, aflatoxins.

Introduction Materials and Methods Lobhiya (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an edible legume plant and an important bean of The Lobhiya seeds showing typical symptoms family Fabaceae, cultivated globally for its of fungal association were collected from nutritive value and edible importance. The seeds different location of the Himachal Pradesh, a are pale-colored with prominent black spot, so North Indian state. About 30 samples were known as black eyed pea or bean. Nutritionally, collected from all the locations. To clarify this the lobhiya seeds are energy rich, having a very fungus, collected seed samples were carried to good concentration of carbohydrates, fats, laboratory and examined carefully. Infected seeds proteins, vitamins and essential micro and macro were observed under hand lenses and dissecting elements (Davis et al., 1991). microscope for morphological characteristics of In September - October 2013, local associated pathogen. With the help of sterilized agricultural fields of Himachal Pradesh were needle or spatula, yellowish green fungal surveyed for the post-harvest spoilage of Lobhiya pathogen was cultured aseptically on Potato seeds. A clear-cut yellowish green fungal Dextrose Agar (PDA) media, and incubated at infection was noticed on the seed surface. 25±2°C in darkness for 4-5 days. The fungus Therefore, the present study was conducted to grown on culture media was isolated consistently ascertain the strains of fungi isolated from post and characterized primarily by its morphological harvested seeds of V. unguiculata. Collected and microscopic characteristics. fungal isolates were also screened for their The mycotoxin producing potential of mycotoxic nature. collected isolates of Aspergillus flavus is

*Corresponding Author: [email protected] 1 Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______preliminarily carried out as per the method symptoms on Lobhiya seeds. Initially, the fungus described by Saito and Machida (1999). A 5mm appeared as yellowish-green on seeds surface that disc of fungal culture was soaked with few drops invaded healthy seeds later on (Fig.1 A-B). On of liquid ammonia and observe disc for the color PDA medium, colonies were yellowish-green, changed. entire margin with umbonate elevations, exudate The aflatoxin producing nature A. flavus absent, reverse colorless to yellow and moderate isolates was also studied at molecular level. DNA to rapid in growth. Mycelium white, branched, from fungal isolates was isolated following septate; conidiphore 600 to 800 µm in length, 15 CTAB method (Shapira et al., 1996; Konietzny to 20 µm in diameter, vesicle globose to and Geriner, 2003) and amplified using PCR with subglobose; conidia 20 to 45 µm in size, aflatoxin specific primers, apa-2, ver-1 and omt-1 yellowish green, smooth; phialides covering (Shapira et al., 1996; Konietzny and Geriner, nearly entire vesicle, biseriate primary and 2003). secondary phialides 7 to 10 µm in size, cleistothecia observed. On the basis of Results and Discussion morphological and cultural characteristics the fungus was identified as A. flavus (Fig. 1 C). Fungi namely Aspergillus flavus was consistently found associated to the described

Figure 1. Aspergillus flavus associated with Lobhiya (V. unguiculata) seeds. A-B. Infected seeds; C. Microscopic view of A. flavus.

After exposure of A. flavus isolates to liquid genomic DNA of A. flavus isolates with aflatoxin ammonia, color changed from yellow pigment to specific primers, apa-2, ver-1 and omt-1, ampli- plum-red with different intensities. This showed cons of 1032 bp, 895 bp and 596 bp respectively, the mycotoxic nature of the fungus at preliminary were obtained in most of the isolates regardless level. In continuation, upon amplification of of primer set used. The results were useful in

Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______determining the aflatoxigenic potential of A. mycotoxic and nontoxic isolates of A. flavus flavus and also to differentiate between (Figs. 2, 3).

Fig. 2. PCR amplification of genomic DNA of A. flavus strains primed by ver-1, with 895 bp amplification.

Figure 3. PCR amplification of genomic DNA of A. flavus strains primed by omt-1, with 596 bp amplification.

Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______

The findings of the present study showed that versity of Wisconsin - Madison, West Indies. the V. unguiculata seeds were heavily http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afm/cow contaminated by fungal species A. flavus, some pea.html (Last accessed 01.07. 2014). of the isolates being highly toxigenic in nature. Saito M. & S. Machida. 1999. A rapid identifica- However, the association of A. flavus with Vigna tion method for aflatoxin producing strains of unguiculata was reported earlier form South A. flavus and A. parasiticus by ammonia Africa (Kritzinger et al., 2003); West Africa vapor. Mycoscience 40: 205 -211. (Houssou et al., 2009), Nigeria (Fawole et al., Fawole O. B., O. Ahmed & O. S. Balogun. 2006. 2006), Egypt (Embaby et al., 2013) and even Pathogenicity and cell wall-degrading enzyme form India (Saad et al., 2008). activities of some fungal isolates from cowpea Since, aflatoxins are highly potent mycotoxins (Vigna unguiculata [L] Walp). Biokemistri 18 with immunosuppressive, carcinogenic and (1):45-51. mutagenic nature. Therefore, isolation of Houssou P. A., B. C. Ahohuendo, P. aflatoxigenic strains of A. flavus during post- Fandohan, K. Kpodo, D. J. Hounhouigan & harvest period of lobhiya seeds raise a serious M. Jakobsen. 2009. Natural infection of concern over the quality of seeds and a serious cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) by threat to heath of consumers. Such a toxigenic fungi and mycotoxin contamination contamination can be linked to harvest and in Benin, West Africa. J Stored Prod Res storage conditions associated with the tropical 45(1): 40-44. climate. Kritzinger Q, T. A. S. Aveling, W. F. O. Marasas, J. P. Rheeder, L. V. D. Westhuizen, Acknowledgement G. S. Shephard. 2003. Mycoflora and Fumini- sin mycotoxins associated with Cowpea The author thanks Head, Abhilashi Institute of [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] seeds. J Agri Life Sciences Mandi (H.P.) for providing lab Food Chem 51: 2188-2192. facilities and mycology and plant pathology Saad S, Raghunathan AN, Shetty HS (1988) Seed laboratory, Jiwaji University Gwalior (M.P.) for mycoflora of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) helping in molecular characterization. Walp) and their pathogenic importance. Seed Sci Technol 16: 541-548. References Embaby EM, R. Mohamed, A. A. Mosaad, O. Hassan & M. M. Asmaa. 2013. Occurrence of Davis D. W., E. A. Oelke, E. S. Oplinger, J. D. toxigenic fungi and mycotoxins in some Doll, C. V. Hanson & D. H. Putnam. 1991. legume seeds. J Agri Tech 9(1):151-164. Cowpea In alternative field crop manual. Uni-

Sustainability: an Approach in Planning to Raise the Quality of Life Through Open Space Development

Sonal Y. Khobragade

Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Pune Wellesely Road, Modern Engineering College Road Shivaji Nagar, Pune, Maharashtra, India 411005

Abstract: A presentation of the notion of sustainable development through the eye of a town planner, by elucidating how open space development would change the character of the city and augment towards harmony in the socio-environmental chords of sustainable development. It is an attempt to put forward awareness about the sustainability and environmental risk to ultimately reconcile ecological, social and economic factors of society. It is an attempt to reflect on socio-environmental dimension of the open space planning by addressing urban metamorphosis.

