DOCSLIB.ORG

M. Stepanova(1), E

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

M. Stepanova(1), E. E. Antonova (2,3), C. Espinoza(1), A. Eyelade(1), N. Romanova (1), M. Martínez-Ledesma (1,4), J.A. Vadlivia(5), P. Moya (5), and V. Pinto (6) (1) Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile (2) Lomonosov Moscow State University, Russian Federation (3) Space Research Institute RAS, Russian Federation (4) Universidad de Concepción, Chile (5) Universidad de Chile (6) University of New Hampshire, USA Wikipedia: Space physics is the study of plasmas as they occur naturally in the Earth's upper atmosphere (aeronomy) and within the Solar System. As such, it encompasses a far-ranging number of topics, such as heliophysics which includes the solar physics of the Sun: the solar wind, planetary magnetospheres and ionospheres, auroras, cosmic rays, and synchrotron radiation. Space physics is a fundamental part of the study of space weather and has important implications in not only to understanding the universe, but also for practical everyday life, including the operations of communications and weather satellites. Some enigmas that propelled the birth of space physics Why does the geomagnetic Why do comets have two tails? field have strong variations? What causes the aurora? Geomagnetic Storm, Carrington Event, 1850. The associated "white light flare" in the solar photosphere was observed and recorded by British astronomers Richard Carrington and Richard Hodgson. The storm caused strong auroral displays and wrought havoc with telegraph systems. March 1989 geomagnetic storm. 9 hour shut down for 6.000.000 people. International Geophysical Year 1957-1958 First Russian Satellite, Sputnik 1, October 14 1957 Second Russian Satellite, Sputnik-2 November 3, 1957 S.N. Vernov (1910-1982) Explorer-3 launched March 26, 1958, weight 14.1 kg J. Van Allen (1914-2006) The famous McIlwain’s group note 31 de enero 1958 3 de noviembre del 1957 Minitrack network to recieve the data from Explorer-1 Sputnik-3 launched May 15 1958, weight 1327 kg! A.E. Chudakov (1921-2001) Discovery of the innet and outer radiation belts. The existence of the auroral oval, 1961, Olga Khorosheva It should be a connection between the auroral oval and the outer radiation belt. Discovery of the Solar Wind Vsekhsviatrsy, Nikolsky, Ponomarev, Cherednichenko (1955). С. К. Всехсвятский, Г. М. Никольский, Е. А. Пономарёв и В. И. Чередниченко, К вопросу о корпускулярном излучении Солнца (рус.) // Астрономический журнал. — 1955. — Т. 32. — С. 165. Parker, Eugene N, (November 1958), "Dynamics of the Interplanetary Gas and Magnetic Fields". The Astrophysical Journal. 128: 664–676 Luna -1 (URSS). Launched January 1959 Group of Konstantin Gringauz from Space Research Institute (IKI) discovered the solar wind. Ulysses (NASA) 1990-2009. First measurements of the solar wind out of the ecliptic plane STEREO (NASA). Launched: 2006. For the first time we have a stereoscopic view of the solar wind. Mission: Parker Solar Probe (NASA). Launched: August 2018 Goal: To discover the origins of the solar wind. Propiedades a 1 AU Ulysses Proton density 6.6 cm-3 Electron density 7.1 cm-3 He2+ density 0.25 cm-3 Bulk velocuty 450 km.s-1 Proton temperature 1.2x105 K Electron Temperature 1.4x105 K Magnetic field 7x10-9 T Travel time ~ 4 days Coronal mass ejections Geomagnetic field Glatzmaier and Roberts, (UCLA, 2006) Intrinsic magnetosphere Induced magnetosphere Planeta Campo Misiones magn. Mercury yes Mariner 10 (NASA,1974), BepiColombo (ESA, JAXA, 2018) Venus no Venera 3-16 (URSS, años 60-80), Pioneer Venus (NASA, 1972), VEGA (URSS, 1985), Venus Express (ESA, 2008), Planet C (JAXA, 2010) Earth si Ahora: Cluster, Themis, MMS, Van Allen Probes, DMSP, etc SUCHAI Mars no Mars Odyssey (NASA), Mars Express (ESA), Mars Reconnaisance Orbiter (NASA) Jupiter si Juno (NASA, 2016) Uranus si flyby only: Voyager 2 Neptune si flyby only: Voyager 2 Importance of the intrinsic magnetosphere for the origins of life Jim Green (NASA) proposed to create an artificial magnetosphere on Mars. Mars 3.800.000.000 years ago? Heliosphere L.L. Orionis stellar wind Exoplanetary magnetospheres LOFAR telescopes should be able to detect the auroral kilometric radiation generated by exoplanetary aurora. Hale telescope: HR 8799 star Measurements in space (example of the THEMIS mission): Dungey, 1961. Importance of reconnection. Dynamics Explorer, Frank et al. 1974 Hannes Alfvén (1908-1995) Nobel Price 1970 The balance of the total plasma pressure in the magnesphere should be fulfilled at least at the large and medium scales even in the presence of turbulence. Pressure balance at the magnetopause McFadden et al Space Sci. Rew. (2008) Pressure should be important for the space weather forecast Evidences of the turbulence in the magnetosphere Velocity and magnetic field fluctuations are studied by Angelopoulos et al. (1992, 1993, 1996, 1999); Borovsky et al. (1997, 1998), Antonova et al. (2000, 2002); Ovchinnikov et al. (2002), Neagu