T H E ELATOR Vol. 26, No.2, February 2012

• HALF-FIGURE OF THE KING: UNRA VELING THE MYSTERIES OF THE EARLIEST SIGLOI OF DARIUS I • A MAGNENTIAN HOARD FROM BRIDGNORTH, SHROPSHIRE~ ENGLAND Visit www.TomCederlind.com ..

, air: III ~ III '-' TIBERIUS. E 14-37 AD. Brass Sestertius. o I-

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www.TomCederlind.com/[email protected] Vol. 26, No.2 The delator'" Inside The Celator'" ... February 20 12 Consecutive Issue No. 296 Incorporating Roman Coins alld Culture FEATURES PublisherlEditor Kerry K. WeUerstrom [email protected] 6 Half·Figure of the King: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Earliest Sigloi of Darius I Associate Editors by Wif{iam E. Oaehn Robert L. Black Michael R. Mehalick 27 A Magnentian Hoard from Bridgnorth, Page 6 Shropshire, England For Back Issues From by Antony Wilson 1987 to May 1999 contact: Wayne Sayles [email protected] DEPARTMENTS

Art: Parnell Nelson 2 Editor's Nole Coming Next Month Maps & Graphic An: 4 Letters to the Editor Page 27 Kenny Grady 34 Art and the Market P.O. Box 10607 ,fi)rofilc5 in l1umill"matics Lancaster, PA 17605 Tel/fax: 717-656-8557 35 Art and the Market (Office Hours: Noon to 6PM) For FedEx & UPS deliveries: 36 Coming Events Kerry K. Wetterslrom 87 Apricot Ave 41 AN T1Q!) !T! ES by David Liebert Leola, PA 17540-1788 42 <.!Coins of tbc 1hh~ ( c by David Hendin www.celator.com The Celator (ISSN .1048·0985) 44 The Internet Connection is an independent journal pub­ by Kevin Barry & Zachary "Beast" Beasley lished on the first day of each month at 87 Apricot Ave. Leola. PA 17540-1788.11 is circulated in­ 45 'through the £ ooking gla ss ternationally through subscrip­ About the cover: Im­ tions and special distributions. by Wayne G. Sayles Subscription rates, payable in age of a half-figure sig­ U.S. funds. are $36 per year (Pe­ 46 Cartoon los of Darius I (courtesy riOdical rate) within the United of Pars Coins), and oth­ States; $45 to Canada: $75 per Professional Directory year to all oltler addresses (ISAl). 47 er assorted images from Advertising and copy deadline is this month's featured Classifieds the first workday of each month for 53 article, which begins on the folJQwing month's issue. Unso­ licrted artides and news releases 53 On the Rood - The Celotor' s Show & Club Schedule page 6 (please see arti­ are welcome. however publication cle for image credits). cannot be guaranteed. Unless ex· pressly Slated. The Celatorneilher 54 Club & Society Directory endorses nor is responsible for the coolants of advertisements. leiters· 55 Index of Display Advertisers The Celator office to-the·editor, leatureartides. regu· lar columns and press releases in will be closed on its pages, including any opinions March 22nd_241h and stated therein, and the accuracy of ApriI2&h-291h • Check any data provided by its contribu· tors. Periodical postage paid the "On the Road" (USPS H006077) Lancaster. PA section (p,. 53) for fur­ 17604 and aOo'i"ooal ofIK:es. ther details. Office Copyright ©2011, PNP, Inc. hours are ] ormally Postmaster: please send Noon to 61'M ESj; address changes to: Please keep in mind P.O. Box 10607 that this is a one-per­ Lancaster, PA 17605-0607 son business when you're trying to reach FOUNDED 1987 BY me. Thank you! WAYNE G. SAYLES

February 2012 1 EDITOR'S ", COMING NEXT '". MONTH NOTE ~.- IN THE CELATOR® The New York A "New" Bronze of International Nu - mismatic Conven­ Antigonos Gonatas tion (NYINC) was once again held by Walter C. Holt, M.A. during the first week of January at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York Demeter's Torch & The City, and I was fortunate enough to had to be the property of the Italian Mysteries of Eleusis government." attend for the 29'0 consecutive time. by Ceocge L. Beke T he NYI NC and the summer ANA The complaint did not make any mention of lot 1008, the Akragas de­ conventions are the only two coin con­ AND COMING SOON ventions that I can claim uninterrupt­ kadrachm. with a pre-sale estimate of ed attendance at since 1983. $2.5 million, and destined to be one From the Shekel Hakodesh This year's NYINC was very simi­ of the highlights of the auction. As this lar to the last few conventions: the issue goes to press, I have still not read to the Shekel of Israel market is still hot. especially for high­ or heard anything aboul why this coin by Gary M. Fine grade and rare Greek coinage; every was also confiscated. It was speculat­ auction held in conjunction with the ed that the Akragas dekadrachm would Pythagoras and the Incuse convention report- set a new record for a Greek coin, but Coins of Magna Graecia this was not the ed superb results; by John Francisco and the bourse was case. ThaI honor crowded with col­ "It was speculated that went to lot 213 in Numismatic Evidence of The New York Sale lectors and dealers Bishops' Symbols once the actual the Akragas dekadrachm Auction XXVII, coin show started would set a new record for a the amazing gold by Gary Wadctingham stater of Pantika­ on Thursday after- Greek coin, but this was not How to Read tlte noon. paion, which had a the case. That honor went 10 There was one pre-sale estimate of Legends on Coins of the thing slightly dif­ lot 213 in The New York Sale $650,000 and real­ Western Kshatrapas: ferent, though, at Auction XXVII, the amazing ized $3,802,50{). A Beginner's Guide th is year's NY­ If it turns out gold stater of Pantikapaion, by Pankaj Tandon INC- the U.S. gov­ that the govern­ ernment made an which had a pre-safe esti­ ment seized the A Unique Civic Seal appearance on mate of $650,000 alld real­ Akragas de­ of Colonia Ptolemais Tuesday at the lot ized $3,802,500." kadrachm without viewing fo r the any cause or justi- by Adolfo Eidelstein joint Nomos AGI fication, then per­ eNG, Inc . auction and seized two haps a lawsuit would be in order. In Astragaloi on Ancient coins, as well as detaining one of the any event, this incident certainly plac­ Coins: Game Pieces or principals of Nomos AG, Dr. Peter es the entire ancient coin collecting Agents of Prophecy? Weiss. The atmosphere of the show community on notice that the U.S . by Bekircan Tahberer was certainly more subdued after this government is watching us. and we event, partly because of the uncertain­ betler make sure that we are compli­ The Ancient City of Philippi, ty of what had actually occurred. Dr. ant with all current laws. Weiss, on the advice of counsel, did As an aside (0 the above comments. and the 'Eid Mar' Coinage not return to the convention, and the please read Wayne Sayles' column this by Mnvin Tameanko month for his views on the challenges U.S. government was not forthcoming Highlights of the Early with any details. facing our hobby, and one possible The following week the New York solution: self-regulation. Byzantine Coins in the County District Attorney's office re­ Back to the NY INC. Overall, il was Museum of Fine Arts, Boston another enjoyable and successful con­ leased a copy of the criminal com­ by Donald Squires plaint, where il was alleged that Dr. vention, and I certainly enjoyed talk­ Weiss "knew that coin 1009 (lot ing with my numismatic friends, both 1009 in the auction- a letradrachm of old and new! Mark your calendars now Katane estimated at $300,000) was for next year·s convention to be held 'freshly dug,' and that. therefore. il from January [0-13,2013.

([.he CelMM is 1\llmed tM ilnd dedicilted to the coin die-en;iZilUe'lS ot ilntiquit¥ ",hose ilzt "'mil ins ilS po"''''tul ilnd il ppeillin;i todil¥ ilS in thci'l o,.,n time.