Keywords: Sustainability, Urban metamorphosis, Environmental risk, Diversity, Open space development, Quality of life, People’s participation

Introduction the excellent platform to reflect collective knowledge of these diversified groups. Moreover, Sustainability offers the judgment about this would help encouraging the exotic series of ability of mankind to protect and protract the panorama throughout the city in terms of social quality of life of future generation. Sustainable affairs, festivals, culture, art, architecture, visual development comprehends the growth which art forms, movies, technology. The people’s respects the limits to environmental resources; participation in the open space development maintains genetic diversity, and establishes execution would let them mark unlimited talent optimum use of energy. Sustainability is synchro- beyond a narrow privileged circle and from the nized with the basic principles of environmental widest possible base. law rendered by precaution, prevention, and remedy at source, along with use of the best Sustainability available technology. The research paper would present the notion of The World Commission on Environment and sustainable development through the eye of a Development of the United Nations in 1983 town planner. By elucidating how an open space defined sustainable development as: “paths of development would change the character of the progress which meet the needs and aspirations of city and augment towards harmony in the socio- the present generation, without compromising the environmental chords of sustainable develop- ability of future generations to meet their needs.” ment. It is an attempt to put forward the It is concurrent with the basic principles of awareness about the sustainability and environ- environmental law portraying precaution, mental risk to ultimately reconcile ecological, prevention, and remedy at source; polluter pays, social and economic factors of society. It is an along with use of the best available technology. attempt to reflect on socio-environmental In order to achieve a global goal of dimension of the open space planning by sustainability, contribution from every human addressing urban metamorphosis. being to nation is essential; meaning both macro The case study of one of the metropolitan city in level and micro level planning steps should be India, covered in research paper, would established. To achieve sustainability one should emphasize on the relation between diversified improvise the capacity of living state, by social fabric and opportunities that an open space adopting required changes, innovating techniques development offers to raise quality of life. India for survival and utilizing available resources is the land of people who embrace variety of wisely and efficiently. The focus of this research cultures, traditions, customs, and languages, paper is on the physical parameters of beliefs, values, festivals, dances, music, art, and development mainly open spaces and its relation even clothing. Open space development would be to sustainability. The case study of one of the

*Corresponding Author: [email protected] 5 Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______metropolitan city of India, ‘Pune’ has been socio-economic dimension of open space corridor carried out to evaluate the research assumption. development and contextualize it with the Urban form is the cause of urban meta- strength in disparity of social fabric. morphosis to great extent and vice-versa. The India is the second largest populated country swelled built-up areas mainly in the urban areas in the world. The land and water percentage i. e. of India are cramping open spaces in core areas. most basic natural resources are unevenly In order to face the challenges related to high distributed as far as geography is concerned. density, load on infrastructure, traffic congestion, Previously, development was based on the market demands, real estate, health hazards etc. settlement pattern, but the current scenario is city has to be planned. Open spaces are breathing more of a chaos, as the growth in the cities is spaces of cities. In order to make city breathe, it unbearably taking place. Increasing number of is important to clear up chocked arteries of the metropolitan cities and rise of megacities in city and develop it further to grasp increasing developing country like India indicates the population load. growth rate of population and need of basic infrastructure, services and amenities in urban Need of urban open spaces areas. Rural part of the country is still in the very backward stage and unaware of global growth India is expected to be the second largest and hesitant to move on because of ancestral manufacturing country in the next five years property. This gives fare idea of social character followed by the third ranked country Brazil, as of rural India. On the other hand, urban India is per Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Ltd (Deloitte). booming with technology, youth population, According to the Grant Thornton Global unemployment, pollution, unhygienic conditions, Dynamism Index, India is the fifth best country overly crowded city infrastructure and rushed in the world for dynamic growing business. life. This kind of lifestyle hardly offers one the However, the other side of the coin prospects the quality of life. People living in the cities mostly influx of population in mainly the metropolitan spend their time in travelling from one place to cities as well as the percentage increase in another for office work or in the offices. The population’s demands; essentially in terms of influx of Information Technology has increased infrastructure, housing and amenities. This the migration of youth from all over India to indicates the definite rise on the burden on metro and mega cities of India. Pune is ranked services like water, power and solid waste the seventh metro city in India with population of disposal over and above industrial waste 3,115,431, as per provisional reports of Census disposal, and pollution management. Therefore, India. Although Pune city has population of management of housing shortage along with 3,115,431; its urban population is 5,049,968, severely stressed existing basic amenities like which includes Dehu, Dehu Road, Kirkee, Pimpri open space, one of the few existing basic and Chinchwad, and Pune. This city faces amenities, would be the foremost challenge for scarcity of open spaces, making it more and more planners. Considerably, one might speculate the compact and uncomfortable to live in. The need for open space in moderating and relaxing number of increasing vehicles in the city has the load on urban morphology; as open space reached up to 7000 vehicles/month, since the development brings about the development of year 2002. Due to constant increase in floating society with respect to enhancement of social and immigrant population, the air pollution has network and community interaction. So far, job reach to maximum extent in the city and is now opportunities in metropolitan cities is the major choking the metropolis in its own vehicular platform for people to communicate and exhaust. At present, average air pollution levels cooperate with each other, which signifies the in the city are rising to alarming concentrations influx of diversified inhabitants in terms of the contributed by 40 % vehicular pollution and toxic advancement towards dynamic, exotic, in unison, waste. and balanced social environment. Social fabric is one of the significant backbones of historical Introduction to study area and human settlement that governs the developmental formulated methodology pattern worldwide. Hence, in true sense, open spaces would be the breathing spaces which Pune, being the eighth metropolitan city has could help balancing the social environment for its own distinct identity and urban character. urban fabric. Thus it is an attempt to address the With the passage of time, rapid natural growth of

Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______population and influx of migrants and activity significant path to achieve sustainable urban open had overtaken physical development and physical spaces in Pune. growth of the city. Urbanization is a serious In addition to this, the classification of open threat on urban open spaces. People’s social and spaces, their ownership, physiographic study, cultural behavior calls for developed open spaces land cover, land price, soil quality, vegetation with adequate facilities and infrastructure, and quality, land character, environmental threats, providing for recreational demands requires an multiple suggestions by environmentalists and open space system to suit the needs of various civic groups gave the current scenario of open population groups. To provide opportunity for spaces with reference to other predominant land active and passive recreation, open space uses in the city. Identifying the percentage of the planning is required. It is therefore necessary to open space and its class/category helped in conduct a careful study of the existing open analyzing quantitative as well as qualitative spaces in terms of their types, their development scenario in each ward of the city. or degradation over the period of time and their effectiveness in contributing to the social, Observations, Identified Issues environmental and economic needs of the city. Major change was detected in the vacant land use As per secondary data, from the Pune category and significant change in agricultural Municipal Corporation (PMC), only 0.1Ha/l000 and commercial use in last few years. Land use is population area exists for gardens and parks. As the indirect reflection of land values, as the price per the planning standards, required area should in the fringe areas is much lower than the areas be 0.2Ha/1000 population. Area under play- near central areas of the city. Presently, the ground in PMC is only 0.02Ha/l000 population, increasing shift in the land values of urban fringe where as in standards it should be 0.4Ha/ of Pune is identified, due to great demand. Also, l000Population. This shows the scarcity of analysis of existing land use pattern shows that gardens and playgrounds in Pune. The 1987 the percentage of total land area allotted for development Plan had reserved 70 hectares of recreation is insufficient to cater to the demands land in various parts of the city for playgrounds. of growing population. Open spaces at the However, till date, the PMC has acquired only peripheral area of the Pune city offers 3.5 hectare of it (Sunday Times of India, Pune, 7 opportunities as being developed as recreational October 2012). From the above information, a spaces. Pune city is dotted with several plots of vast difference can be analyzed in demand and natural beauty, historical importance and supply. In the quantitative analysis it is observed religious significance. Encroachment of open that many of the gardens are below 0.5 Ha areas, spaces is the main issue observed in Pune. Illegal, which are not satisfying the need of all age haphazard occupied open spaces are destroying groups, so a continuous large area or connected the scenic beauty of hilly areas. This is open space is required to serve all age group’s transforming the open spaces into hub of illegal need. The development of Mutha riverfront and activities. So the safety of open spaces has projects related to hill encroachment are still on become the significant issue. Some open spaces paper. Poor implementation of development plan are still unnoticed and some of them are due to financial and administrative constraints are experiencing impacts of uncontrolled visitors. some issues observed in Pune. With the changing The relentless trend of building development and time, health conscious generation demands for the absence of enforcement of building jogger’s parks, technological advancement in regulations the city is headed towards taking the facilities and infrastructure. Poor maintenance of shape of a concrete jungle, affecting mass of infrastructure, disorganized places, inadequate open spaces. For sustainable existence of the city, landscape furniture, and play-equipment in park planning of open spaces as a spearhead of urban are some major problems. Also hawkers and planning is a must. In the existing physiographic beggars infest parks. No organized space is setup, to promote open space management planned for hawkers near parks. The vehicular system, an integrated planning for organized traffic has tremendously increased in Pune city open spaces is required. but comparatively parking facilities are Hence taking these factors into consideration, inadequate. So that people visiting garden, tend methodology is derived; which would clarify the to park their vehicle on roadsides, which ultimately results in congestion.

Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______

Figure1. Methodology- an approach.

Open space: definition, categories, recreational, cultural, utility open spaces. Further hierarchy and activities classification hence includes: Agricultural lands, mines and quarries, In order to understand the role of open space borrow pits, forest area, watershed areas, development in sustainability, it is important to significant geological features like river beds, first understand open space, its categories, hier- streams, etc. as natural open spaces. Civic spaces, archy, and functions. The open space has been incidental open spaces, amenity green spaces as defined as an essential part of the urban heritage, urban open spaces, parks and playgrounds as a strong element in the architectural and aesthetic recreational open spaces. Historic sites, form of a city, plays an important educational archeological preservation sites as cultural open role, ecologically significant, important for social spaces. Circulation and utility corridors, reserved interaction and community fostering, supportive open spaces for water lines, drains, power lines, of economic objectives and activities, helps in garbage disposal areas as utility open spaces. reducing the inherent tension and conflict in All these categories are well dispersed in Pune deprived parts on urban areas, provides for the city and are serving or linked with different recreational and leisure needs of a community population catchment areas. Some are part of has an economic value in that of environmental colonies and societies, where distance and time enhancement (Council of Europe, 1986). In addi- threshold is well served while planning open tion to this, open space has been described from a spaces; while in some part of the cities, mostly user‘s point of view as being an arena that allows utility and recreational open spaces are for different types of activities encompassing encroached upon by temporary or permanent necessary, optional and social activities. (Geht, slums. So it does not ensure the purpose making 1987). people deprived of accessibility to these open Based on use or function of open spaces broad spaces. categories of open spaces could be natural, urban,

Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______

Figure 2. Pune: wards.

Legend:

River

Nala

Railway

Canal

Cantonment

Road

Garden

Hill

Figure 3. Pune: Existing open spaces.

Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______

Figure 4. Pune: Existing open spaces areas wise distribution.

Analysis maintenance of open spaces. To understand the type of open space people like to visit often, The survey data helped in understanding the activity performed and issues related to it, a existing hierarchy of open spaces and their ward priority ranking analysis was made. It has been wise distribution in the city. This further helped observed that most of the user groups prefer in calculating ward wise need of open space. visiting open spaces of regional and The survey was carried out in order to analyze neighborhood scale (each 31%), while about 14% quantitative and qualitative aspects of open people visit cluster/colony level open spaces for spaces and to find out the user group, their various activities at different time of the week satisfaction of open spaces in Pune. Primary and day. These visitors include both males and survey suggests that about 99% people agree to females. According to different purposes open the need of open spaces and its development, out space was categorized and analyzed as per type, of which only 39% are ready to pay fees for the area, time, frequency.

Table 1. Existing and required area of gardens and playgrounds in Pune.

Existing (area in Ha) Required (area in Ha) Park 338.71 602.15 Playground 70.87 1204.30 Total 409.58 1806.45 Park/1000 population 0.10 0.2 Playground/1000 population 0.02 0.4

Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______

Figure 5. Rating and ranking of issues related to open spaces in Pune.

Figure 6. People preference to need of open spaces for various purposes.

Diversity: the strength of society beyond a narrow privileged circle and from the embraced through open spaces widest possible base.

Diversity derives innovation and creativity in Need of Strategies, Guidelines, society. Pune city’s culture revolves around and Proposals different ethnic groups. Embracing the diversity through social mobility would encourage Urban open spaces not only affect the development of society. Open space development townscape, but also provide ecological diversity would be the excellent platform to experiment and form essential structural and functional with. Social activities, festivals, concerts, art, elements to make cities and urban areas more exhibitions of diversified groups together would livable. They are one of the crucial elements of encourage the striking panorama throughout the all cities. Urban open spaces are also of vital city and definitely enhance the urban design of importance with regards to their relevance for the city. People from different background when healthy citizen, social wellbeing, economic given a platform would come together, share benefits and delivery of sustainable ideas which their knowledge, culture and would come up with enhances the quality of urban life. Pune city is a new and broad perspective to life. Open space dotted with several spots of natural beauty, development program has potential to showcase historical importance and religious significance. the creative talent from various ethnic groups. Maintaining the character, ambience and The instigation of such active and passive usability and also making it sustainable is the activities has potential to attract market, so it demand of time. Hence considering all above would generate employment opportunities for factors, proposals are suggested in terms of many. Also, generated funds could be used for suitability and stability, using primary and the maintenance of these public open spaces. secondary survey analysis. Broad proposals are Hence, this development program has the based on zonal characteristics and recommend- potential to change the face of the city by ations for specific strategies, methods for inclusive planning. Additionally, people’s conserving and managing the open spaces are participation in the open space development suggested. execution would let them tap unlimited talent

Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______

Local authority of Pune should plan to • To promote and facilitate opportunities to develop park and green spaces in each develop events. neighbourhood to make this city green, liveable • Promoting more "in the Park" type of and sustainable. Local authority should develop activities. urban open spaces in Indian context , which • Working with the Tourism Department to could range from the vacant spaces between develop strategies throughout the year. plots, wasteland along river banks, hilly areas, • Working in partnership with the different biodiversity parks, playgrounds, agricultural local community art groups. lands, civic open spaces, incidental open spaces, • Encouraging active and passive activities in archaeological preservation sites, historical sites, collaboration with governmental or non- garbage disposal areas, utility corridors. This governmental organizations in order to embrace physical entity of open space could be an diversity. expression of emptiness, chaos, entertainment, interaction etc. and could add to the sustainability II. Design & Inventory Solution Strategies as well as the image of the city. Theme parks, open space beautification projects, wilderness, • Highlighting recommendations for site up- biodiversity parks, use of biosphere reserve gradation and infrastructure improvements model and opportunistic model, public awareness • Identifying locations and program about environmental and economic benefits, opportunities for different seasonal activities. people’s participation in planning process, all (e.g. Circus at the riverfront) these ideas would help in sustaining the quality • Identifying locations and program as well as quantity of urban open spaces in the opportunities for various company employees to city. work for maintenance of open spaces. • Organizing adventure programs on the Physical Planning Strategies and seasonal basis, to promote open space Guidelines at the City Level development within city.

