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Home , Floreana mockingbird, Nesoryzomys, Nesoryzomys fernandinae, Nesoryzomys indefessus, Nesoryzomys swarthi, Small ground finch

BIODIVERSITY AND BIOPHYSICAL RESOURSES

Galapagos vertebrates: endangered status and conservation actions Gustavo Jiménez-Uzcátegui, Bryan Milstead, Cruz Márquez, Javier Zabala, Paola Buitrón, Alizon Llerena, Sandie Salazar & Birgit Fessl

Charles Darwin Foundation

Categorization of on the Red List is useful for Extinct. Seven of the extinct species are known from conservationists and managers to prioritize their efforts records of live specimens, while the remaining six are and actions regarding species and ecosystems that are only known from the record 2 (Table 1). The only endangered with 1. species Extinct in the Wild (EW) is the giant land tortoise of Pinta, Geochelone abingdoni , whose sole In Galapagos, 109 endemic and native vertebrate survivor is known as Lonesome George. species have been recorded, of which 13 are considered

Table 1. Extinct vertebrate species. Record Island Common name Scientific Name Fossil Living

Rábida gecko Phyllodactylus sp Rábida x Fernandina giant tortoise Geochelone phantastica Fernandina x Reptile Floreana giant tortoise Geochelone elephantopus Floreana xx Rábida giant tortoise Geochelone wallacei Rábida x x Santa Fe giant tortoise Geochelone sp. Santa Fe x Rábida rice rat sp 1 Rábida x Isabela rice rat Nesoryzomys sp 2 Isabela x Isabela rice rat Nesoryzomys sp 3 Isabela x Santa Cruz giant rat curioi Santa Cruz x Isabela giant rat Megaoryzomys sp Isabela x Galapagos rice rat galapagoensis San Cristóbal x x Santa Cruz rice rat Santa Cruz - Baltra x x Santa Cruz rice rat Nesoryzomys darwini Santa Cruz xx Source: Steadman et al (1991)

The number of species in an endangered category may introduction of agents of infection, via air or sea, change over time for a variety of reasons, such as a that pose a major risk factor that could lead to change in taxonomic classification, a change in status extinction of species, as occurred in Hawaii with or origin, discovery of new species or , and new the introduction of avian malaria; assessments (Table 2, Fig. 1, Annex). hunting, still occurring on Isabela, which can affect The principal causes for extinction of species on the both reptiles and ; Red List are: increased tourism (without precautionary measures), loss and/or fragmentation; population growth and political-economic pressure;

arrival of introduced species that are predators or global warming and its large-scale impacts on disease vectors, or that compete for habitat or food; natural processes, with potentially serious conse - quences for existing populations.

104 Galapagos Report 2006 - 2007 BIODIVERSITY AND BIOPHYSICAL RESOURSES

The findings of the latest assessment are alarming, both because of the number of species now on the Red List Of the 109 endemic and native species of and their threat category, and because of the problems vertebrates, six became extinct prior to the they face. Among endangered fauna, birds have the arrival of humans in the Galapagos and seven greatest potential for extinction 3. became extinct after humans arrived.

Table 2. Number of vertebrate species per threat category (1999-2007). IUCN Threat Category No. taxa of Year Order species EX EW CR EN VU NT LC DD evaluated All 1999* 112 10 1 4 12 38 5 42 Vertebrates

Reptiles 37 5 1 3 6 11 11 00

Birds 56 0 0 2 4 7 0 42 1

2007** 16 8 0 0 0 5 1 2 0

All 109 13 1 5 10 23 12 44 1 Vertebrates Source: * Data taken from Snell et al (1999). ** Includes species and endemic and native subspecies accepted by the CDF.

Notes

Symbols Legend: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient.

Figure 1. Percent of endemic and native vertebrate species by threat category, 2007

45 40% 40 Reptiles Birds Mammals 35 30

t 25 n e c

r 20 e

P 21% 11% 15 10 12% 9% 1% 5% 1% 5 0 EX EW CR EN VU NT LC DD Threat Category Source: CDF databases.

Note

Symbols Legend: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient.