2 The Celator Consign Your Ancient Coins to Stack's Bowers and Ponterio's Official Auction of the ANA WORLD'S FAIR OF MONEY August 1-11, 2012· Philadelphia, Pennsylvania· Consign by May 14, 2012

Stack's Bowers and Ponter io's 2011 aucti ons held in con junction with ma jor coi n conventions have realize d incredibl e prices fo r anci ent coins. Bel ow are just a few highlig hts from ou r Jan uary 2011 NYINC au ctio n and our Aug ust 2011 offic ial auctio n of the ANA World's Fai r of Mon ey.

Caunus Stater. Cho ice Ext remely Fine. Bold Portraits of Julius Caesar Realized $16,520 in our & Mark Antony. NGC Choice XF. Exceptional Kroton Labors of Herakles Stater. January 2011 NYINC auction. Realized $9,440 in our 2011 ANA Nearly Extreme ly Fine. World's Fair of Money auction. Realized $18,880 in our January 2011 NYINC auction.

High Grad e Ne ro Aure us . NGCAU . Realized $22,420 in our 2011 ANA High Grade Bold Relief Catana Tetra drachm. NGC XF. World's Fair of Money auction. Realized $10,030 in our 2011 ANA World's Fair of Money auction. First Pu nic Wa r Si lver Oekadrachm. Very Fi ne. Realized $30,680 in our January 2011 NYINC auction.

Magnificent High Rel ief Facing Si lenos. High Grad e Armen ian Victory Gold NGC Choice XF. Au reus of lucius Ve ru s. NGC Choice AU. Realized $23,600 in our 2011 ANA Realized $15,930 in our 2011 ANA World's Fair of Money auction. World's Fair of Money auction.

Exceptional Akanthos Tet radrachm. Choice Extreme ly Fine. Reali~ed $14,160 in our January 2011 NYINC auction.

Very Rare Cretan Drachm Dep icting the labyrinth lineage of The Severan Dynasty of the Mi notaur. Nearly Extreme ly Fine. Go ld Aureus. NGC AU. Realized $26,550 in our 2011 ANA Realized $29,500 in our 2011 ANA World's Fair of Money auction. World'S Fair of Money alletion.

High Grade lampsacos Go ld Stater. Extreme ly Fi ne. Call one of our cons ignment spe cialists today to consign to our Realized $35,400 in our Aug ust 2012 auction in Philadelphia· Consign by May 14, 2012 January 2011 NYINC allction.

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February 2012 3 Coin of Constantius II A Menorah Coin Depicts the Cross With No Menorah? I have read with great interest Dav­ With only some 40 specimens id Hendin's article in the September known, it is quite an experience as an 2011 issue of The Gelator, with its dis­ avid collector of ancient Jewish and cussion of the use of Christian symbols Biblical coins to actually be able to hold on the coinage issued under Constan­ in one's hand the most valuable piece tine the Great and the emperors who of copper in the world, a tiny somewhat followed him. The cross, to be sure, crudely made and stamped two-gram was a troubling symbol for those who An Apology piece of 2,O OO-year-old copper or lived under Constantine, as it was, as I bronze which sells for up to U.S. understand, during his reign that the My pleasure at having my sceatta $50,000 or more. use of that form of execution was final­ article published in The Gelator (Vo l. The coin in question is the famous ly abolished. 25, No. 11) in November 2011 has been "Menorah" coin, the tiny prutot issued I have in my possession a coin of tainted by a breach of protocol on my by Mattathias Antigonus, the last of the Constantine's son, Constantius II , pro­ behalf. Inexcusably, I inadvertently se­ Hasmonean Kings/High Priests of duced at the Antioch mint, depicting on lected the images of my own coins, Judaea who ru led from 40-37 BeE. the reverse Constantius II standing with shown as Figures 1 and 2, not from my Meshorer speculated, probably cor­ two bound captives sitting at his feet. own photographic folders but, by care­ rectly, that the coin was issued in the He is holding a banner clearly show­ less use of the search facility, from a last months if not weeks of Antigonus' ing a cross. Constantius ruled from folder of images supplied to me by Anl­ reign before his defeat in 37 BCE by 337-361, and his father look office in ony Wilson of York Coins, New York, Herod I, aided by the Roman general 307. II is likely that many holding th is specifically and only to illustrate the C. Sossius. (Herod, wit h Octavian's coin were over the age of forty, and 'Beowulf' collection, which I published support, had been declared King of thus probably had witnessed-and re­ in Studies in Early Medieval Coinage, Judaea by the Roman Senate in 40 membered-instances of crucifixions, Volume 1 (Boydell & Brewer, 2008). I BCE .) which were carried out in public. acquired the seeats illustrated and Mattatayah (to use his Hebrew This excellent product of the Anti­ many others from eNG's auction of the name) was the youngest son of Judas och mint is a wonderful example of late 'Beowulf' collection on 23'0 May 2007 Aristobul us II, and had come to power classical art, but it carries a distinctly (eNG Auction 75). in 40 BeE after bribing the Parthians, creepy overtone. The thought that lowe Antony Wilson my sincere then ru le d by Orodes II , to invade some of those who carried this coin in apologies. Protocol dictates that per­ Jerusalem, which was held at the time their pockets had seen first-hand the mission for the use of images should by John Hyrcanus II (Mattatayah's un­ physical horror of crucifixion lends an have been obtained beforehand and cle). The coup was successful and unsettling dimension of discomfort to clearly credited. Mallatayah became both King and High such an early depiction of the cross. Tony Abramson Priest , having deposed-and it is Add to this the fact that it is shown on claimed-having mutilated Hyrcanus. a banner that was likely carried Mattatayah's three-year reign in into war, and it becomes clear Jerusalem was in effect three years of that th is is a coin , as beautiful rebellion against the might of Rome, as it is, best appreciated in the and its end was as certain as it was full light of day, and not contem ­ predictable, especially after the death plated too close to bedtime. of the Parthian Orodes, with Rome and Sherry Briggs its puppet Herod triumphant. Howev­ Needham, MA er, during his three years, Mattatayah IE of Constantiu.l· 11 that depicts a cmss on the (Boston Metro West) emperor's banner on the reverse. Please 111m 10 page 38 ..

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February 2012 5 IlAu=-f[GUR£ Olb llIf JI6NG UNRAVDJ[NGllJl[ MvS1IRlIIs or llJl[ ~ST SXGlOXo r DARRJS I nations or the ancient Middle by William E. Daehn East. including Media and Assyria, into a single politi­ cal unit- the Persian Empire. Introduction The "Achaemenids" were the line of ancestors, possibly The Persian silver siglos is one oflhe fic ti onal, which Dari us and most well-known coins of the ancient his descendants used to ex­ world. Minted in large quantities over a plain their noble lineage. At period of nearly two hundred years, its peak, the empire stretched thousands of these "archers" survive and from its eastern border, India, at least one can be found in most collec­ to its western border, the tions of ancient Greek coins. Mediterranean Sea. Persian Most familiar 10 collectors arc the royal inscript ions provide sigloi bearing a full-figure of the Per­ lists of the lands and peoples sian king in a kneeling/running position, of the empire, and thirty-one either holding a bow in front of him, different peoples appear on holding a spear across his body, or hold­ the li sts at one time or anoth­ ing a dagger behind him. Of particular er. 1 Although Asia Minor, interest is the scarce variety bearing only Egypt, Babylonia, Bactria, a half-figure of the king. When an ex­ and Persia proper continued ample of this type appears al auction, it to be di stinguished by their is almost always described as "rarc." different cultures, languages, Figure -I - Obverse of a half-figure siglos. Photo This half-figure type raises several and religions, the Achae­ courtesy of Pars Coins. questions: Where do they fall in the sig­ menids created one political los series? Why was the king shown as structure 10 unify these popUlations. dom of Lydia in western As ia Minor. a half-figure? And just how rare are The imperial structure was created And in 538 he took control of Babylo­ these coins? But before delving into the by Cyrus the Great who assumed the nia, thus gaining access to the territo­ numismatic details, it will be helpful to throne as a vassal of the Median king ry of Phoenicia and its Mediterranean review the history of the Persian Em­ Astyages in 559 Be. Cyrus overthrew ports. Cyrus' reign ended when he was pire during the period of this coinage. Astyages in 550 and this marks the killed in battle in 530. His son and beginning of the Persian Empire. successor, Cambyses II, continued the The Persia n Empire Cyrus extended Persian control to expansion of the empire by absorbing all the land between Baelria and Phry­ Egypt in 525, causing Libya and The Persian kings, known as the gia. Tn 547, he defeated the forces of Cyrene to also surrender. Achaemenids, brought together the Croesus and took control of the King- Upon Cambyses IT 's death in 522, Darius assumed the throne. The cir­ cumstances of his ascension to the throne arc uncertain and controversial. What is clear is that Ihis was a time of Ancient Coins great rebellions in the empire. Some VI It! (Jill 111[('111('/ lite at historians maintain that Darius was a • Mail Bid Sales ~ \l \\ \\.roscnblumcoins.com usurper, and Darius himself felt the {~~ • Monthly Web Lists need to explain his rise to power in the ~.~ • Numismatic Literature well -known Behistun relief and inscrip­ • tion, which was carved, into a rock cliff Specializing in ludaean coins early in his reign. The inscription, 300 feet above the main caravan route from (serious want-lists solicited) ~ Ecbatana to Babylon, near the vill age of Behistun, proclaims Darius' version of WI1liam M. Rosenblum, LLC "td ;~ how he came to power. 2 po box 785, littleton, colo 80160-0785 - - ~ phone 720-981-0785, 303-910-8245 · fax 720-981-5345 . blll@ rosenbiurncomscom _Pc."