The amount of open spaces for active and III. Financial Sustainability passive recreation must be dependent upon the proposed or anticipated densities. Developed • Charging fees for using of the open spaces to urban open spaces should be located near support urban open space. institutional land uses like schools, temples, • Seeking out partnerships, alliances and churches, health centers, and cultural halls sponsorships. without disturbance by thorough traffic. • Developing volunteer programs (e.g. adopt- Pedestrian’s needs should be taken care of by a-park). providing adequate services, facilities along with • Actively seeking donations and establish maintaining ambience of the pathway. The endowment funds. pedestrian circulation areas should also be • Generating revenue from bookings, special provided with adequate street furniture like events, concession operations, lessons and lampposts, properly located dustbins, benches, programs, advertising, etc. paving, etc. along with seating spaces where so required. Directional signs, public safety, Conclusions interpretations for educating users should be increasingly well thought and adequately Urban morphology is molding the form of the provided. urban open spaces from activity spaces to interaction spaces and finally, as breathing Solution strategies for a sustainable open spaces. Strategies in terms of physical space management development, enhancement, public participation and response, financial management, design and I. Partnership / Program Solution inventory, integrated approach towards urban Strategies open spaces would give prospects about sustainability of urban open spaces. These • Identifying and prioritizing open spaces strategies would also assist for facing issues like based on location, size and usability sites within scarcity of organized urban open spaces, the City increased environmental hazards, and encroach-

Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______ment problems. A change in the demographic Geoghegan, J. 2001. The value of open spaces in composition of the society and impact of residential land use. Pergamon-Land Use technological development on the sustenance of Policy 19: 91-98. city are major dilemmas of the current time. Khobragade, S. Y. 2012. Planning for Open space development is the augmentation Sustainable Urban Open Space Corridor towards resolving such problems. Open spaces Development, Case Study of Pune. 61st NTCP truly is not just a physical entity; its development Congress proceedings, Ahmeda-bad. 528-535. is the way to bridge the gap between diversified Maruani , T. & I. Amit-Cohen. 2007. Open space groups. It is a step forward to sustainable planning models: A review of approaches and development. methods. Landscape and Urban Planning 81(1-2): 1-13. References Mertens, E. 1999. Bioclimate and city planning} open space planning. Atmos-pheric Broussard, S. R., C. Washington-Ottombre, B. K. Environment 33(24): 4115-4123. 2008. Attitudes toward policies to protect Shekhar, S. 2007. Changing Space of Pune – A open space: A comparative study of govern- GIS perspective. Paper Ref NO: MWF PN ment planning officials and the general public. 116-yr.2007-GIS@ development Map World Landscape and Urban Planning 86: 14–24. Forum, Hydera-bad, India. Cho, S.-H., N. C. Poudyal & R. K. Roberts. Sherer, P. M. 2006. The Benefits of Parks: Why 2007. Spatial analysis of the amenity value of America Needs More City Parks and Open green open space. Ecological Economics 66: Space. The Trust for Public Land, San 403-416. Francisco 12-20. Esbah, H, B. Deniz & E. A. Isolation trends of Thompson, C. W. 2002. Urban open space in the urban open spaces. ISPRS proceedings. 21st century. Landscape and Urban Planning http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/xxxvi/8- 60: 59–72. 27/esbah02.pdf. Van Dijk, T. & N. van der Wulp. 2010. Not in Francis, M. 1988. Negotiating between children my open space: Anatomy of neighbourhood and adult design values in open space activism in defense of land use conversion. projects. Design studies 9(2): 67-75. Landscape and Urban Planning 96(1): 19–28.

Interactive e-Learning system for Thalassemia: a Case of University Hospital in Thailand

Phanu Waraporn

Division of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University 1 U-thong Nok Road, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand

Abstract: Though most medical students are from top of the classes, it is no secret that gaining real-life work experience and advancing their careers require years of practical and hand-on experiences. To address the perceived skill and to bridge gaps, a first-hand solution is launched in the form of a prototype being developed that take a unique spin on e-Learning system with interactive content. The tool is tested with domain expert and various levels of medical students and their anonymity. The preliminary result is shown to be satisfactory for more coverage.

Keywords: e-Learning, Interactive Content, Prototype, Medical Studies, Anonymity

Introduction development of this prototype with emphasis on instructional design are (a) attention- arouse E-Learning not only support a richer but also curiosity and sustain interest; (b) relevance- make a more engaging educational experience than is tasks relevant to learner's needs and interests; (c) the normal classroom. In this context it is tailored confidence- build on success and gain self- to additionally build key competencies efficacy; and (d) satisfaction- provide extrinsic experienced, medical professionals need to and intrinsic rewards. This paper omits the progress in their careers. Unfortunately, the requirement elicitation, system development life subject contents are difficult to comprehend in cycle and other system related engineering today dynamic conditions. The traditional aspects of the software development process and Learning Management System (LMS) is being emphasized only on e-Learning methodology. complimented with the deployment of interactive content so that medical student level of 1.1.1 Instructional Design accomplishment is increased apart from personal faculty guidance and peer-to-peer and student-to- A nine-step model proposed by Gagne (1985) faculty discussion community. To name a few, help ensure effective learning. Those events of students may obtain practical experiences instruction include (a) Capturing learner’s through scenario-based learning, guidance from attention, (b) Informing learners of objectives, (c) general physician, an online discussion Stimulating recall of prior learning, (d) community and possibly volunteer mentors. As a Presenting the content, (e) Providing learning blended learning, especially the newly qualified guidance, (f) Eliciting performance, (g) doctors, this can assist them to gain more insights Assessing performance and (i) Enhancing to the topics in need as perceived by Goh and retention and transferring to job. Later, Kearsley Clapham (2014). Back and et al. (2014) further & Shneiderman (1999) offered the engagement complement this through his study finding that theory stating that student have to be engaged blended learning approach does improve teaching meaningfully in the activities related to learning in a problem-based learning environment in through interaction with others and worthwhile orthopedics. Therefore, interactive content as part tasks facilitated and enabled by technologies. of a blended learning is to help students rapidly Norman (2004) argued that by engaging in the gain the profession that will help enhance not course where fun and pleasure are elusive only their cases experience and their ability to concepts where there is no consensus (Monk et apply new skills thereby enhancing performance al., 2002). Thus, it is dependent on the context of and contributions. the subject and per Gibbs (2004) effectiveness in Based on methods surveyed, this paper designing devices and software so that they are presents four underlying concepts used in the more affective.