Galapagos Report 2006 - 2007 105 BIODIVERSITY AND BIOPHYSICAL RESOURSES

REPTILES GNPS also initiated a semi-captive program for land iguanas on the Venecia islets (close to Cerro Dragón) In 1965, the CDF initiated the program for captive by transferring adult iguanas to these islets. With rearing of giant tortoises (Geochelone spp.) on Santa successful reproduction, the juvenile iguanas were Cruz Island. In 1968, with the establishment of the then captured and repatriated to their places of origin. Galapagos National Park Service (GNPS), it became a The first 11 juveniles were transferred from Venecia to collaborative program between the two organizations. Conway Bay on Santa Cruz in 1985. To date, 1,136 The first tortoise populations in the program were from iguanas have been repatriated to their places of origin. the islands of Pinzón, Española, and Santiago. The program grew to include other populations, including those from Wolf, Cerro Azul, and Sierra Negra volca - BIRDS noes on Isabela; and the islands of San Cristóbal and Santa Cruz. To date, 4,049 land tortoises have been The Galapagos penguin , Spheniscus mendiculus , is repatriated to these eight populations. The success of distributed along the coasts of Fernandina and Isabela the program has resulted in the recovery of some and the northern coast of Floreana. The flightless populations (Santiago and Española) to the extent that , Phalacrocorax harrisi , is found on the they were moved from Critically Endangered to coasts of Fernandina and Isabela. Both species are 1 Endangered. The populations on San Cristóbal, Santa catalogued on the IUCN’s Red List as Endangered . Cruz, and Cerro Azul Volcano are currently catalogued The threats include introduced species, such as dogs, 5 as Vulnerable. However, two tortoise populations cats, and rats ( Rattus spp) ; global warming, which can remain Critically Endangered due to the threat from worsen the effects of the El Niño phenomenon and 6 black rats ( Rattus rattus – Pinzón Island) and humans affect their reproductive rate ; uncontrolled fishing 1 (Sierra Negra Volcano on southern Isabela). with nets ; oil and fuel spills, and plastic garbage. As part of the conservation for these species, the CDF and the GNPS conduct annual censuses of both popula - Raising and repatriating tortoises and land tions. Both species have stable populations, with a iguanas in captivity has resulted in certain rising trend since 1999, although the Galapagos species moving to less threatened categories. penguin population is still below the population high recorded in the 1970s.

The Galapagos albatross , Phoebastria irrorata , is listed as The land iguana (Conolophus subcristatus ) is in the Vulnerable by the IUCN 1, and there is pressure to move 4 Vulnerable category . Its main threats are introduced it to Critically Endangered*. In 2002, the population was species, primarily dogs ( Canis familiaris ), wild cats about 35,000 7. Albatross nest on Española. From January (Felis catus ), and humans. In 1931 and 1932, Captain to March they roam the Pacific Ocean off the coasts of Allan Hancock and zoologist Cy Perkins transferred southern Ecuador and northern Peru. They are threatened approximately 70 iguanas from Baltra to North by global warming, since the El Niño phenomenon Seymour, which saved the population as the resident affects reproduction due to the resulting food shortage 8, population on Baltra became extinct sometime by fishing in waters near the mainland 9,10 , and by oil between 1938 and 1958, when Baltra was used as a pollution from fishing boats 1. At present, there is contact US military base. In 1975, the CDF and the GNPS with the Ministries of the Environment and Foreign established an iguana rearing center in Santa Cruz. Affairs of Ecuador to ensure the protection of this species Adult iguanas from Santa Cruz (Cerro Dragón, Cerro in the territorial waters of Peru. Montura, and Conway Bay) and Isabela (Cartago Bay) were taken to the center for subsequent reproduction, and rearing and repatriation of juvenile iguanas to their places of origin. In 1979, the first pair of adult iguanas from North Seymour was transferred to the Among all the endangered fauna, birds have center and the first 35 juvenile iguanas were repatriated the greatest potential for extinction. Both the to Baltra in June 1991. Repatriations to Cartago Bay number of species on the Red List and the began in 1982, with the release of the first 39 juve - problems they face are alarming. niles. The first 53 juveniles were released at Cerro Dragón on Santa Cruz in 1987. The CDF and the

* In 2007 the status of the Galapagos albatross was changed to CR, Critically Endangered. This change is not reflected in the tables and figures of this article.