6 The Celator /lrtemide /lste ------5.r,[------

Auctions Calendar 2012

Electronic Auction 14E - February Auction XXXV - March Electronic Auction 15E - April Electronic Auction 16E - May Auction XXXVI - June Electronic Auction 17E - July Electronic Auction 18E - September Electronic Auction 19E - October Electronic Auction 20E - November Auction XXXVII - December Electronic Auction 21E - December Complimentary catalogues upon request.

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February 2012 7 Darius was the son of Hystaspes, a much. Among his accompli shments Canal, connecting the Red Sea with Persian said to be of noble li neage. was the bui lding of the 1600-mile long th e Mediterranean Sea. Unde r Darius, Persian te rri to ry Royal Road connecting Susa (in mod­ During Darius· reign, the Persian reached its peak. Hi s military achieve­ ern-day Iran ) to Sardis (in Lydia. mod­ Kin gdom was ru led and administered ments included conquests of the Getai ern-day western Turkey). Darius de­ from five part-time capitals: Susa, and Scythian tribes in Thrace (5 13) veloped a cou ri er system with horses Pasargadae, Ecbatana, Bnbylon, and nnd his suppression of the Ionian Re­ [ 0 deliver mail between Susa and Sar­ Persepoli s. In addition, $nrdis became volt (500-493). Most famou sly, the dis in just seven days. And under Dar· the chief center of Persian administra­ Persian s under Darius invaded Europe ius, parts of th e greal city of Perse­ ti on for western Asia Minor. but suffered defeat at the Buttle of po lis wcre buill , including the The most celebrated of the Persian Marathon in 490 Be. Apadana (large audience hall) and kings. Darius died peacefully in 486 at age Nonetheless, by the end of Darius' sections of th e Treasury. Darius also 64, and was entombed at Persepolis. He reign. the Great King had ac hieved created an earl y version of the Suez was succeeded by his son Xerxes. Xerxes is best remembered for his invasion of Greeee in 480 BC, and the defeat of his navy atlhe Battle of Sal a­ mi s. The defeat again stymied Persia n ambitions of controlling Greek lands. Xerx es was murdered in 465. The Persian Empire endured for another ! 35 years under a se ries of lesser kings (Artaxerxes I, Darius II. Artaxerxes II, Artaxerxes Ill, Arses, and Darius 11 1), none o f whom matched the administrative skill s or milita ry might of Darius I. Achae­ mcni d ru le finally ended when Alex­ andcr the Greal conquered the grcat empire and burned Persepolis in 330 BC , after wh ich the Persian Empire was

Coinage was not commonl y used in Persian society du ring the early peri­ od of the empire. Rather, the econo· my largely functioned on barter and precious metals exchanged by weight. However, the Persians were familiar with the coins of the Kingdom of Ly­ di

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~" Club Meetings AUCTIONS BY: ~rcJ~\~ Educational Forums Heritage World Coin Auctions: Sunday & Monday, Jan. 6·7 '(~i J)' Seminars Freeman & Scar: Tuesday, Jan. 8 Classical Numismatic Group: Thesday & Wednesday, Jan. 8-9 "I~ " Exhibits ,7 Book Signings Baldwin'slM&M Numismatics/Dmitry Markov: The New York Sale on Wednesday & Thursday, Jan. 9-10 Stack's-Bowers and Ponterio: Friday & Saturday, Jan. 11-12 Kolbe & Fanning LLC: Saturday, Jan. 12 Gemini Numismatic Auctions VII: Sunday, Jan. 13

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February 2012 9 conquered States which contributed to priority list. As Head explained, during purity level of the sigloi are normally form the vast Empire of Persia,'" the fi rst five years of Darius' reign, the 97-98% (but some are as low as 94%).7 Ernest Babelon expressed a differ­ king was occupied in suppressing rebel ­ A new Imperial coinage meant the ent opin ion in 1893. He maintained lions in various parts of the empire. introduction of a bold new design. and that the lion & bull types were all Therefore, it was probably not until 516 the image of the Great King was cho­ struck by Croesus prior to the conquest or later that he found time to focus on sen. The new coinage was minted at of Lydia by Cyrus.s Perhaps Babelon's the civic organization of his empire. Sardis where the Lydian coinage had opinion had an influence on Head, been struck, As Head po inted out, When writing the second edition of his The First Imperial Coinage "skilled die-sinkers and moneyers would masterpiece Historia NumorulI1, Head be more easil y obtainable there than any­ changed his opinion. He now bel ieved After the division of the empire where else in the Persian Empire."s the Sardis mint remained closed after into satrapies. Darius imposed a trib­ During its long period of minting, the fall of Croesus "for it is hardly ute on each satrapy, which was to be four distinct types were used on the likely that either Cyrus or Cambyses paid into the royal treasury. Head be­ si lver sigloi: a full -figure of the king would have allowed it to continue the lieved it was the assessment of thi s kneeling/running whi le shooting a issue of the Croesean gold staters af­ tribute that led to a monetary re form bow, a full-figure of the king holding ter the Persian conquest."~ and the institution of the first Persian a bow an d a spear, a full-figure of the Furthermore, instituting an Impe­ Imperial coinage-the gold daries and king holding a bow with a dagger be­ rial coinage was not high on Darius' silver sigloi. hind, and a half-figure of the kin g T he sigloi were holding a bow in his left hand and two struck on the weight arrows in his right hand. The half-fig­ standard used by Croe­ ure type was used only on the sigloi . sus for his silver coin­ The other three types appeared on both age and weighed about the sigloi and the gold daries. The rar­ 5.35 gm. Darius' gold ity of the hal f-figure siglos suggests it darics, however, were had a very short period of mintage. introduced on a slight­ Determining the sequence of issues ly heavier standard of became the focus of numismatists 8.4 gm (vs . 8.1 gm for studying the royal coinage. But with the Croesid gold). The few typological changes throughout value ratio was 20 si­ the long period of minting, and no in­ Figure 3-Lion & bull half·stater. Pharo by the author. gloi = I daric, and the scriptions on the coins, the royal ar­ cher coins were difficult to date with any precision. A misinterpretation of hoard evidence caused early research­ The Miinzen und MedailIen Companies ers to assign the half-figure coins to a late date. In his 1893 study, Ernest 1942-2011 Babclon placed them at the end of the series an d assigned them to Artaxerx­ For 69 years our legacy has been to serve the es III (359-338).9 collector of Ancient, Medieval & Modem Coins ... G. F. Hill next explored the series in alld we would like to serve you too! his "Notes on Imperial Persian Coinage" (1919). Hill found the sequence of is­ sues to be unelear. In fact, he questioned whether the various types represented successive issues or simply "local dif­ ferences of workmanship."'o He distin­ guished atlcast fifteen subtle variations of the four major types. Following Babelon, Hill stated that • Public Sales· Appraisals· Buying and Selling· the bowman and the half-figure types are • Large Stock in All Price Ranges· "unrepresented in the finds of early si­ gloi" and therefore belong to the later M&M Numismatics, Ltd. - Lucien Birkler period of the coinage. The hoard evi­ P.O. Box 65908, Washington, D.C. 20035 USA dence led Hill to also place the half-fig­ ure type as the last style and he assigned Telephone: (202) 833-3770 ' Fax : (202) 429-5275 it to the fourth century BC as well. Miinzen und Medaillen GmbH - Joachim StollhofT After the discovery of a new hoard, E. S. G. Robinson had more coins to Postfach 2245 D-79557 Weil, Gennany study than did Babelon or Hill. In "A Telephone: (01 1)49 762148560 ' Fax: (011) 49 762148529 Hoard of Persian Sigloi" (1947), he doc­ umented sixteen pieces with the half-fig­ ACAMA - Antike Miinzkunst - Dr. Hans Voegtli ure . The wear exhibited by the coins Malzgasse 25 Postfach CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland suggested that lhe half-figure and the Telephone: (011) 41 61 272 75 44 ' Fax: (O I l) 4161 272 75 14