et al. (2001, 2002); Troshichev et al. (2001, 2002); Petrukovich and Yermolaev (2002); Borovsky and Funsten (2003a,b); Voros et al. (2003); Volwerk et al. (2004); Goldstein (2005); Weygand et al. (2005); Stepanova et al. (2005, 2009,2011, 2012) etc. ISEE-2 results Interball/Tail probe results (Angelopoulos et al., 1993) (Antonova et al., 2000, 2002) Antonova and Ovchinnikov, JGR (1999) How to stabilize the turbulent plasma sheet? A balance between the regular and turbulent transports (Antonova and Ovchinnikov, 1996, 1997, 1999) A total pressure balance across the geomagnetic tail (Michalov et al. [1968], Stiles [1978], Spence et al. [1989], Tsyganenko [1990], Baumjohann et al. [1990], Kistler et al. [1993], Petrukovich [1999], Tsyganenko and Mukai [2003]) Stepanova and Antonova, JASTP (2011) Superdarn Cluster vertical crossing September 12, 2004 Stepanova, Espinoza work in progress Themis mission. February 22, 2008 Turbulence in the plasma sheet in MHD simulations [El-Alaoui et al., 2010, 2012]. -3 IMF Bz=-5 nT, nsw=20 cm , Vx=500 km/s. Particle distribution functions in space plasmas are not Maxwellian Eyelade, Espinoza, Stepanova, Moya et al., 2021 submitted to Frontiers in Astronomy and Space Science The relation between the turbulence and kappa index is not the same for high and low beta plasma and along and across the magnetic field Quite auroral arcs and constantly observed in the auroral oval. If the plasma sheet is turbulent, why the auroral arcs are so quiet? Bright auroral arcs are Physics of Auroral Arc Formation, ed. S.-I. observed for hours without Akasofu, J.R. Kan, Geophysical monograph 25, 1981 The polar aurora; woodcut by changing their forms. Fridtjof Nansen. The lines defining the “curtains” of the auroral arcs follow Are they mapped into the magnetic field lines. plasma sheet? Rough classification of previous studies: Low-orbting satellites High-orbiting satellites Statistical studies Event oriented studies D e M i c h e l i s e t a l . Do the quiet time pressure [ 1 9 9 9 ] profiles match? Stepanova et al, ASR, 2008 There are evidences that the solar wind dynamic pressure can directly drive the pressure inside the magnetosphere June 1-5, 2013 geomagnetic storm (DOY 152-156) 2d tracking of the inner magnetosphere plasma pressure during 1 June 2013 storm NOAA 15-19, METOP 1-2, POES/TED instrument. Dipole mapping 6 hours averaging DMSP POES 1-5 June storm Time interval used for averaging Plasma pressure increases just before and during the main phase of the storm. Plasma pressure inside the magnetosphere follows the solar wind dynamic pressure Stepanova et al., JASTP, 2020, the same June 1-5 geomagnetic storm. The use of high-orbiting satellites allowed us to see how the position and the value of maximim pressure changes during the storm. The pressure reaches the maximum value at the end of the main phase. At the same time the maximum has the closest to the Earth position. Prediction of the closest to the Earth location of the maximum of electron fluxes in a new outer radiation belt (Tverskaya relation) for the minimal Dst=-105 nT ⟹ Lmin=4.02. Intensity of the westward auroral electrojet, obtained using the IMAGE magnetometer network near the Dst minimum. The 1D equivalent current system obtained using the data of the IMAGE magnetometer network on 8–9 October 2012 Stepanova et al., JASTP, 2020, the same June 1-5 geomagnetic storm. Tverskaya relation: Lpred = 3.89 Analysis of energetic electron spectra showed that the power law index changes during the storm reaching the maximum absolute value at the end of the main phase. An increase of the power law index after the main phase of the storm can be related to an increase of the losses as the electron energy increases, and/or to the processes of relaxation of the electron distribution functions due to increase of the turbulent fluctuations in a wide range of scales and frequenies. Variation of plasma pressure Wing at al., JGR, 2013 during substorms Statistical studies showed that the plasma pressure increases before an onset and during the expansion phase of isolated substorms. Plasma pressure profiles from a single satellite S t e p a n o v a e t a l , J G R , 2 0 0 2 Advantage: - The possibility to obtain a full radial profile during a few minutes Disadvantage: - We measure only a portion of pressure -Correct consideration of the field-aligned potential drop - Mapping involves a geomagnetic field model Possibility to use the plasma pressure as a natural tracer. But a substorms develops too fast. How the plasma pressure behaves during isolated substorms. DMSP mission: Typically four satellites at time. Good time and some MLT coverage. I s o l a t e d s u b s t o r m 2 0 0 8 / 1 2 / 2 2 Positions of the plasma pressure maximums Plasma pressure follows the solar wind dynamic pressure up to the end of the expansion phase Conclusions: The discovery of the exoplanetary magnetospheres is a matter of years.
Recommended publications
  • University of Iowa Instruments in Space