*Corresponding Author: [email protected] 15 Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______

1.1.2 Usability Principles designed and robust technology application will prove to be useful and usable for them. According to Constantine & Lockwood (1999), five aspects of usability to be considered 1.1.5 Support for Learners are learnability, the ability to remember, efficiency in use, reliability in use, and user Anderson et al. (2001) pinpoints that students satisfaction. An example of a successful design need to understand the importance of time can be found on Csikszentmihalyi (1990) called a management and distraction control. In most flow state where learners are so focused on what cases as described by Galusha (1997), the lack of at hand and that they are unaware of the time. student preparedness and support are major There are other issues, for instance, detraction, drawback. Technical barriers must be made a feedback (Keller, 1983), internationalization and non-issue. By selecting the intuitive and flexible localization; British and American English, and technology tools, coupled with technical training, student differences; age, gender, background or it can reduce technical barriers. Moreover, disabilities. students need to acquire more than a basic understanding of the use of the technology 1.1.3 Selection of Media itself—they need to understand how to use it efficiently to support their learning tasks. For Since the selection of media is the heart of a example, with a wealth of resources available well-designed e-Learning course. Horn (1998) with varying degrees of reputability, students refers visual language to the tight integration of need to learn good research skills, including good words and visual elements, including animation, Internet search skills. Guidance may be needed cartoons and diagrams. As an important principle on where to look for information (e.g., in the e-Learning design, graphics and interactive recommended data repositories) and to develop elements should be purposeful and aid in the ability to critically assess the information they learning. Per Tufte (1990, 1992), visual find. A tutorial with an affiliated library service representations are very powerful at conveying can help students hone these skills, and information as can audio and video. Based on embedded links to reputable and relevant data learners’ access to and familiarity with e- resources can point students in the right direction Learning, Roblyer & Ekhaml (2000) offers a for research projects. LeBaron and Miller (2004) rubric for assessing interactive qualities called identify the use of scaffolding in training students the Media Selection Matrix. Though, Moss with use of technology tools. They describe the (2002) provides guidelines and suggestions to design and implementation of an icebreaker design to increase learning, particularly the exercise for an online course. Lin (1999), who exercises, this work is carried out based on found that practice time to acquire skills needed instructions obtained from domain expert in the in an online course had positive impacts on self- design of exercises. efficacy, interest, and commitment, advocates this kind of initial training. The reference to the 1.1.4 Evaluation group work is not discussed in this paper as the context for this preliminary work aims at Specifically, the evaluation is used to inform individual and anonymity study. the design or revision of a product. There are, generally, series of steps are applicable in most Materials and Methods forms of evaluation. They are (a) Evaluation criteria, (b) Data collection, (c) Data A prototype is produced based on user organization, (d) Data analysis, (e) Reporting and requirement and detailed instruction. Initially, (f) Refining. In this section of this article, three scenes based on the general inquiry in order emphasis is given on usability evaluation and is to screen the patient of a Thalassemia disease are already covered in the five usability principles constructed using Adobe ® Flash technology and outlined in the preceding section. Testing all form part of existing e-Learning system available these guideline ensures that learners can be in university hospital’s intranet system. Present successful. Therefore, no matter diverse set of works are being carried out using Blender® technical skills learners may have, a well- attaching to MySQL database in order to replace the Adobe ® Flash technology and more scenes

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are added. Figure 1-4 below and on next page form of recognition through applauding sound depict screenshots of scene from a developed instead. system. Audio provided as a background responses are not able to reproduce in this paper but are available as part of the interactive system. The newly developed system is used to complement the existing Learning Management Systems with contributions in the area of interactive responses and subject matter comprehension.

Figure 3. Scene 7: Question answered with a negative result.

Figure 1. Scene 3: Meet the doctor.

Figure 4. Scene 11: Question needs an answer.

Results and Discussion

Another domain expert was invited to review Figure 2. Scene 4: Question answered with a and comment on a finished prototype with negative result. comments on a concern regarding intonation because the recorded voice was quite flat. The Each scene requires users (in this regard, technical aspect for general inquiry, counseling medical students) to interact with a system, and and early diagnosis are in line with the given waits for a system response to do next. Provided requirements. Three different groups of people that the student is keen on the general knowledge were brought in for working with the interactive of the disease, the system will allow the student content. They are a Thalassemia nurse, an officer to proceed to next scenes. Otherwise, student will at Thalassemia unit and a fifth-year medical be asked if they would need any assistance or student. It was found through close observation condensed materials to be read and understood that out of ten minutes target time for the three before moving on to the next step. Initially the scenes, each made use six minutes without using design is based on a gaming concept that offers a any system help, fifteen minutes with system rewarding point for collection and future help and eight minutes without system help, redemption. To avoid the pitfalls, typically most respectively. Each one expressed his and her medical students will try to serve their enjoyment by using this guided screening. At this challenging need, such motivation is given in the stage, the formal evaluation is not carried out due

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to the fact that more comprehensive and complete Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, Boston, 570 scenes are needed. Works in progress are nearly pp. completed for official evaluation scheduled Csikszentmihalyi, M. 1990. Flow: The psych- during August 2014. ology of optimal experience. Harper and Row, New York. 336 pp. Conclusions Gagne, R. 1985. The conditions of learning. (4th ed.). Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York. The preliminary result is found to be quite 361 pp. satisfactory by both the users and the team. Galusha, J. M. 1997. Barriers to learning in Further testing on all fifth year medical students distance education. Interpersonal Computing is scheduled during incoming August 2014 intake and Technology 5(3-4): 6-14. so that a complete work on Thalassemia Gibbs, W. W. 2004. Why machines should fear. screening topic can be produced and imple- Scientific American 290: 37. mented as part of the LMS. Also, gradually, Goh, J., & M. Clapham. 2014. Attitude to e– bundling the interactive content with other learning among newly qualified doctors. The internal medicine subject is possible using this clinical teacher 11(1): 20-23. proof of principle prototype. Since the work is Horn, R. E. 1998. Visual language: Global constructed based on Blender ® which is communication for the 21st century. Macro- available on most platform except for iOS system Vu, Inc., Bainbridge Island, WA. 270 pp. which runs on iPhone, iPad and McIntosh related Kearsley, G., & B. Shneiderman. 1999. Engage- operating system, the author and a team plan to ment theory: A framework for technology- have this work ported to such platform in the near based teaching and learning. http://home. future. By using this interactive as part of the sprynet.com/~gkearsley/engage.htm (last blended learning system, the aim is to provide accessed 30.4.2014) hand-on experiences through case-based Keller, J. M. 1987. Strategies for stimulating the reasoning and there might be rare cases that they motivation to learn. Performance and are not being covered by the system. Instruction 26(8): 1-7. LeBaron, J., & Miller, D. 2004. The teacher as Acknowledgements agent provocateur: Strategies to promote community in online course settings. In T. The author and his team would like to express Latomaa, J. Pohjonen, J. Pulkkinen, & M. his sincere appreciation and thank to Chanin Ruotsalainen (Eds.), eReflections—Ten years Limwongse, M.D., Instructor of a Molecular of educational technology studies at the Genetics, Department of Internal Medicines, University of Oulu. pp.109-125 http:// Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital for materials herkules.oulu.fi/isbn9514276329/isbn9514276 and guidance in the development of this 329.pdf (last accessed 30.4.2014). prototype and the implementation. Lin, C.- J. 1999. The effects of self-efficacy and task values on students' commitment and References achievement in web-based instruction for Taiwan higher education. Dissertation Anderson, T., L. Rourke, D. R. Garrison & W. Abstracts International Section A: Humanities Archer. 2001. Assessing teacher presence in a & Social Sciences 60(6-A): 1905. computer conferencing context. Journal of Monk, A., M. Hassenzahl., M. Blythe & D. Reed. Asynchronous Learning Networks 5(2): 1-17. 2002. Funology: Designing enjoyment. Back, D. A., N. Haberstroh, A. Antolic, K. SIGCHI Bulletin. September/October 2002: Sostmann, G. Schmidmaier & E. Hoff. 2014. 11. Blended learning approach improves teaching Moss, C. 2002. Finding balance: The vices of our in a problem-based learning environment in "versus". First Monday 7(1): http://firstmon orthopedics-a pilot study. BMC Medical day.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/924/846 Education 14(1): 17. (last accessed 30.4.2014). Constantine, L. & L. Lockwood. 1999. Software Norman, D. 2004. Emotional design. Basic for use: A practical guide to the essential Books. No significant Difference, New York. models and methods of usage-centered design. 257 pp.