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February 2012 11 bowman types were earlier than the bow IwO different weight standards had been bowman type were struck on the light & spear type. But Robinson could draw used for the sigloi, which he document­ Croesid standard of 5.35 gm, while the no conclusion as to whether the half~ ed through the use of a frequency table bow & spear and bow & dagger types figure or the bowman type came fi rst. of weightS. 11 One of the hoards studied were struck on a heavier 5.55 gm stan­ In 1956, Sydney Noe added some by Noe included 53 sigloi with the half­ dard. This madc it clear that the half­ clarity after studying the weights of IwO figure (the American Numismatic Soci­ figure and bowman types closcly fol ­ large groups of sigloi thaI had recently ety acquired twelve oflhese). Noe found lowed the minting ofCrocsids. Howev­ appeared on the market. He showed that that both the half-figure Iype and the cr, Noe placed the half-figure coins af- ler those with the bowman. Noe recognized that the 53 coins he examined, the 16 coins examined earlier by Robinson. and 29 coins recently described by Hen­ ri Seyrigl2 likely belonged to the same find . T his hoard (No. 1178 in AII/Il­ velltory of Greek Coin Hoards) is known as the Type I Type II Type I/J Type IV (al dag hoard, and is be­ lieved to have been found near the site of ancient Sar­ dis in 1945 or earlier (likely buried ca. 470 Be). In to­ lal, the hoard contained at least 98 half-figure sigloi. In 1958, Robinson re­ considered the sequence of issuesY He cited the Bair­ Figure 4- Drawillgs from Carradice 1987. Coin Types I and /I from Miill zkabinell. Swmliche ak li hoard (lGCH 1166). Museen zu Berlin. Type 111 from CNG Triton VII. Type IV from Ira & Larry Goldberg Coins found in Turkey in 1951, Auclion 59. which included one sigloi with the half-figure and three with the bowman Iype. Thc hoard was dated to the very early N UMISMATICA ARS CLASSICA NAC AG fifth century Be, but no coins of the bow & spear type were included. He was now confident that the hal f-figure and bow­ Ancient Coins - Greek - Roman - Byzantine man coins were early Iypes. and wear Mediaeval - Renaissance - Medals patterns exhibited on the hoard coins convinced Robinson that the half-figure Auctions - Sales & Purchases - Estimations type was the earliest. The order of issues was now se ­ cure: the half-figure of the king (here­ after referred to as Type I) was the first to be struck, followed by the full -figure king drawing a bow (Type II), the full ­ figure king holding the bow with a spear across his body (Type Ill), and finall y Ihc full -ligure king holding the bow in his left hand and a dagger behind bis body in his right hand (Type IV). Now the date of the int roduction of NUMISMA TICA ARS CLASSICA NAC AG the siglos series became the focus of debatc. Head's view that the Persians Niederdorfstr. 43 3rd Floor, Genavco House would not have continued the Lydian PO Box 17, Waterloo Place lion & bull types bad remained large­ CH - 8022 Zurich GB - London SWI Y 4AR ly unchallenged. But in 1985, Micha­ el Vickers argued that all of the lion Tel +4144261 1703 Tel +442078397270 & bull coins traditionall y assigned to Croesus were in fact struck by Darius. Fax +4 1 44261 5324 Fax +44 2079252174 Furthermore, Vickers argued that the zu Ii [email protected] [email protected] Type I and 11 archers were not intro­ duced unli l the reign of Xerxes. 14 www.arsclassicacoins.com

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Februa ry 2012 13 This led to a reassessment of these ed Vicker's down-dating of the lion tains text firmly dating the tablet to coinages by Ian Carradiee. 's Carradi ­ & bull coins to the reign of Darius. year 22 of the reign of King Darius ce attempted to refine the dating of the She showed that a clay tablet found (500 Be). And a Type II siglos was Croesids. sigloi. and darics. He also during excavations at Persepolis con- used to make the seal impressions on identified several sub-variet ies of the the tablel. This proved that Type II si­ sigloi. He concluded that the Type I gloi were in usc by 500 BC. siglos probably was introduced under Peter Varg yas pu shed the date even Darius I. Carradiee suggested that the further back. '8 Va rgyas asked- if the Persians needed coinage only when siglos and daric were introduced as they were in COnlae! wit h coin-using part of Darius' monetary reform , why peoples (mostly Greeks). 'b Darius' were no gold daries struc k with the suppression of the Ionian Revolt and Type I design? And why did Darius invasion of Greece may have supplied fi nd it necessary to change fr om Type the impetus to in itiate the siglos coin­ I to Type II after only a short period age, and he suggested that mintage be­ of minting? Perhaps the introduction gan ca. 500-485 Be. of the siglos was not part of Darius' In Carradice 's view, the siglos monetary reform. Perhaps it served an­ Types J[ and ilia (th ose struck on the other purpose. 5.35 gm standard) probably were also Vargyas turned to the study of sixth struck under Darius, with Type !lI b century BC cuneiform tablets. A com­ (those struck onlhe 5.55 gm standard) mon expression found in the tablets is being introduced in the 480s. and kwpu gi1l1111. It is clear that the term Type IV by 450. In hi s view, Types refers to some type of si lver that is pro­ IlIb and IV likely were struck by a tected by the king and is not to be de­ vari ety of min ts in the fifth and fourth stroyed. Vargyas interpreted kasplI centuries BC. (Colin Kraay agrees gillllil to mean "legal silver" and con­ that a second mint, perhaps in south­ cl uded it can only refer to the sigl oi. '9 ern or southwestern Asia Minor, may Figure 5-A Type fI siglos was used twice 8S There is o nl y o ne reference to have been involved in st ri king the a seal on this clay tablet found at the Per­ kasplI gillllll in tablets from the reign Type IV coins)Y sian capital of Persepo/is, dated to 500 BG. o f Cyrus (which likely refers to the Then in 1988, Margaret Cool Root Photo by M. B. Garrison, printed in Root C roesid coinage), and no reference published a paper in which she refut- 1989, p. 37. during the reign of Cambyses. Men­ tions of kas/)II gil/lIll multiply starting in the first years of Darius' reign. :?9 These fac ts lead to the conclusion that the Sardis mint did in fact cease coin­ age production upon Cyrus' conquest of the Kingdom of Lydia, just as Bar­ clay Head surmised a century earlier. Vargy as showed that a text which ebtebal must be dated before December 52 1 refers to kus}Ju ginnu- Darius' sigloi. Consequently, the first sigloi were struck in or before 52 I-during the ~tlbtr period of great rebellions and a strug­ gle for power. If Darius was indeed a usurper rather than the rightful noble in heritor of the throne, the need fo r propagandistic messages is under­ $9 standable, and Vargyas concl uded the Type I archer was introduced prima­ Curious about medieval as a natural complemenl lO your ancient rily for mili tary and propagandistic collec tion, bu t don' , want to invest much until you know you li ke purposes at the beginning o f Darius' it? Then start small and painless. For every $9 you send, I'll send reign. The main use o f the sigloi was to pay Darius' soldiers. and the bold you a different medieval coin .. _$ 18 for 2 different , $36 for 4 image of the king was a way o f pro­ different, $90 for 10 different, etc. With 12 different, get a free claiming to the troops "Darius is the copy of Walker's Reading Medieval European Coins. Please add legitimate king." Only later, when Darius had time $3 postage per order. to reorganize the empire, did he reform the monetary system (as Head sur­ [email protected] mi sed) , by introducing the new heavi­ lIen G. Berman"' ...... , ,, ...... ,.., (845) 434-6090 er gold daric and the Type [I siglos with u.s . orders add $3 postalii' P.O. Box 605-E overseas orders sent at bujle(s a type matching that of the daric. ~IlOO ~~ Fairfie ld, CT 06824 USA risk and are always w ek:x>me