    University of Iowa Instruments in Space

    University of Iowa Instruments in Space A-D13-089-5 Wind Van Allen Probes Cluster Mercury Earth Venus Mars Express HaloSat MMS Geotail Mars Voyager 2 Neptune Uranus Juno Pluto Jupiter Saturn Voyager 1 Spaceflight instruments designed and built at the University of Iowa in the Department of Physics & Astronomy (1958-2019) Explorer 1 1958 Feb. 1 OGO 4 1967 July 28 Juno * 2011 Aug. 5 Launch Date Launch Date Launch Date Spacecraft Spacecraft Spacecraft Explorer 3 (U1T9)58 Mar. 26 Injun 5 1(U9T68) Aug. 8 (UT) ExpEloxrpelro r1e r 4 1915985 8F eJbu.l y1 26 OEGxOpl o4rer 41 (IMP-5) 19697 Juunlye 2 281 Juno * 2011 Aug. 5 Explorer 2 (launch failure) 1958 Mar. 5 OGO 5 1968 Mar. 4 Van Allen Probe A * 2012 Aug. 30 ExpPloiorenre 3er 1 1915985 8M Oarc. t2. 611 InEjuxnp lo5rer 45 (SSS) 197618 NAouvg.. 186 Van Allen Probe B * 2012 Aug. 30 ExpPloiorenre 4er 2 1915985 8Ju Nlyo 2v.6 8 EUxpKlo 4r e(rA 4ri1el -(4IM) P-5) 197619 DJuenc.e 1 211 Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission / 1 * 2015 Mar. 12 ExpPloiorenre 5e r 3 (launch failure) 1915985 8A uDge.c 2. 46 EPxpiolonreeerr 4130 (IMP- 6) 19721 Maarr.. 313 HMEaRgCnIe CtousbpeShaetr i(cF oMxu-1ltDis scaatelell itMe)i ssion / 2 * 2021081 J5a nM. a1r2. 12 PionPeioenr e1er 4 1915985 9O cMt.a 1r.1 3 EExpxlpolorerer r4 457 ( S(IMSSP)-7) 19721 SNeopvt.. 1263 HMaalogSnaett oCsupbhee Sriact eMlluitlet i*scale Mission / 3 * 2021081 M5a My a2r1. 12 Pioneer 2 1958 Nov. 8 UK 4 (Ariel-4) 1971 Dec. 11 Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission / 4 * 2015 Mar.
  • FROM the SUN to the STARS Narration & Sync Transcript FINAL