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Roblyer, M., & L. Ekhaml. 2000. How inter- roblyer32.html (last accessed 30.4.2014). active are your distance courses? A rubric for Tufte, E. 1992. The visual display of quantitative assessing interaction in distance learning. information. Graphics Press, Chelshire, CT. Online Journal of Distance Learning Admin- 197 pp. istration, 3(2): www.westga.edu/~distance/

Wild Elephant Conservation Using Sound Waves to Obstruct Them from Plantations: a Case Study at Kui Buri District, Thailand

Pratheep Meewattana1*and Chollathorn Chamnarnkid 2

1 Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University, Dusit District, Bangkok 10300 Thailand: [email protected]

2 Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department, Bangkok, Thailand

Abstract: A trial of the 2,300-2,800 Hz band of frequency in sound waves were made more intense in decibels (dB), similar to a firecracker or firecracker ball was made for use of the local people to dislodge and/or obstruct wild elephants from agricultural areas (pineapple plantations) within Kui Buri District, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province, Thailand. The 3 point source was checked between 10 -50 meters, sound sources to the elephants in distances and loudness are as discussed later; firecracker balls were 151, 142, 138, 128, 119 decibels (dB), firecrackers were 99, 95, 91, 85, 72 dB, and the frequency of the sound waves (2,800 Hz) were 85, 80, 74, 70, 62 dB, respectively. The results can be analyzed through the laboratory and fundamentals of sound wave, anatomy and physiology of mammals, including comparisons to the standard sound intensities of the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). The energy and pressure of firecracker ball is strong and were transferred into some auditory mechanisms and behaviors of wild elephants. As a consequence, the elephant’s auditory mechanism has been affected from the energy and pressure; at least 1 individual of wild elephant had shown sensorineural hearing loss in the case study, their behavior became more aggressive and more easily angered.

Keywords: Wild Elephant, Conservation, Sound Wave, Kui Buri District, Thailand

Introduction performs the first analysis of sounds that prepares sounds for further analyses in the auditory Sound is a kind of energy and has been nervous system. The cochlea also compresses the divided in loudness (decibel=dB) and frequency amplitudes of sound, which makes it possible to (hertz=Hz). Porges (1977) has explained a code sounds within the very large range of sound frequency of sound wave is very important to intensities that is covered by normal hearing. hearing and each frequency makes a different Without such amplitude compression, the ear sound, pitch and usually loudness is produced could not detect and analyze sounds in the from a lower frequency of sound wave but there intensity range of normal hearing (Moller, 2000). is more energy, power and pressure. Whilemiddle In Kui Buri District, there are substantial and higher frequencies of sound wave have pineapple plantations and they adjoin National produced lower amounts of loudness, power, Park areas. Thus, wild elephants roam from pressure / energy (Semal, 1964 and Beiser, National Park into plantation for their food. All 1964). Each vertebrate is different in its ability farmers, day after day, protect their farms by to hear, but regularity hears best at about 2,000 – making noise from firecracker balls and 3,000 Hz and some vertebrates can receive both firecrackers for obstruction and/or dislodgment. infrasonic, less than 30 Hz and ultrasonic, more The study focus on the 2 purposes of studying than 18,000 Hz (Donail, 2001) bands of consist of a confirming and monitoring some frequencies. sound wave frequency by a functional generator The ear as a sensory organ is more complex and accessories (an instrument that produces a than other sensory organs. The sensory cells (hair frequency of sound wave, 21 – 28 KHz) con- cell) are located in the cochlea, but the cochlea nected to a 60 Watt of amplifier from DC 12 volt not only serves to convert sound into a code of battery connected to a loudspeaker to obstruct or neural impulses in the auditory nerve, it also dislodge a wild elephant from coming into the

*Corresponding Author: [email protected] 21 Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______pineapple plantations and also to show the effect opened. While standing by, wild elephants would from 2 sound sources of loudness at each be observed, the pattern of farmers and rangers to distance to show some auditory mechanism and deter a wild elephant from the National Park to behavioral reactions of wild elephants. Sound agricultural areas, and their pattern will be frequencies created by the machine can protect checked and recorded for loudness, energy and the hearing by lessening the effect of hearing loss pressure in each distances, along with wild in comparison to the firecracker and firecracker elephants' behavior. ball. Results Materials and Methods The 108 individuals from 44 times during on This study was conducted in a pineapple 06:00 pm to 05:00 am of a wild elephants were plantation in the vicinity of Pa-Yang Check-Point found through from the forest of National park in Kui Buri National Park in Ban Ruam-Thai, nearby the study area on approximately 30-50 Kui Buri District, Prachup Khiri Khan Province meter of distances. Their behavior was observed Thailand, 12° 8' 24.56" N 99° 38' 54.72" E by a binocular and eye sign included listening. (Figure1). All of them were obstructed by the frequency of sound waves at 2,100-2,800 Hz (best on 2,600- 2,800 Hz) and their reaction was to break and then break away far from study site. In the morning the distances were measured for rechecking and the sound source to wild elephants’ vestige. In observation of other methods to deter wild elephants there has been found proceeding by a farmers and a ranger of Kui Buri National Park and all are loudness making for detonating from firecracker ball, about 5 balls per a time and firecracker, more than 5 pieces per a time on 5-50 meter of distances from sound source to the wild elephants by catapult. Figure 1 shows the site and wild elephants track from Kui Buri National Park area adjoin the pineapple plantation and between them were obstructed by electric fence but were destroyed by wild elephants. The next step was that the different volumes of loudness were checked in electronic laboratory and their results were as follows on Table 1 and 2. Both of the tables show effects in the levels of sound source, maximum to minimum from firecracker balls, firecrackers, and the frequency of sound waves, respectively. Each loudness levels of the sound are released differently in energy, power, pressure, and they were transferred into the tympanic membrane to the Figure 1. Shows the site and wild elephants track middle ear and lastly to the internal ear. The from Kui Buri National Park area adjoin the internal ear consists of a series of cavities in the pineapple plantation and between them were petrous part of the temporal bone but the cavity obstructed by electric fence but were destroyed concerned with hearing is a cochlea and it is a by wild elephants. very important organ because it contains a hair cells. The hair cell is a receptor of a power, Whenever a wild elephant was heard or energy, pressure, and frequency of sound and observed at approximately 30 - 50 meters of transfers this information to the auditory cortex distances, suddenly the functional generator was of cerebellum and changes it into sound.

Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______

Loudness from detonating firecracker balls in inner ear; thus, consequential impact of were powerfully transferred strong energy, power hearing loss is an action potential as a spatial and pressure, shock waves to the tympanic summation. membrane passed on to middle ear and hair cells

Table 1. Loudness of sound sources, firecracker ball (Fb), firecracker (F) and frequency of sound wave were differentially compared at each distance.

Distances(m.) Decibel = dB (A)

Fb F Frequency of Sound wave (KHz)

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

10 151 99 90 89 87 89 87 87 86 85

20 142 95 86 85 82 84 82 82 81 80

30 138 91 80 75 75 76 77 76 75 74

40 128 85 72 71 68 75 70 71 71 70

50 119 72 64 61 58 67 64 63 62 62

Table 2. Pressure (Newton), energy/power (Watt) were made from each loudness.