106 Galapagos Report 2006 - 2007 BIODIVERSITY AND BIOPHYSICAL RESOURSES

The mangrove , heliobates , is in by depositing garbage and rubble or by landfill. The the Critically Endangered category. The population, GNPS and the CDF have conducted an annual census with an estimated 50 breeding pairs, is currently of the population since 1967. This population is stable. restricted to two patches of mangroves on western Isabela 11 . The main threats include introduced species such as wasps ( Polistes versicolor ), rats, cats, ants MAMMALS (Solenopsis spp.) 1, and the parasitic fly, Philornis downsi , whose larvae suck blood from baby birds. The Galapagos sea lion , Zalophus wollebaeki , is found There are also avian diseases that may affect this throughout the archipelago. Since 1997, twelve breed - species. Anthropogenic threats include climate change ing colonies have been monitored. The number of and potential impacts from tourism. The two sites have pups recorded during breeding seasons shows a recovery been visitor sites for decades, although they are in terms of reproductive success, following the 50% seldom visited. The project began in population decrease 12 during the El Niño phenomenon 2006. Its goals and objectives include determining the of 1997-1998. In the last few years, new problems status of the population, threats, reproductive success, have arisen for this species, such as diseases that mainly capture-recapture, and captive rearing and reintroduction. affect their offspring. An eye parasite, Phylopthalmus The numbers confirm that the population status is critical. zalophi , related to a high incidence of conjunctivitis and eye secretions in sea lion breeding colonies, The Floreana , Nesomimus trifasciatus , is primarily during the hot season of the year, was in the Endangered category. It became extinct on discovered in 2002. Floreana Island in 1880. Its extinction is attributable to by dogs and feral cats, nest predation by black rats, and the disappearance of the , Opuntia megasperma , caused by goats ( Capra hircus )1. The Floreana mockingbird is now only found on two Of the 12 endemic species recorded in islets near Floreana, Gardner-by-Floreana and Galapagos, only four currently exist. Champion 1. The introduced species that affected them on Floreana have not yet arrived on either islet. Since 2003, annual monitoring of this species and surveys to detect introduced species have been conducted. Monitoring is very important, even more so when there Of the 12 endemic rodent species recorded in the is a declining trend in the number of individuals. Galapagos, only four currently exist (Annex). The recently extinct species ( Nesoryzomys spp. and The Galapagos flamingo , Phoenicopterus ruber , also Oryzomys galapagoensis ) may have been impacted by lives in the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, Yucatán, and introduced species such as rats (due to for northwestern Colombia. In Galapagos, there are habitat and food, predation, and introduction of infec - approximately 320–550 individuals. This is the world’s tious agents), and cats (due to predation). The causes smallest population and is listed as Endangered on the for the extinction of endemic rats prior to the arrival of Red List for birds in Ecuador 1. It is threatened by intro - humans are unknown, but they are assumed to have duced , such as cats, pigs ( Sus scrofa ), goats, been natural. The four species of still present rats, and the frog, Scinax quinquefasciatus , which are threatened by introduced rats, primarily on reduce the critical habitat for reproduction, transmit Santiago. Although no Rattus rattus or other exotic disease, and destroy nests, , and hatchlings. The El species have been registered in the zones where the other Niño phenomenon affects food resources, causes three endemic rat species live, they may eventually flooding of their habitat, and results in decreased arrive. For this reason, the GNPS and the CDF monitor reproduction. Humans also affect the flamingo lagoons rat presence/absence on these islands.

Galapagos Report 2006 - 2007 107 BIODIVERSITY AND BIOPHYSICAL RESOURSES

Annex. List of endemic and native vertebrate species by their Threat Category.