    FROM the SUN to the STARS Narration & Sync Transcript FINAL

    FROM THE SUN TO THE STARS narration & sync transcript FINAL page 1 of 35 FROM THE SUN TO THE STARS Transcript including narration (in caps) and sync dialog (lower case.) Existing “open” captions (lower thirds and web icons and language sub-titles noted.) Underwriter announce: “FROM THE SUN TO THE STARS” IS MADE POSSIBLE, IN PART, BY NASA, THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION. (Sputnik beep) Narration: IN JUST FIFTY YEARS, WE’VE GONE FROM ONE SIMPLE SATELLITE CIRCLING EARTH… …TO MANY THOUSANDS OF OBJECTS ORBITING OUR PLANET. THE FIRST DISCOVERY OF THE SPACE AGE WAS THAT BELTS OF RADIATION SURROUND US. NOW WE KNOW THAT FORCES ORIGINATING AT THE SUN EXTEND OUT ALMOST EIGHT BILLION MILES, TO THE VERY EDGE OF OUR SOLAR SYSTEM. (Music swells) …AND THAT OUR HIGH-TECH CIVILIZATION IS MIGHTILY IMPACTED BY “SPACE WEATHER” NICKY FOX: (no lower third here) We live in the atmosphere of the sun so when the Sun sneezes the Earth catches a cold. IT WAS THE “INTERNATIONAL GEOPHYSICAL YEAR” OF 1957 THAT LAUNCHED THE SPACE AGE. TWO THOUSAND SEVEN AND EIGHT HAVE BEEN WHAT’S KNOWN AS THE “INTERNATIONAL HELIOPHYSICAL YEAR” OR “IHY.” IT’S A TIME TO PLAN NEW SPACECRAFT… …AND TO RECRUIT A NEW GENERATION OF TEACHERS, STUDENTS, AND SCIENTISTS IN NATIONS ACROSS THE GLOBE TO WORK IN SPACE PHYSICS. (Segment titles – text over black – fly in rapidly) FROM THE SUN TO THE STARS narration & sync transcript FINAL page 2 of 35 EACH ACT IN OUR PROGRAM STANDS ALONE… BUT TOGETHER THEY’RE A COMPREHENSIVE OVERVIEW OF IHY… AND WHEN YOU SEE THIS ICON, THAT’S A SIGNAL THERE’S LOTS MORE INFORMATION ONLINE.
  • Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa

    Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: a Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 | Asifa

    dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 1 Deep Space Chronicle Deep Space Chronicle: A Chronology ofDeep Space and Planetary Probes, 1958–2000 |Asif A.Siddiqi National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA SP-2002-4524 A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 Asif A. Siddiqi NASA SP-2002-4524 Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 dsc_cover (Converted)-1 8/6/02 10:33 AM Page 2 Cover photo: A montage of planetary images taken by Mariner 10, the Mars Global Surveyor Orbiter, Voyager 1, and Voyager 2, all managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Included (from top to bottom) are images of Mercury, Venus, Earth (and Moon), Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. The inner planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth and its Moon, and Mars) and the outer planets (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune) are roughly to scale to each other. NASA SP-2002-4524 Deep Space Chronicle A Chronology of Deep Space and Planetary Probes 1958–2000 ASIF A. SIDDIQI Monographs in Aerospace History Number 24 June 2002 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Office of External Relations NASA History Office Washington, DC 20546-0001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Siddiqi, Asif A., 1966­ Deep space chronicle: a chronology of deep space and planetary probes, 1958-2000 / by Asif A. Siddiqi. p.cm. – (Monographs in aerospace history; no. 24) (NASA SP; 2002-4524) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Space flight—History—20th century. I. Title. II. Series. III. NASA SP; 4524 TL 790.S53 2002 629.4’1’0904—dc21 2001044012 Table of Contents Foreword by Roger D.
  • Abundances 164 ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer) 1, 21, 60, 71