Pressure ( N / m2 ) Power / Energy ( W / m2 ) Loudness ( dBA)

2 x 10 -5 1 x 10 -12 0

2 x 10 -4 1 x 10 -10 20

2 x 10 -3 1 x 10 -8 40

2 x 10 -2 1 x 10 -6 60

2 x 10 -1 1 x 10 -4 80

2 1 x 10 -2 100

20 1 x 10 1 120

200 1 x 10 2 140

Eventually, wild elephant had hearing loss or in their changed behavior, becoming aggressive deafness because sensorineural and conductive and becoming easily angry. Thilosakulchai hearing loss caused by the tympanic membrane (2005) described conductive hearing loss is an being ripped, hair cells and basilar membranes impact from sensorinural hearing loss, caused by being destroyed. These probable factors or hair cells being destroyed. A powerful loudness circumstances that the wild elephants had of 100 dB or more can build and transfer a strong received daily or over several occasions, resulted energy pressure, like shock waves, destroying

Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______tympanic, basilar membranes and hair cells. plantations, for data for studying which also Moreover, lower sound wave frequencies can included all data of wild elephants in the pine- build strong energy pressure and also can also apple plantation. The research was supported by travel more distant than middle or higher sound the Research and Development Institute of Suan wave frequencies. Therefore, the strong energy Sunandha Rajabhat University. Lastly, I would can spread to all hair cells on cochlea and transfer like to express thanks to Dr. Jarujin Nabhitabhata the energy to the cerebellum, all resulting in for recommendations and advising primary bringing about different behavior. research, including to referring us to other Conversely, frequencies of sound waves locations for study. created artificially were of a lower loudness than firecracker balls and firecrackers but obstructed References and/or dislodged the wild elephants throughout the conduct of this study. This is because the Beiser, A. 1964. The Foundation of Physics. frequencies stimulate the hair cell, little by little, Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc., making a disturbance. Furthermore, all important Massachusetts. 594 pp. organs of auditory mechanism receive the effect Donald L. 2001. Vertebrates Biology. Mc less than the loudness and also all wild elephants Graw-Hill Publishing Company. New York. never shown as an aggressive or angry. At least, 530 pp. 1 individual on 3 times of wild elephant in this Thilosakulchai, K. 2005. Central Nervous System study were found never move or frighten Physiology. In: Physiology 3 (eds. Jiasakul, loudness from all sound source but suddenly S., S. Lohsiriwat & W. Wattanapha), pp. 890- move whenever it got a flashlight ,therefor likely 1063. Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, to describe the wild elephant is unusually hearing Mahidol University. Bangkok (in Thai). and perhaps deaf. Porges, G. 1977. Applied Acoustics. Edward Arnold (Publishes) Ltd, London. 180 pp. Acknowledgements Semat, H. 1964. Fundamentala of Physics. Holt, Rinehart and Winston Publishers, New York. The authors would like to thank as following 914 pp. persons who supported the fieldwork: Royal Moller. A. R. 2000. Hearing, Its Physiology and Initiative Project, Kui Buri National Park and the Pathophysiology. Academic Press. Califor- farmers who permitted us to live in the pineapple nia. 515 pp.

Bird Diversity in Fruit Gardens in Bang Nang Li Sub-district, Amphawa District, Samut Songkram Province

Nitinarth Charoenpokaraj

Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Suan Sunandha Rajabhat University 1 U-thong Nok Road, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand

Abstract: This research is quantitative and qualitative explorative research. The purposes of this research was 1) to study bird species, feeding behavior, abundance and status in study area 2) to study activities in utilization of birds in the study site. The data was obtained by interviewing the owners of fruit gardens and field surveys of bird species, activities of birds in habitat utilization in three kinds of organic fruit gardens namely; lychee garden, coconut garden, and pomelo garden in Bang Nang Li Sub-district, Amphawa District, Samut Songkram Province from October 2012 – September 2013. The result of bird survey in 3 gardens found 31 families and 61 species of birds. 52 bird species were found the most in organic pomelo gardens. In feeding habitats, insectivorous, piscivorous, granivorous, nectrivorous birds and aquatic invertebrate feeding birds were found. Abundance level of birds in organic fruit gardens was at level 5. 23 bird species were frequently found. 43 bird species were found in November because migratory birds came to utilize the study site. According to the status of bird species, 48 resident bird species, 6 resident and 7 migrant bird species were found in organic fruit gardens. The birds’ activities in fruit gardens were feeding and nesting.

Keywords: Samut Songkram Province, Fruit gardens, Bird diversity.

Introduction domicile of bird species, which are less in number than in the past. Moreover, the database Thailand is located in the tropical area of system of natural resources does not cover the ecological biodiversity. Amphawa District is a study area. Bang Nang Li in Amphawa District in district of Samut Songkram Province with Mae Samut Songkram Province has several canals Klong River as the main river and several branch with organic agriculture with fruit gardens. It canals of the Mae Klong River. The area has aims to develop the area into a sustainable fresh water, brackish water and salt water. It is development area. Therefore, it must study the called “City of Three Streams.” With the fertile bird diversity in the fruit gardens of Bang Nang ecological system and with 3 water conditions, it Li Sub-district, Samut Songkram Province to is the source of diversity in bird species. obtain a database of the bird species domiciled in Thepkorn (2006) said that around the canal, you organic fruit gardens for ecotourism. It is may find the birds i.e. Egretta garzetta (Little consistent with the National Economic and Social Egret), Orthotomus sutorius (Common Tailor- Development Plan Vol. 10 (B.E. 2550 – 2554) bird), Haliastur indus (Brahminy Kite), (2007-2011) in the strategy No. 4 focusing on the Pycnonotus blanfordi (Streak-eared Bulbul). The development on the basis of the variety of prominent riverine flora is Sonneratia caseo- biological species; the stability of the resource laris which is the habitat of many fireflies. base and environment by emphasis on the Amphawa District has the advantage of the resource base; and good balance of the ecological natural tourism. However, as a result from system in order to maintain the good balance tourism with the ever increasing tourists, the between the conservation, utilization and materials and civilization from outside are participation of resource management. Eco- brought into affecting the area. It is another cause tourism is a type of tourism which supports of the changing lifestyle of the population in the awareness of environment reservation. Eco- community and it may negatively affect the tourism should be considered about education

*Corresponding Author: [email protected] 25 Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______and good awareness in ecosystem reservation Results and Discussion together (Tourism authority of Thailand, 2002). Ecotourism activities are the tools in reservation A. Bird species, feeding behavior, abundance of natural resources and biodiversity for and status sustainable development. From the study, it found that there were 31 The aim of this study was to study bird families and 61 species of birds, with 52 species species, feeding behavior, abundance, status and in pomelo gardens, 50 species in lychee gardens activities in utilization of birds in study area. and 42 species in coconut groves. According to feeding behavior, some bird species using the area for living stand still to catch aquatic animals for food, i.e. Todirhamphus Chloris (Collared Kingfisher), Ardeola speciosa (Javan Pond Heron), Egretta garzetta (Little Egret), Alccdo atthis (Common Kinfisher). Some species catch insects as food, i.e. Cacomantis merulinus (Plaintive Cuckoo), Rhipidura javanica (Pied Fan- tail), Dicrurus macrocercus (Black Drongo). Some species wait to snatch or catch insects for food, i.e. Merops philippinus (Blue-tailed Bee- eater), Hirundo rustica (Barn Swallow). Some species eat pollen or nectar as food, i.e. Cinnyris Figure 1. Rhipidura javanica and its nest. jugularis (Olive-backed Sunbird), Anthreptes malacensis (Brown-throated Sunbird) . Some Materials and Methods species eat plant seeds as food, i.e. Streptopelia tranquebarica (Red Collared Dove), Geopelia A. Study area striata (Zebra Dove). Some species eat fruit and The study area consisted of three kinds of 3 insects, i.e. Pycnonotus blanfordi (Streak-eared organic fruit gardens, namely: lychee gardens, Bulbul),Crypsirina temia (Racket-tailed Treepie). coconut gardens, and pomelo gardens in Bang From the study of abundance, it was found Nang Li Sub-district, Amphawa District, Samut that 23 species are most abundant, 15 species are Songkram Province from October 2012 – less abundant, i.e. Hypothymis azurea (Black- September 2013. napped Monarch, Aviceda leuphotes (Black Baza,) Lanius cristatus (Brown Shrike), etc. B. Research equipment 1.) Environment record forms for fruit gardens. 2.) Survey forms for bird species and activities in the utilization of fruit gardens.