Threat Common name Scientific Name Category

TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Ftelor deeana Floreana Geochelone elephantopus EXc TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Fteern deand Fernainandina Geochelone phantastica EXc c TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Steanta de Santa Fe Fe Geochelone sp EX TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Rábte deida Rabida Geochelone wallacei EXc GRábeckidao de gecko Rábida Phyllodactylus sp. EXc b TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Pteinta de Pinta Geochelone abingdoni EW b CGulebalapagosra de Gal snakeápa gos 2 Antillophis slevini CR b TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Pteinzón de Pinzón Geochelone ephippium CR TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Steierra de Si Negraerra Ne Volgracano Geochelone guntheri CR b CGulebalapagosra de Gal snakeápa gos 1 Alsophis biserialis EN b CGulebalapagosra de Gal snakeápa gos 3 Antillophis steindachneri EN b TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Steantiago de Santiago Geochelone darwini EN b TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Etespañola de Espaniola Geochelone hoodensis EN b TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Dtearwi de Vnolc Volcán anoDarwin Geochelone microphyes EN b TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Cteerr deo Cerro Azul Azuvolcl ano Geochelone vicina EN b IgMuanaarine Ma iguanarina Amblyrhynchus cristatus VU b IgLanduana igu Terreanstrea Conolophus pallidus VU b S b E IgLanduana igu Terreanstrea Conolophus subcristatus VU L I b T TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Wte olfde VolVolccanoán Wolf Geochelone becki VU P b E TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Stean de Cristóbal San Cristobal Geochelone chathamensis VU R TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Steanta de Santa Cruz Cruz Geochelone nigrita VU b TGortuiangat land Terr esttortreoise Gigan of Atelcedo de Volc Voláncano Alcedo Geochelone vandenburghi VU b LLagaavarti lizardja de Lava Microlophus bivittatus VU b LLagaavarti lizardja de Lava Microlophus duncanensis VU b LLagaavarti lizardja de Lava Microlophus grayii VU b CGulebalapagosra de Gal snakeápa gos 4 Philodryas hoodensis VU b

TMortuaringae Mariturtlena Chelonia mydas NT b LLagaavarti lizardja de Lava Microlophus albemarlensis NT b LLagaavarti lizardja de Lava Microlophus delanonis NT b LLagaavarti lizardja de Lava Microlophus habelii NT b b LLagaavarti lizardja de Lava Microlophus pacificus NT GNeckatiove N geatickovo 1 Phyllodactylus barringtonensis NT b GNeckatiove N gecativoko 2 Phyllodactylus baurii NT b GDeckarwio dne ge Darwckoin Phyllodactylus darwini NT b GGeckalaopagos de Galá gecpagosko Phyllodactylus galapagensis NT b GNeckatiove N gecativoko 4 Phyllodactylus gilberti NT b b GNeckatiove N gecativoko 3 Phyllodactylus leei NT PMinzónangrov de emanglar finch Camarhynchus heliobates CR a PGetralaelpagos de Gal petáparelgos Pterodroma phaeopygia CRa CSucuan veCristóba de Sanl Crimocstóbkinalgbi rd Nesomimus melanotis EN a

S CFuculoreanve dea mFloreanaockingb ird Nesomimus trifasciatus EN a D a R

I CFormoránlightless nocormo voladorrant Phalacrocorax harrisi EN B PGingalaüinopagos de penguinGalápagos spheniscus mendiculus EN a b GGavialalánpagos de Galá hawkpagos Buteo galapagoensis VU b PMinzónediu dem trárebole fin medianoch Camarhynchus pauper VU