    Abundances 164 ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer) 1, 21, 60, 71

    Index abundances 164 CIR (corotating interaction region) 3, ACE (Advanced Composition Explorer) 1, 14À15, 32, 36À37, 47, 62, 108, 151, 21, 60, 71, 170À171, 173, 175, 177, 254À255 200, 251 energetic particles 63, 154 SWICS 43, 86 Climax neutron monitor 197 ACRs (anomalous cosmic rays) 10, 12, 197, CME (coronal mass ejection) 3, 14À15, 56, 258À259 64, 86, 93, 95, 123, 256, 268 CIRs 159 composition 268 pickup ions 197 open flux 138 termination shock 197, 211 comets 2À4, 11 active longitude 25 ComptonÀGetting effect 156 active region 25 convection equation tilt 25 diffusion 204 activity cycle (see also solar cycle) 1À2, corona 1À2 11À12 streamers 48, 63, 105, 254 Advanced Composition Explorer see ACE temperature 42 Alfve´n waves 116, 140, 266 coronal hole 30, 42, 104, 254, 265 AMPTE (Active Magnetospheric Particle PCH (polar coronal hole) 104, 126, 128 Tracer Explorer) mission 43, 197, coronal mass ejections see CME 259 corotating interaction regions see CIR anisotropy telescopes (AT) 158 corotating rarefaction region see CRR Cosmic Ray and Solar Particle Bastille Day see flares Investigation (COSPIN) 152 bow shock 10 cosmic ray nuclear composition (CRNC) butterfly diagram 24À25 172 cosmic rays 2, 16, 22, 29, 34, 37, 195, 259 Cassini mission 181 anomalous 195 CELIAS see SOHO charge state 217 CH see coronal hole composition 196, 217 CHEM 43 convection–diffusion model 213 282 Index cosmic rays (cont.) Energetic Particle Composition Experiment drift 101, 225 (EPAC) 152 force-free approximation 213 energetic particle 268 galactic 195 anisotropy 156,
  • A Mission to Touch the Sun

    A Mission to Touch the Sun

    A Mission to Touch the Sun Presented by: David Malaspina Based on a huge amount of work by the NASA, APL, FIELDS, SWEAP, WISPR, ISOIS teams Who am I? Recent Space Plasma Group Missions: Van Allen Probes Assistant Professor in: Magnetospheric MultiScale (MMS) Professional Researcher in the Space Plasma Group (SPG) at: Parker Solar Probe Space Plasma Physicist Studying: The Solar Wind Planetary Magnetospheres Planetary Ionospheres Plasma Waves MAVEN Electric Field Sensors Spacecraft Charging A Tale in Four Acts [1] History - How do we know that a solar wind exists? - Why do we care? - What have we learned about the solar wind? [2] Solar Wind Science - Key unanswered questions - The need for a Solar Probe [3] Preparing a Mission - A battle for funding - Mission design - Instrument design [4] A Mission to Touch the Sun - Launch - First orbits - First results Per Act: The future ~10-15 min talk + - ~5-10 min questions Act 0: Terminology Plasma: A gas so hot, the atoms separate into electrons and ions - Ionization Common plasmas: - The Sun - Lightning plasma - Neon signs, fluorescent lights - TIG welders / Plasma cutters Plasmas have complicated motions: Fluid motion and electromagnetic motion Magnetic Field Simplest magnetic fields are dipoles north and south pole Iron filings “trace” magnetic field of a bar magnet by aligning with the field Sun Plasmas and magnetic fields Electrons and ions follow magnetic field lines in helical paths Earth Plasmas “trace” magnetic field lines Act 1: History Where to start? 1859 : The Colorado Gold Rush In 1858: 620 g of gold found in Little Dry Creek (now Englewood, CO) By 1860: ~100,000 gold-seekers had moved to Colorado 1858: City of Denver founded 1859: Boulder City Town Company organized https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Denver https://bouldercolorado.gov/visitors/history ‘‘On the night of [September 1] we were high up on the Rocky Mountains sleeping in the open air.
  • IMTEC-89-46FS Space Operations: Listing of NASA Scientific Missions