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February 2012 15 In 1998, Ian Carradice published a sian archers of Types I (six specimens), new hoard of 303 coins that appeared II, and lIIa, The hoard confirmed that on the market. 21 The group was com­ the half-figure siglos "was definitely posed of lion & bull issues and Per- the smallest/most short-lived of the early phases" of Persian coinage and the hoard evidence confirmed the ac­ cepted sequence of issues. Then in 2002, a discovery was made that should put to rest the debate over the minting of the lion & bull coinage. Antigoni Zournatzi revealed that two early Croesid fractions were discovered in a sealed destruction layer associated with the Persian capture of Sardis.22 The coins (lCCH 1789) con­ firmed that the lion & bull types could not have been the invention of Darius. The matter now appears settled: Darius I introduced the Persian siglos Figure 6-Procession with King in his char­ for mil itary and propaganda purposes, iot, on a 4-sheke/ coin of Sidon, ca. 380 it happened very early in his reign, and Be. Photo from eNG Triton V, lot 1511 . it began with the hal f-figure type. The Figure 8-Detail of Darius from the Behistun relief.

gold daric and Type 11 siglos came later. a product of Darius' monetary reform. To summarize the current general­ ly accepted chronology of the sigloi: Type I-Introduced ca. 522-52 1 Be by Darius , minted at Sardis. Type II- Introduced ca. 5 I 0-505 Be (the gol d daric was introduced at this time as well) Type IlIa-Introduced ca. 490-480 BC , perhaps in connection with the accession of Xerxes. Two pellets ap­ pear behind the king's beard. Type IIT b- Introduced ca. 475 BC, and the weight increased to 5.55 gm. No pellets appear behind the king's beard. Type IV- Introduced ca. 450 Be, and may have been struck at various mints in addition 10 Sardis.

The Image of the King: Why the Half-Figure?

Figure 7-The Behistun relief. From Wikipedia.org. To collectors of ancient Greek coins. the half-figure depiction of the king is unusual. Why was this design selected? Martin Price suggested the half-figu re echoed the foreparts of the lion & bu ll on the Lydian coinage. The design may aJso have been selected because it fit well onto the oval tlans. Or it may have been intended to indicate the half-unit denomi­

catalogue 011 reque.\'{ nation of the siglos (which was equiva­ lent to the Persian half-stater),ll But Price's KIRK DAVIS explanations seem unsatisfactory. To truly understand the half-figure Classical Numismatics depiction, we must first examine the image of the king in ancient Persian cul­ Post Offi ce Box 324, Claremont, CA 9171 1 ture and iconography. Tel: (909) 625-5426 [email protected]

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February 2012 17 Darius never all owed his subjects T he Achaemenids becumc fa ­ The king's depiction on the Type I to see him as less than all-powerful. mous for their monumental arc hi tec­ sigloi bears a notable styli stic affinity In sculptural reliefs, the king was de­ ture and sculptural reliefs, and the to the Behi stun relief of Darius (see picted larger than other men. And the king is the focus of almost all of Figure 7 on page 16), which is safely kin g's public functions were always these. His dep iction is not n portrait dated 10 the beginning of his reign (C(l. conducted with great pomp and for­ of a parti cular king. Ralher, it is "the 520_519).26 Carved into the southeast mal ity. face of Behistun Mountain The refore, Margare t in western Iran, the relief Root suggested the half-fig­ and accompanying i n­ ure is an i mage derived scription celebrate Darius' from scenes of life showi ng risc to power and his earl y the king in state processions conquests. The 40-foot and ceremonials within his long relief shows Dari us chariotY The half-length overlooking a grou p o f view was probnb ly the typ­ captured rebel leaders. ical, charac te ristic view of Note especially the king's the king from the perspec­ candys-a flowing tive of the Persian people. gown- and the positions The scene is fami li llf to nu­ of his arms (Figures 8 and mismatists from the shekels 9). The sleeves and folds of Sidon. This reducti on of of the cOl1dys as shown on the kin g to a half-fi gure fo­ the half-figure sigloi mim­ cuses one's attention on the Figure 9-Behistun relief Figure 10-Half-figure of the ic those on the Behistun essenti als of the royal per­ drawing by Eugene Flandin. 29 king from a 5ig105. Drawing relief (Figure 10). sona, including his crown, from Carradice 1987. The inscription accom­ robe, and insignia of pow- panying the re lief tells er-the bow and arrows. Root finds abstract depicti on of kingly glory."l.l how Darius put down rebellions and this portrayal very much in keeping The goal of the artists was to present saved the empire. In it, Darius is clear­ with t he portrayals of kin gship in the concept of a ki ng who contained ly concerned about bols tering his Achaemenid monumental art, which within hi s person and office the wel­ claim to the throne. and his selection emphasize the timeless, dignifi ed maj­ fare of a harmonious and peaceful as king is ascri bed to the di vine favor esty o f lhe ruler. empire. of AhurmazdaY It is questionable whether this account of hi s rise to pow­ er was true, but the story he put for­ ward was intended to legitimize his rule in the eyes of his subjects. In the inscription, Darius says that copies of the in sc ription were sent "everywhere on. B USSO PEUS NAC HF. among the pro vi nces. "2~ It is also like­ ly that copies of the sculptural panel NUMISMATISTS AND circulated throughollt the empire to rei nforce th is image of the king among AUCTIONEERS SI NCE 18 70 the people. The hal f-figure sigloi may be an ­ other instance of Darius' use of ico­ Found<,.,(] :1$ on.., of the first numismatic auction houses in Germany our firm has nography to legitimize hi s acc.cssi9n IX'Cn a <:entre of the lllllllismmk, trade anu for numisrn;Itic studies ever since. to the throne. It would remind peo­ We ofTer experience and reli ability applied to a complete st:t of ser"l'k-cs from ple-e.~ pec ia l ly Darius' soldiers-of cstimaK'S and expert advice to the acquisition and sale of important ~inglc items the Behi stun relief and ils depiction of as well a~ of entire cOIlec1ions and the .'itaging of scveral mayor auctions ~ rC:Lr. Darius' rise to power. The design fi ts for further infonllalion order o ur cat.alogut.""S or visit our web site well with Darius' propagandistic goal www.pcus-mucnzcn.dc as described by Vargyas. Under Vargyas' proposed chronol­ ogy, the dale of the introduction of the half-figure siglos closely coincides with the carving of the Behistun relief. But if this image was a powerful sym­ bo l to the Persian people, why d id Darius abandon it so soon in favor of the bowman type? By the time of Type II 's introduc­ tion (ca. 510 Be), Darius was firmly DR. lll)SSO PEUS NACHF. / BORNWIESENWEG 34 in power and no longer had a need for D-60322 FRANKFURT AM MA IN I TEL. +49 (69)-9 S9 M 20 propaganda. Now as part of hi s reform FAX +49(69)- 555995/ WWW.PEUS -MUENZEN.DE