Gaviota de la lava Larus fuliginosus Pachay Laterallus spilonotus 108 Galapagos Report 2006 - 2007 Cucuve de Española Nesomimus macdonaldi Albatros de Galápagos Phoebastria irrorata Golondrina de Galápagos Progne modesta Patillo Anas bahamensis galapagoensis Gaviotín de cabeza blanca Anous stolidus galapagensis Garza morena Ardea herodias cognata Lechuza de campo Asio flammeus galapagoensis Garza de lava Butorides striata sundevalli Pinzón carpintero, artesano Camarhynchus pallidus Pinzón de árbol pequeño Camarhynchus parvulus Pinzón de árbol grande Camarhynchus psittacula Pinzón cantor Certhidea olivacea Cuclillo Coccyzus melacoryphus Gaviota cola bifurcada Creagrus furcatus Canario María Dendroica petechia aureolla Fragata real Fregata magnificens magnificens Fragata común Fregata minor Gallinula Gallinula chloropus Pinzón de cactus grande conirostris Pinzón vampiro Geospiza difficilis Pinzón de tierra mediano Geospiza fortis Pinzón de tierra pequeño Geospiza fuliginosa Pinzón de tierra grande Geospiza magnirostris Pinzón de cactus Geospiza scandens Ostrero, cangrejero Haematopus palliatus galapagoensis Tero real Himantopus mexicanus Papamoscas Myiarchus magnirostris Gallareta Neocrex erythrops Cucuve de Galápagos Nesomimus parvulus Garza nocturna Huaque Nyctanassa violacea pauper Golondrina de Madeira Oceanodroma castro Golondrina de Tormenta de Galápagos Oceanodroma tethys tethys Pelícano café Pelecanus occidentalis urinator Pájaro Tropical Phaethon aethereus Flamenco Phoenicopterus ruber Pinzón vegetariano Platyspiza crassirostris Pufino de Galápagos Puffinus subalaris BIODIVERSITY AND BIOPHYSICAL RESOURSES

Class Common name Scientific Name Threat Category

GLavaaviota gull de la lava Larus fuliginosus VU a PGachalapagosay rail Laterallus spilonotus VU a a CEspañoucuve lade mo Espckiañolngba ird Nesomimus macdonaldi VU a AGlbatalapagosros de albGaláatross*pagos Phoebastria irrorata VU a Golondalapagosrina marde Galápatin gos Progne modesta VU a PGatialallopagos pintail Anas bahamensis galapagoensis LC a GBrowaviotín n oddyde cabeza blanca Anous stolidus galapagensis LC a Garzareat bmoluerena heron Ardea herodias cognata LC a LSechhoruzat-eared de cam owlpo Asio flammeus galapagoensis LC SGtriarzaated de he lavrona Butorides striata sundevalli LC a PWinzónoodp carpeckerinte finchro, artesano Camarhynchus pallidus LC a a PSmallinzón tree de ár finbolch pequeño Camarhynchus parvulus LC PLainzónrge t reede ár finbolch grande Camarhynchus psittacula LC a PWinzónarbler can finchtor Certhidea olivacea LC a CDuclark-illobilled cuckoo Coccyzus melacoryphus LC a GSwalloaviotaw-tai colaled bifu gullrcada Creagrus furcatus LC a CYellanaowrio warbler María Dendroica petechia aureolla LC a FMragagnificata reental frig ate Fregata magnificens magnificens LC a FGragreaatat frigat comúne bird Fregata minor LC a a

S GCommoallinulan moorhen Gallinula chloropus LC D Large cactus finch LC a R Pinzón de cactus grande Geospiza conirostris I a B PSharinzónp-b vameakpiredo g round finch Geospiza difficilis LC PMinzónedium de grou tierrand me findianch o Geospiza fortis LC a PSmallinzón g deround tierra finch pequeño Geospiza fuliginosa LC a PLainzónrge g derou tierrand finch grande Geospiza magnirostris LC a PCinzónactus definch cactus Geospiza scandens LC a a Ostrystero,er-cat canchergrejero Haematopus palliatus galapagoensis LC TBerolack- renecal ked stilt Himantopus mexicanus LC a PGapaalapagosmoscas flyc atch er Myiarchus magnirostris LC a GPainallat-bretailled crake Neocrex erythrops LC a a CGucualapagosve de Gal mocápakingosgbi rd Nesomimus parvulus LC GYellarzaow- ncroocturnawned Huaq nightue he ron Nyctanassa violacea pauper LC a GMolondadeiranrina storm de Madei petrelra Oceanodroma castro LC a Golondalapagosrina stode Trmorm petentarel de Galápagos Oceanodroma tethys tethys LC a BPelírowcanon p elicafcané Pelecanus occidentalis urinator LC a RPáed-bijaro lTrledopi tcalropicb ird Phaethon aethereus LC a Flamlamiencngoo Phoenicopterus ruber LC a VPinzónegetari veganeta finchriano Platyspiza crassirostris LC a GPufialanopagos de Gal shearwaápagoster Puffinus subalaris LC a VPáermjaroili Brujoon flyc atc her Pyrocephalus rubinus LC a SGoaviotíoty tnern negro Sterna fuscata LC a NPiqueazcaro booby de nazca Sula granti LC a BPiquelue-fooro patasted booby azules Sula nebouxii excisa LC a RPiqueed-fooro patasted booby rojas Sula sula LC a CLechommouza nde barn campanar owl io Tyto alba punctatissima LC a