    IMTEC-89-46FS Space Operations: Listing of NASA Scientific Missions

    C L Listing of NASA Scientific Missions, 1980-2000 -- ‘;AO,~lM’I’kX :-8!)- .^. .I ., ^_. ._ .- __..... ..-... .- .._.-..-.. -_----__-.- _.____-___-- UnIted States General Accounting Office Washington, D.C. 20548 Information Management and Technology Division B-234056 April 7, 1989 The Honorable Bill Nelson Chairman, Subcommittee on Space Science and Applications Committee on Science, Space, and Technology House of Representatives Dear Mr. Chairman: As requested by your office on March 14, 1989, we are providing a list of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) active and planned scientific missions, 1980-2000.~ We have included missions with the following status: l launches prior to 1980, and those since 1980 that either ended after 1980 or are currently approved by NASA and remain active; and . planned launches that have been approved or proposed by NASA. As agreed, our compilation covers the following four major scientific disciplines: (1) planetary and lunar, (2) earth sciences, (3) space physics, and (4) astrophysics. Appendixes II-V present this information, includ- ing mission names and acronyms, actual or anticipated launch dates, and the actual or expected end-of-mission dates, in tables and figures. As requested, we did not list other types of NASA missions in biology and life sciences, manufacturing sciences, and communication technology. During this period, NASA has or plans to support 84 scientific missions in these four disciplines: Table! 1: Summary of NASA’s Scientific A Ml88iC>nr, 1980-2000 Active Planned January April 1989 - 1980 - March 1989 December 2000 Total Planetary and Lunar 5 7 12 Earth Sciences 3 27 30 /I Space Physics 6 20 26 Astrophysics 2 14 16 Totals 16 68 84 ‘Missions include NASAjoint ventures with other countries, as well as NASAscientific instruments flown on foreign spacecraft.
  • An Eco Explorer Is a Person Who Investigates

    An Eco Explorer Is a Person Who Investigates

    Eco Explorer n eco explorer is a person who investigates A environmental issues and works to make positive changes to the environment. In this badge, you’ll be an eco explorer as you take a look at different environmental issues and choose one to explore further. Steps 1. Meet an eco explorer 2. Explore biodiversity 3. Investigate a global ecosystem issue 4. Plan a trip to explore and work on an issue 5. Share what you learned Purpose When I’ve earned this badge, I’ll have researched different environmental issues and taken at least one trip to see how an area is impacted. Prepare Ahead: Before you start this badge, learn the Leave No Trace Seven Principles so you can follow them as you work through the steps. You can read about them on page three. ECO EXPLORER 1 Every step has three choices. Do ONE choice to complete each step. Inspired? STEP Meet an Do more! 1 eco explorer With help from an adult, arrange to talk to an eco explorer about their work, or research one in books or online. An eco explorer can be anyone who has taken their passion for the environment and used it to make a difference. What inspired them to get involved with environmental issues? How have they impacted the world? CHOICES—DO ONE: Talk to a traveler who has taken a trip to explore an environmental issue or who is interested in eco-friendly travel. (You might get inspired by reading about the conservation-themed Girl Scout Destination trips at www.girlscouts.org/destinations.) How can people travel in an environmentally-friendly way? How can travel be used to make a difference in the world? If you have a trip planned in the future, you might talk about it and ask for tips on making it more eco-friendly.
  • Chandrayaan-2: a Memorable Mission Conducted by ISRO

    Chandrayaan-2: a Memorable Mission Conducted by ISRO

    Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology 39(43): 43-57, 2020; Article no.CJAST.62772 ISSN: 2457-1024 (Past name: British Journal of Applied Science & Technology, Past ISSN: 2231-0843, NLM ID: 101664541) Chandrayaan-2: A Memorable Mission Conducted by ISRO Buddhadev Sarkar1* and Pabitra Kumar Mani1 1Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur, Nadia 741252, West Bengal, India. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author BS designed the study, managed the literature searches and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Author PKM managed the analyses of the study. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/CJAST/2020/v39i4331139 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Grzegorz Golanski, Czestochowa University of Technology, Poland. (2) Prof. Samir Kumar Bandyopadhyay, University of Calcutta, India. (3) Prof. Singiresu S. Rao, University of Miami, USA. Reviewers: (1) Anonymous, Colombia. (2) Mohammed Aboud Kadhim, Middle Technical University, Iraq. (3) Ilaria Cinelli, Space Generation Advisory Council (SGAC), Austria. (4) Marcos Cesar Danhoni Neves, State University of Maringá, Brazil. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle4.com/review-history/62772 Received 10 October 2020 Mini-review Article Accepted 15 December 2020 Published 31 December 2020 ABSTRACT Aims: The Chandrayaan-2 aims to wave the Indian flag on the dark side (South Pole) of the Moon that had never been rendered by any country before. The mission had conducted to gather more scientific information about the Moon. There were three main components of the Chandrayann-2 spacecraft- an orbiter, a lander, and a rover, means to collect data for the availability of water in the South Pole of the Moon.
  • Moore's Law, Wright's Law and the Countdown to Exponential Space