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February 20 12 19 of the monetary system, the siglos Root points out Ihal while Ihe full-fig­ Ihe Greek tradition of the king as an cou ld be redesigned to increase its ure bowman closely relates to a neo­ archetypal western hero. So the coin appcal to thc Greek west- the source Assyrian tradition of narrali ve hunt that started Qui as a forceful rem inder of mercenaries needed to fos ter Dar­ scenes (Fi gure II ). it also is sim i­ of Darius' legitimacy and glory devel­ ius' expansion pl ans. Root agrees lar to the " Herakles shooting" im­ oped inlo a util itarian coin intcndcd to that Type II may have been intro­ age familiar to the Greeks. A fo urth facilitate Darius' ambition to expand duced to ap peal to the west- the centu ry Be exampl e of this image his innuence and territory into Greece. market that this coinage may have can be seen on the Thasos tet­ This bri ngs us to the questi on of been intended to serve. radrachm in Figure 12.30 rarity-ju5t how rare are th e Type I So if Darius now intended thc sig­ Type II therefore represents a de­ sigloi? los to serve a wider economic purpose. liberate marriage of the Persian trad i­ a change in design was wa rranted. tion of the king as a royal hunter with Rarity

In addition to the hoard evidence c ited above, Henri Seyrig brieOy de­ scribed one other group of seven half-figure sigtoi. 31 In addi tion 10 these documented finds, I have lo­ cated tw elve coin s that are kn own to have been in museum coll ections prior to thc discovery of the C;al dag hoard in 1945. Therefore, the count of ha lf- fi gure sigloi based on the published hoards and other previous­ ly published specimens is summa­ rized below (see page 22) . ....

Figure 11-Darius I shown in a hunting scene on an agate cylinder seal of the 5'" century Be. From Roger Pabian, Ag ates: Treasu res of the Earth, Buffalo: Firefly Books, 2006, page 161 . ANTIQUA INC. • Specializing in ancient art and numis­ matics with an emphasis on quality, rarity, and desirability Figure 12-The Greek hero Herak/es, kneeling and shooting a bow, on a • Over 25 years of professional experti se tetradrachm from the Greek island of Thasos, ca . mid-fourth century BG. • Regular and acti ve presence in the Photo from eNG Auction 85, lot 221. international marketplace • Fu ll y illustrated catalogues featuring carefull y selected material • Representation for se ri ous coll ectors at all major international auction sales • Appraisals, market advice, liquidation advice and professional courtesy to all interested parties Figure 13-Type II ~bowman " slg/os. Photo courtesy of MQnzkablnett, • Visit our web site: Antiquainc.com Staalliche Museen zu Berlin. A fully iIIusIrtlred catalogue senI upon reqllesI

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February 2012 21 Specimen Numbers No. of Half in the Accompanying Published Source Fh::ure Sh:: loi Hoard Name & Find Date Catalo2ue Documented prior to 1945 12 oJ. 1,6.7,8, I I, 12,33-38 Robinson NC 1947 16 } Seyrig's I " lot 1953 29 ~al dag. ca. 1945 (lCCH 1178) 9, 10,19-30,43 (others?) Noe NNM 136 (1956) 53 Seyrig's 2nd lot 1953 7 Unknown '! Robinson NC 1958 I Bairak1i, 1951 (lGCH 1166) ? Carradiee NC 1998 6 Unnamed, ca. 1997 65,69-73

M inimum extallt specimens 124

Certainly, other specimens resided listings from about fifty dealers span­ a new, undocumented find. Based on in both public and private collections ning the past ten years. the evidence gathered here, it seems prior to 1945. And while some of the The search for specimens in mu­ reasonable to estimate that the total of hoard specimens found their way in to seum collections included most vol­ extant specimens is unlikely to exceed museum collections, most were dis­ umes o f the Sylloge Nummorum 130. With that many specimens. the bursed into the collector market. As ide Graecorum series, many other pub­ half-figure siglos is probably not as from those noted above, I cannot de­ lished collections, and specimens il­ rare as was previously thought. But termine whether other coins in the ac ­ lustrated in numismatic and academ­ wi th perhaps less than one hundred companying catalogue (available as a ic journals. specimens in private hands, from a download) originated from one of This search turned up just 42 coins collector's perspective, it certainly re­ thcse documented finds. in museum collections and 55 coins mains scarce. While the full number of surviving in private collections and the market­ Type I sigloi may never be known, we place, for a total of97 specimens (not Dies, Punches, and a can gain a better understanding of the including one potential counterfeit). Catalogue of Specimens extant population by documenting For the private market coins, it may each known example currently resid­ be of interest to see a summary of mar­ The author has compiled a catalogue ing in public and private collections. ket appearances by calendar year (see of all ni nety-seven specimens known to The search for specimens in the pri­ Tab le [ below). For these 55 coins, him, including a listing of each known vate market included a review of more just 63 market appearances were not­ appearance for each specimen. In addi­ than 1200 auction catalogues and deal­ ed ovcr the course of the last thirty­ tion, a summary of the dies and reverse er price lists from the leading dealers four years. punches reveals a number of obverse die and auction housesY Internet search­ The relatively large number of ap­ links, and the fact that just four reverse es included V-Coins, Coin Archives, pearances in 1997 may represent ad­ punches were used for the entire mint­ Wildwinds, acsearch.info, and many ditional coins from the find described agc of the half-figure coinage. other websites. The acsearch.info da­ by Carradice in 1998. The coins ap­ tabase includes auctions and online pearing in 2006 could be evidence of

Table 1: Market Appearances of Half-Figure Sigloi by Calendar Year

Number of Number of Number of Year Annearanc ~:l Year Annearances Year Annearances 1978 1 1990 2002 1 1979 1991 2 2003 2 1980 1992 I 2004 I 1981 1993 2 2005 2 1982 1994 5 2006 7 1983 1995 3 2007 4 1984 1996 I 2008 1985 1997 6 2009 5 1986 1998 3 2010 3 1987 1999 20 11 3 1988 2000 3 1989 2001 4

22 The Celator Anlo,!} Wilson Profissional Nlfmismatist P.O. Box 160 Red Hook Y 12571 USA

February 2012 23 Readers of The Celator who would like a color copy of this article, includ­ Edward J. Waddell, Ltd. ing the summary of dies and punches. the complete illustrated specimen cat­ alogue, and a full bibliography, may download a copy at http:// home .comcast.neti -wdaehn/S iglosl Oaehn-Siglos.pdf.

Endnotes 1 Christopher Tuplin, "The Admin­ istration of the Achaemenid Empire," Coinage and Administration in the Athenian and Persian Empires, BAR International Series 343, Edited by Ian Carradice, Oxford: British Archaeo­ logical Repons, 1987, p, 113, 21im Hicks, The Penian,\', Nether­ lands: Time-Life International, 1976, pp, 28-33. 3 The att ribu ti on of the lion & bull coins to Croesus originated with E. M, Cousincry in 1833, and H. P. Borrell in "An Inquiry into the Early Lydian Money, and an Attempt to Fix the Classification of Certain Coins to Croesus," Numismatic Chronicle 2 (1840), pp, 2 16-23, See Antigoni Zournatzi, "The Apadana Coin P.O. Box 3759, Frederick, MD 21705 Hoards, Darius J and the West," Amer­ Phone: (301) 473-8600 · Fax: (30i) 473-8716' E-mail: [email protected] ican Journal of Numismatics 2nd ser" 15 (2003), Note 7, p, 3, 4 Barclay Head, The Coinage of Ly­ dia and Persia, London, 1877, Re­ print, San Diego: Pegasus Publishing, 1967, p. 23. D" """"" ", •• ~ Babelon, Ernest c. , Catalogue des / D~W Monnaies Grecques de fa Bibliotheque Natiollale: Les Penes Achemenides, Les Satrapes el les Dynasles Trib­ lltaires de lellr Empire Chypre et Phenicie, Paris, 1893. Reprint, Bolo­ gna: Forni, 1974. /, Barclay Head, Historia Numorllm, Second edition, London, 191 1. Reprim, Chicago: Argonaut, 1967, p. 826. 7 Komy Konuk, "Asia Minor to the Ionian Revolt," The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage, Edited by William E. Metcalf, Oxford: Uni­ versity Press, 2012, pp. 43-60. & Head 1911, p. 826. 9 Babelon 1893. 10 George F. Hill, "Notes on Impe­ W e a re curre ntly accepting m ate rial rial Persian Coinage," Journal of Hel­ fo r our future auction program. lenic Studies ( 1919). Reprinted as Im ­ perial Persian Coinage, Chicago: Obol If you'r e thinking of selling contact us today. International, 1969 and 1977, p. 7. I I Sydney P. Noe, Two Hoards of DIX NOONAN WEBB Persian Sig/oi, Numismatic Notes and Monographs, No. 136. New York: 16 Bolton Street Mayfair London W1J SBQ England American Numismatic Society, 1956, Telephone 44 20 7016 1700 Fax 44 20 7016 1799 p. 43. Email [email protected]. uk