* In 2007 the status of the Galapagos albatross was changed to CR, Critically Endangered. This change is not reflected in the tables and figures of this arPtaloiclema. de Galápagos Zenaida galapagoensis Garza blanca Ardea alba Galapagos Report 2006 - 2007 109 Golondrina de Elliot Oceanites gracilis galapagoensis Rata de Arrozal de Santa Cruz 2 Nesoryzomys darwini Rata de Arrozal Gigante de Santa Cruz Megaoryzomys curioi Rata de Arrozal Gigante de Isabela Megaoryzomys sp. Rata de Arrozal de Santa Cruz 1 Nesoryzomys indefessus Rata de arrozal de Rábida 1 Nesoryzomys sp.1 Rata de arrozal de Isabela 2 Nesoryzomys sp.2 Rata de arrozal de Isabela 3 Nesoryzomys sp.3 Rata de Arrozal de Galapagos Oryzomys galapagoensis Ratón de Arrozal de Fernandina Rata de arrozal de Santiago Rata de Arrozal de Santa Fe Oryzomys bauri Lobo marino de Galápagos Zalophus wollebaeki Lobo peletero de Galápagos Arctocephalus galapagoensis Rata de arrozal de Fernandina Nesoryzomys narboroughi Murciélago rojo de Galápagos Lasiurus borealis brachyotis Murciélago negro Lasiurus cinereus BIODIVERSITY AND BIOPHYSICAL RESOURSES

Threat Class Common name Scientific Name Category

a

S GalapagosPaloma dove de Galápagos Zenaida galapagoensis LC

D d

R Great Gegretarza blanca Ardea alba LC I

B Elliot’sG solondrinatorm petrel de Elliot Oceanites gracilis galapagoensis DD a SantaRata Cruz de rice Arrozal rat de Santa Cruz 2 Nesoryzomys darwini EXa SantaRata Cruz de gi antArrozal rice Giganterat de Santa Cruz Megaoryzomys curioi EXc IsabelRataa giant de riArrozalce rat Gigante de Isabela Megaoryzomys sp. EXc SantaRata Cruz de rice Arrozal rat de Santa Cruz 1 Nesoryzomys indefessus EXc RábidaRata rice de rat arrozal de Rábida 1 Nesoryzomys sp.1 EXc IsabelRataa rice de rat arrozal de Isabela 2 Nesoryzomys sp.2 EXc c

S IsabelRataa rice de rat arrozal de Isabela 3 Nesoryzomys sp.3 EX L c A GalapagosRata de rice Arrozal rat de Galapagos Oryzomys galapagoensis EX

M FernandinaRatón derice Arrozal rat de Fernandina Nesoryzomys fernandinae VU a M a A SantiagoRata r icede arrozalrat de Santiago Nesoryzomys swarthi VU M SantaRata Fe rice de ratArrozal de Santa Fe Oryzomys bauri VU a GalapagosLobo marisea lnoion de Galápagos Zalophus wollebaeki VU a GalapagosLobo pefurletero seal de Galápagos Arctocephalus galapagoensis VU a FernandinaRata de rice arrozal rat de Fernandina Nesoryzomys narboroughi NT a GalapagosMurcié redlago bat rojo de Galápagos Lasiurus borealis brachyotis LC a HoaryMurcié bat lago negro Lasiurus cinereus LC a

Source: a IUCN 2007. b Red Book for Ecuador. c Steadman et al . (1991). d CDF 2007.

Notes Symbols Legend: EX = Extinct, EW = Extinct in the Wild, CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient

110 Galapagos Report 2006 - 2007