C. Methodology A research survey was conducted in Samut Songkram Province as follows: 1) The bird species survey was done with binoculars, camera and bird were identified according to Lekagul and Round (1991); Round and Kongthong (2009). The survey was conducted by spending time in the morning from the sunrise until 11:00 h and in the afternoon from 15:00h until the sunset for 5 months from Figure 2. Hypothymis azurea. October 2012 – September 2013, 2 days per month. According to bird species status, 48 species of 2) Analysis was made of the relative resident birds, 7 species of migrant birds and 6 abundance by the mean of Pettingill (1969) species of birds that are resident and migratory 3) Classification was made of the feeding were found. The survey results are shown in behavior, status and activities in the utilization of Table 1 as follows: birds in study area.

Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______

Table 1. Bird species and bird status in Bang Nang Li Sub-district, Amphawa District, Samut Songkram Province from October 2012- September 2013.

Bird Species Bird Status pomelo lychee coconut garden garden groves Resident 42 39 35 Migrant 4 5 2 Resident and 6 6 5

Migrant Total 52 50 42 Figure 3. Cinnyris jugularis and its nest.

From Table 1, it can be seen that in pomelo From Table 2, It is seen that the bird similarity garden, 52 species are most often found. 42 index of 3 gardens are 0.843, 0.848 and 0.851 , species are resident, 4 species are migratory and showing that the number of bird species utilized 6 species are resident and migrant. The resident in 3 areas are very similar because three garden 3 species are found in all three habitats, i.e. are kept in the same way without using chemical Todirhamphus Chloris (Collared Kingfisher), in getting rid of insects and weeds but using Amaurornis phoenicurus (White–breasted Water- Biological fermentation. The water used in three hen), Ardeola speciosa (Javan Pond Heron),Egretta gardens was from the sane canal. Similar bird garzetta (Little Egret), Rhipidura javanica (Pied species use these areas for feeding; insectivores Fantail). The migrant species are Halcyon pileata i.e. Common Tailorbird Orthotomus sutorius Black-capped Kingfisher), Coracina melaschis- (Common Tailorbird) Cacomantis merulinus tos (Black-winged Cuckooshrike), Alcedo atthis (Plaintive Cuckoo), Rhipiduru javanica (Pied (Common Kingfisher). Fantail), Dicrurus paradiseus (Greater Racket- tailed Drongo); granivores i.e. Lonchura punctu- B. Activities of birds utilizing the study area lata (Scaly-breasted Munia), Lonchura striata Bird activities in fruit gardens were feeding (White-rumped Munia); nectarivores i.e. Cinnyris and nesting i.e. Cinnyris jugularis (Olive-backed jugularis (Olive-backed sunbird), Anthreptes Sunbird) , Todirhamphus chloris (Collared King- malacensis (Brown-throated Sunbird); piscivores, fisher), Lonchura striata (White-rumped Munia), i.e. Egretta garzetta (Little Egret), Ardeola Brown-throated Sunbird Anthreptes malacensis speciosa (Javan Pond Heron), Todirhamphus (Brown-throated Sunbird), Amaurornis phoenix- Chloris (Collared Kingfisher), Halcyon smyrm- curus (White-breasted Waterhen), Rhipidura ensis (White-throated Kingfisher). Migratory javanica (Pied Fantail), Cinnyris jugularis birds utilizing the study area for feeding were (Olive-backed Sunbird). The survey results are Alcedo atthis (Common Kingfisher), Halcyon shown in Figs 1-3. pileata (Black-capped Kingfisher),Ficedula albicilla (Taiga Flycatcher). The bird species affecting the garden was Daaeum cruentatum Table 2: Bird similarity index of bird diversity in (Scarlet-backed Flowerpecker) which was the fruit gardens in Bang Nang Li Sub-district, cause of parasites on the trees of the garden. Amphawa District, Samut Songkarm Province. Conclusions

Fruit gardens Bird Similarity Index Organic gardening is suitable for bird pomelo garden and 0.843 diversity in their utilization of those habitats in lychee garden feeding and nesting. Other benefits are that birds are valuable for agriculture in pollination, lychee garden and 0.848 plant seed dispersion and preying on insects that coconut garden are harmful to crops. Organic gardening should be supported in the communities to preserve local pomelo garden and 0.851 biodiversity. Birds could indicate the fertileness coconut garden and safety of each residential area (Phattara-

Suan Sunandha Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 1 No. 1 ______phittaya, 1996). In addition, the causes of bird and plan for sustainable development of detection in each interval are different because Thailand. Kasetsart University Bangkok. the season is the influential factor for the Pettingill, O. S. 1950. A Laboratory and Field appearance of the bird. In the rainy season, if it Manual of Ornithology. 7 ed. Burgess rains heavily, the rain becomes an obstacle to the Publishing Company, Minnesota. 380 pp. bird’s ability to fly and other activities (Pettingill, Phattaraphittaya, S. 1996. Variety of birds at 1969). In addition, bird appearance is relative to Kamang Field, Wild Animal Protection Zone the species and local quantity of food (Sukwong, Phu Khiew, Results after release of birds into et al., 1975). the nature in the year 1987 and 1989 Master Degree Thesis, Graduate College, Kasetsart Acknowledgements University. 88 pp. (in Thai). Round, P. D. & V. Kongthong. 2009 Birds of This research was supported by National Laem Pakbia. Amarin Printing and Research Council of Thailand and Suan Publication, Nonthaburi. 288 pp. Sunandha Rajabhat University (SSRU). Special Sukwong S., P. Dhamanitayukul & S. Pongum- thanks also extended to the Samut Songkram phai. 1975. Phenoloy and Seasonal Growth of staff, and student of SSRU who helped and Dry Dipterocarp Forestry Tree Species. support this research. Kasetsart Journal. 9: 105-114 (in Thai). Thepkorn, W. 2010. Riverine forest: Affiliate References forest of the mangrove forest, Bangkok Metropolis: Thai Romklao Co. Ltd. 47 pp. (in Lekagul, Boonsong & P.D. Round. 1991. A Thai). guide to the Birds of Thailand. Saha Karn Tourism Authority of Thailand. 2002. Meeting Bhaet Co, Ltd., Bangkok. 457 pp. agenda of ecotourism workshop, Bangkok: Office of Natural Resources and Environmental Reservation Department. pp. 38-55. (in Thai). Policy and Planning. 1997. National policy