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February 2012 25 12 Seyrig's finds are described in researchers seem to have embraced 27 Stronach and Zournatzi 1997. Daniel Schlumberger, "L' Argent Grec this idea. 2M Stronach and Zournatzi 1997. dans l'Empire Achcmcnide," Tresors 18 Peter Vargyas, "Kaspu GhUlU and 29 Portion of a drawing by Eugene Monetaires d'Afghanislan. Memoires the Monetary Reform of Darius I ," FJandin, of Darius the Great from the de la DehC:gation Archeologique Zeitschrift fur Assyriologie und Behistun rock relief, first published in Fr an~a i se en Afghanistan 14. Edited Vorderasiatische Archiiologie 89 P aris, 185 I. Reproduced f ro m by Raoul Curiel and Daniel Schlum­ (1999), pp. 247,68. Wikipedia.org. berger, Paris, 1953, Appendix IV on 19 Vargyas 1999, p. 279. 30 Root 1989, p. 50. p. 55-7, "Description des Deux Trou­ 20Vargyas 1999, pp. 257-8. 31 See note 12. vailles, par M. Henri Seyrig." 21 Ian A. Carradice, "Two Achae­ J2 The author would like to thank IJ E. S. G. Robinson, "The Begin­ menid Hoards," Numismatic Chroni­ Todd Ball en for his valuable assistance nings of Achaemenid Coinage," Nu­ cle 158 (1998), pp. 1-23. in searching auction catalogues. mismatic Chronicle 6'" ser., 18 21 Zournatzi 2003, pp. 6-7. (1958), pp. 187 -93. 2J Martin Price, "Darius I and the About the Author-Bill Daehn has 14 Michael Vickers, "Early Greek Daric," Revue des Etudes Anciellnes been studying ancient Greek coins for Coinage: A Reassessment," Numis­ 9 1, No. 1-2 (1989), p. 10, and note 4 more than twenty-five years. Prior to matic Chronicle 145 (1985), pp. 1-44. on p. 10. turning his allention to ancient coins, I~ Ian A. Carradice, "The 'Regal' 24 Margaret Cool Root, "The Per­ Bill authored articles on a variety of Coinage of the Persian Empire," Coin­ sian Archer at Persepolis: Aspects of numismatic topics, which appeared in age alld Admillistration in the Athe­ Chronology, Style and Symbolism," Coins Magazine, The Numismatist, nian and Persian Empires, BAR in­ Revue des Etudes Allciennes 9 I, No . Pel/fly-Wise, and The Asylum. This is ternational Series 343, Edited by Ian 1-2 (1989), p. 47. his fifth article related to ancient Carradice, Oxford: British Archaeo­ 25 T. Cuyler Youn g, Jr. and E. 1. Greek coinage for The Ce/ator, Bill is logical Reports, 1987, pp. 73-95. Keall, "The Empires of Persia," The also the author of the book Ancient 16 Carradice 1987, p. 92. Penguin Encyclopedia of Classical Greek Numismatics: A Guide to Read­ 17 Colin M. Kraay, Archaic and Civilizations, Edited by Arthur Cotter­ ing alld Research, published in 200 I. Classical Greek Coins, London: Meth­ ell , New York: Penguin, \993, p. 162. He is currently working on an update uen; Berkeley: University of Califor­ 26 David B. Stronach and Antigoni and expansion of th is important bibli­ nia Press, 1976, p. 33. Kraay also Zournatzi, "Bi situn," The Oxford En ­ ography for the field of ancient Greek speculated that Types I and II simply cyclopedia ofArchaeology in the Near numismatics. were products of two different mints East, New York: Oxford Un ivers ity struck

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26 The Gelator A Magnentian Hoard from Bridgnorth, Shropshire, England Portable Antiquities and Treasure by Antony Wilson Annual Report. where local finds offi cer Peter Reavill slates: "The finder is to be congratulated on the Introduction careful ploning and speedy report­ ing of this hoard as it enabled the In addition to being an excellent excavation to take place and vital example of a Magnentian hoard bur­ depositional information recorded. ied in the aft ermath of the rebel Mag­ In !Urn. this minimiscd the impact ncntius' revolt against Conslanlius II , to the landowner and hi s farmin g Figure l -Consfans (337-350), Bronze Sil­ this find is a wonderful example of acti vit y." vered Cenlenionalis, Lyons mint, struck 348- how the UK Treasure Act can work to The majority of hoards that 50, FEL TEMP REPARATlO, Galley, Emper­ the benefit of metal deleCIOri s(, aT­ come to light are found outside of or with Victory type (RIC 105; Bridgnorth Re­ chaeologis t. and private coll ector planned archaeolog ical excava­ port #28). alike. tions, the original owner having selected a secluded spot to conceal Discovery his or her wealth away from human a large pOllery vessel (broken by the habitation. leading to loss of informa­ plow). most probably previously used On October 10"'.2007, a metal de­ tion on the archaeological context of as a cooking pot as evidenced by burns tectoriSI di scovered a large scaucred the hoard. In thi s instancc, swifl ac ­ marks on the outer edges. The pot had hoard o f lale Roman coins thai had tion and close cooperation by the been buried in a V-shaped gull ey or been disturbed by deep plowi ng in a finder and the local Finds Liaison ditch that formed part of an otherwise potato field near Bridgnorth, Shrop­ Officer led 10 an excavation of the unknown lale Roman site. s hire. His s ubsequent actions arc findspot. The results of which showed praised in Ihe UK government 2007 th at the hoard had been contained in continued on page 30 ... SHOPS®

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February 2012 29 Bridgnorth Cont. from pg. 27

Mints In tire hcnrd .triklng for: Composition • Magnentlus and Oecentiu8 IilJ Conltllntiul II and colleagun The hoard consisted of 2892 coins, [!II Revolt 01 Poemen;ut ranging in date from a Reform Anto­ ninianus of Probus to post Magnentian issues of Constantius II up to AD 355 . The majority of the hoard was issues of Magnentius and Decentius (75%), followed by pre-Magnentian issues of Constantius " and Constans (1 8%), and closing with post Mag­ nentian issues of Constantius [[ and Gallus (7%). See table below.