    Moore's Law, Wright's Law and the Countdown to Exponential Space

    Moore's law, Wright's law and the Countdown to Exponential Space By Daniel Berleant, Venkat Kodali, Richard Segall, Hyacinthe Aboudja, and Michael Howell Technologies have often been observed to improve exponentially over time (Nagy et al. 2013). In practice this often means identifying a constant known as the doubling time, describing the time period over which the technology roughly doubles in some measure of performance or of performance per dollar. Moore's law is, classically, the empirical observation that the number of electronic components that can be put on a chip doubles every 18 months to 2 years (Moore 1965). Today it is frequently stated as the number of computations available per unit of cost [1]. Generalized to the appropriate doubling time, it describes the rate of advancement in many technologies. A frequently noted competitor to Moore's law is known as Wright's law, which has aeronautical roots (Wright 1936). Wright's law (also called power law, experience curve and Henderson’s law) relates some quality of a manufactured unit (for Wright, airplanes) to the volume of units manufactured. The equation [8] expresses the idea that performance — price or a quality metric — improves according to a power of the number produced, or alternatively stated, improves by a constant percentage for every doubling of the total number produced. Does exploration of outer space conform to Moore's law or Wright's law-like behavior? Our results below are broadly consistent with these laws. This is true for many technologies (Nagy 2013). Although the two laws can make somewhat different predictions, Sahal (1979) found that they converge to the same predictions when manufacturing volume increases exponentially over time.
  • Index to Volume 110 July–December 2005

    Index to Volume 110 July–December 2005

    index to volume 110 july–december 2005 ■ authors hobby Q&A, 4:112, 5:112, 6:116 Great Expectations, 1:48 Hubble’s Prospects Brighten, 2:25 Hole in One, 2:46 Abed, Abdulkader M., Science in Iraq, 1:13 Paradigm Shift, 2:8 On the Air, 4:46 Adler, Alan, Digicam Astrophotography, 5:114 Parallel Universes, 6:8 Skin Deep, 5:46 Aguirre, Edwin L., Amateur Team Finds 100 Planetary Plasticity, 5:8 Kwitter, Karen B., Swan Song in Aquarius, A, 5:30 Supernovae, 5:101 Vision Quest: Optimizing Your Eyes for Lederman, Russ, The Right Tools for the Job, 1:12 April’s Unique Solar Eclipse, 3:87 Astronomy, 3:28 Levy, David H., Crimson Ring, A, 2:107 Canadian Amateurs Access Big Hawaiian Scopes, Filippenko, Alexei V., Why Are Supernovae Important? Earth Strikes Back, 5:104 4:98 5:102 In Praise of Penumbral Eclipses, 3:113 Community News: America’s Young Astronomers Flanders, Tony, book review: Deep Sky Observer’s Introducing the Levy List, 6:80 Recognized, 2:102 Guide, Neil Bone, 4:90 Master Storyteller, A, 4:104 Comet Discoverers Recognized, 4:100 book review: Night Sky Atlas, Robin Scagell, 4:90 Seeing Einstein’s Gravity Lens, 1:108 Constellation Stamps to Be Issued, 4:100 book review: Stargazing with a Telescope, Robin Voyage to Remember, A, 6:114 S&T Executive Editor Honored, 4:100 Scagell, 4:90 Livingston, Andrew, Observing by Ear, 3:134 Universo Celebrates Its 10th Anniversary, 2:102 German Amateur’s Supernova in M51, 5:103 hobby Q&A, 2:110 L.
  • Nanoswarm: a Cubesat Discovery Mission to Study Space Weathering, Lunar Magnetism, Lunar Water, and Small-Scale Magnetospheres

    Nanoswarm: a Cubesat Discovery Mission to Study Space Weathering, Lunar Magnetism, Lunar Water, and Small-Scale Magnetospheres

    46th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2015) 3000.pdf NANOSWARM: A CUBESAT DISCOVERY MISSION TO STUDY SPACE WEATHERING, LUNAR MAGNETISM, LUNAR WATER, AND SMALL-SCALE MAGNETOSPHERES. I. Garrick-Bethell1,2, C. M. Pieters3, C. T. Russell4, B. P. Weiss5, J. Halekas6, D. Larson7, A. R. Poppe7, D. J. Lawrence8, R. C. Elphic9, P. O. Hayne10, R. J. Blakely11, K.-H. Kim2, Y.-J. Choi12, H. Jin2, D. Hemingway1, M. Nayak1, J. Puig-Suari13, B. Jaroux9, S. Warwick14. 1University of California, Santa Cruz, [email protected], 2Kyung Hee U., 3Brown U., 4UCLA, 5MIT, 6U. of Iowa, 7UC Berkeley, 8APL, 9Ames, 10JPL, 11USGS, 12KASI (South Korea), 13Tyvak, 14Northrop Grumman. Introduction: The NanoSWARM mission concept solar wind flux, directly over surfaces with variable uses a fleet of cubesats around the Moon to address a spectral and FeO properties (lunar swirls). number of open problems in planetary science: 1) The Lunar magnetism: The first spacecraft to leave mechanisms of space weathering, 2) The origins of the Earth and pass the Moon, Luna-1 in 1959, carried planetary magnetism, 3) The origins, distributions, and with it a magnetometer. Luna-1 measured no global migration processes of surface water on airless bodies, magnetic field, but in the subsequent decades, we have and 4) The physics of small-scale magnetospheres. To found that portions of the lunar crust are magnetized, accomplish these goals, NanoSWARM targets scientif- as well as samples returned by the Apollo program [5]. ically rich features on the Moon called swirls (Fig. 1). We have also come to conclude that a lunar dynamo is Swirls are high-albedo features correlated with strong required to magnetize most, if not all of these materials magnetic fields and low surficial water.
  • Small Satellite Earth-To-Moon Direct Transfer Trajectories Using the CR3BP

    Small Satellite Earth-To-Moon Direct Transfer Trajectories Using the CR3BP

    Scholars' Mine Masters Theses Student Theses and Dissertations Fall 2019 Small satellite earth-to-moon direct transfer trajectories using the CR3BP Garrett Levi McMillan Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses Part of the Aerospace Engineering Commons Department: Recommended Citation McMillan, Garrett Levi, "Small satellite earth-to-moon direct transfer trajectories using the CR3BP" (2019). Masters Theses. 7920. https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/masters_theses/7920 This thesis is brought to you by Scholars' Mine, a service of the Missouri S&T Library and Learning Resources. This work is protected by U. S. Copyright Law. Unauthorized use including reproduction for redistribution requires the permission of the copyright holder. For more information, please contact [email protected]. SMALL SATELLITE EARTH-TO-MOON DIRECT TRANSFER TRAJECTORIES USING THE CR3BP by GARRETT LEVI MCMILLAN A THESIS Presented to the Graduate Faculty of the MISSOURI UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree MASTER OF SCIENCE in AEROSPACE ENGINEERING 2019 Approved by: Dr. Henry Pernicka, Advisor Dr. David Riggins Dr. Serhat Hosder Copyright 2019 GARRETT LEVI MCMILLAN All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT The CubeSat/small satellite field is one of the fastest growing means of space exploration, with applications continuing to expand for component development, commu- nication, and scientific research. This thesis study focuses on establishing suitable small satellite Earth-to-Moon direct-transfer trajectories, providing a baseline understanding of their propulsive demands, determining currently available off-the-shelf propulsive technol- ogy capable of meeting these demands, as well as demonstrating the effectiveness of the Circular Restricted Three Body Problem (CR3BP) for preliminary mission design.