Coin Types Restored), probably linked into the main mint town of Trier. Indeed, late commemoration of the I [OO '~ an­ in the life of the rebellion a certain niversary of Rome's foundation. ' Poemenius' struck Double Centenion­ All three types are well represent­ alii with the Chi-Rho reverse in the ed in the hoard, with the mint at name of Constantius II at Trier, as the Trier being the largest supplier. city switched sides. Another visible The coinage of Magnentius be­ departure from the coinage of Con­ gins with reverse types that copy stantius II and his predecessors is the those of Constantius II before the bare-headed portrait as opposed to the introduction of new types like diademed one. GLORIA ROMANORVM (horse­ The hoard ends with iss ues of Con­ Figure 2-Gonstans (337-350), Bronze Gen­ man), Two Victories, and most no­ stantius II and his junior colleague tenionalis, Rome mint, struck 348-50, FEL tably the Chi-Rho types fo r which Gallus of the Fel Temp Reparat io TEMP REPARATlO, soldier dragging young he is best known. These later types (Falling horseman) type, many barbarian from hut (RIG 138; Bridgnorth Re­ were also struck by his junior col­ struck at the mint of Ambianum, port #62). league Decen tius. An innovation in which remained in operation for this reign was the striking of the about a year after the fall o f its new larger Double Centenionalis founder Magnentius. with the Chi-Rho reverse and the Almost 25% of the hoard was imi­ The AD 348 reform of the coinage opening of a new mint at Ambianum tative types; this is a common feature by Constantius II saw the introduction (Amiens in northern France). This of other Magnentian hoards and illus­ of three different reverse types all with town was allegedly his bi rthplace but trates how qui ckly the forgers took up the reverse legend Fcl(icium) also provided some security against the new types. Temp(orum) Reparatio (Happy Times wavering loyalty to his regime at the

Mints Rulrr & Type Amiens Trier Lyon Aries Others Uncertain Imitations Total PROBUS 1 1 CONSTANTINE I & UCINIUS II 3 3 CONSTANTIUS II & CONSTANS (AD 348-~): Fe! Temp Repara\io (Galley) 184 14 21 34 14 153 420 Fel Temp Rcp~ratio (Hut) 8 4 1 17 30 Fel Temp Reparatio (Falling Horseman) 14 33 11 60 CONSTANTIUS " & VETRANIO (AD 350-1) CONCORDIA MIUTUM MAGNENTIUS & DECENTlUS (AD 350-1): Fel Temp Reparatio (Galley) 28 28 Felicia.! Reipublice (Emperor standing) 174 65 22 152 413 Gloria Romanorum (Emperor standing) 18 105 30 25 12 97 288 Falling Horseman 2 Victories 529 296 52 47 5 61 243 1233 Chi-Rho 64 53 31 8 42 10 208 Brockage 1 'POEMENIUS' Chi-Rho 40 40 CONSTANTIUS II & GALLUS (AD 351-54): Fe! Temp Reparatio (Falling Horseman) 42 12 27 18 17 46 162 Illegible fragments 2 2 Tota] 653 900 237 158 81 150 712 2893 30 The Gelator Histori cal Background - coup leaders. A na tive of Ami cns and creeds is centered on the exacl nature The Revolt of Magncntius reputedly the son of a Romano-Brit­ and relationship between the clements ish father and a Frankish mother, he of the Hol y Trinity ('God the Father: In AD 350, the two remaining sons quickl y took control of Britai n, Gaul, 'God the Son: and 'God the Holy Spi r­ of Constantine the Great, Constanliu s Spa in and for a period of time Rome. it'), in short Ihe di vi nity of the ' man' II and his younger brother Constans From the position of a slave in the ser­ Jesus Christ as opposed to 'God Ihe ruled the Roman Empire. Responsible vice of Constantine I, he had quickly Fat her' and the 'Holy Spirit.' He also for the western provinces, Constans' risen in the military ranks and must removed the ban on some pagan prac- have been a very capable indi­ vidual despite the hostile opin­ ions of later Roman historians. Constans n ed and was killed as he attempted 10 c ross Ih e Pyrenees. A pragmatic pagan, Magnen­ tius chose to exploit the theolog­ ical divide between Orthodox (more like modern Roman CUlh ­ olic) Christians, many of whi ch Figure 3- Constantius 1/ (337·361), Bronze were to be found in Ihe western Figure 4- Magnentius (350-353), Bronze Centenionalis, Rome mint, struck 348-50, FEL provinces and the fo ll owers of Centenionalis, Trier mint, struck 350-353, TEMP REPARATlO, soldier spearing fallen the sect called Ariani sm, of FELICITAS REIPVBLlCE, Emperor standing horseman (RIC 118; Bridgnorth Report #77). which Constantius II himself left with Victory and Chi-Rho banner (RIC was a supporter. The overt usc 266; Bridgnorth Report #94). increasingly cruel. corrupt and unpop­ of Ihe Chi-Rho on his later issues. ular reign inspired a coup amongst the especially on the Double Centenion­ tices and was clearly looking for sup­ political and military elite led by Mar­ alii bul also as a minor device on oth­ port wherever it could be fo und. celli nus. the comes ulrg;r;ollwI/ (chief er issues. is evidence of th is. In addi­ Decentius, possibly the brother of fin ance minister). Flaviu s Magnus tion, his portraiture is bare-headed and Magnenti us, was raised to the rank of Magnentius. commander of the Jovial/; not diademed. imagery more remini s­ C:lesar early in AD 351 at Mi lan, in and Herelliillfl; el ite gua rd units. was cent of Christ. The chief divergence respo nse 10 the earlier elevation o f elevated to the rank of Augustus by the between the Ort hodox and Arian .. Ancient Coins Through the Bible By Joseph A. Dow (ANA LM-4688) Published by Tate Publishing This new book is oll e of the un iq ue books pub li shed in the field of numismatics. In facl, it is the only book ever wrinen (that J am aware of) that retells the stories of the bible using photographs of REAL ANCIENT COINS (not hand drawn) for Ihe enlirc bible land from Egypt to Spain. The book covers the time from Abraham's journey to the Promised Land in Genesis to the seven churches in Revelation and beyond. This book includes the history, stori es, and ancient coins of the cities, villages, provinces, and leaders of the ancient wo rl d. The coins reflect the patri­ archs who roamed the land of bibl ical limes, the prophets' predictions, the Israelites' ex ile 10 Babylon. IheAssyri anslBabylonians, the Persians, Greeks. Panhians, the Maccabeans, the Herodians, the Romans, and the spread of Christianity thro ughout thc Byzantine Empire. In addition to the coins of these nations, this book presents coins and stories for the cities where Jesus Christ perfonned most of his teaching and ministries, Phili p and Peter's earl y travels, and the Apostle Paul's fou r missionary journeys. We cannol see these nations' leaders in person or the way they li ved, but The book is in hIll color, 8-1/4'" x 10-1/4'", with 353 we can, in fact. see them. relate to them. and learn about them and their pages of true natuml papers and a ha rd rover,em­ way of life thro ugh their coins. ploying state of the art production and layout. The There are over one thousand color images in this book, including 15 price is $59.99, free shipping in USA, and get the ancient maps depicting where the stories took place. The coins and maps copy signed by the author (llot available hI book play as visual aids and bring the bi blical lands to life and imbue the storrs). Pay through PayPal or send check/ money bible stories with meaning. order payable to Joseph A. Dow to: 1501 N.W. 198'" Visit www.josephadow.tateauthor. com for more information. St.,Edmond,OK73012. i '

February 2012 31 Gallus 10 Caesar by Constantius. Looking to eliminate Constantius and expand his territory, Magncn­ tius marched east and engaged the enemy at Mursa in Pannonia (Os­ ijek , Croatia) on 28 September 351. Despite huge losses on both sides, over 50,000 dead, the bat­ tle was indecisive and Magnen­ Figure 5-Magnentius (350-353), Bronze Sil­ tius was ultimately forced to re­ Figure 7- Magnentius (350-353), Bronze vered Centenionalis, Lyons mint, struck 350- treat Having lost the momentum Centeniona/is, Lyons mint, struck 350-353, 351, GLORIA ROMANQRVM, emperor on of his campaign, his rebellion was SALVS DO NN AVG ET CAES, Chi-Rho horseback right spearing barbarian (RIC ultimately to end with his tolal flanked by A and W (RIC 115; Bridgnorth 115; Bridgnorth Report #117). defeat at Mom Seleuci in the Report #117). Hautes-Alpes, Southern France, in the summer of 353. We know from the surviving ac­ counts of the contemporary writ­ er Ammianus Marcellinu$, which survive from the period following the death of Magnen­ tiu s, that the reprisals against the supporters of the defeated re­ gime were severe. Constant ius II sent an imperial noturills (sec­ retary), known by the nickname Paul 'the Chain,' to Britain to root out supporters of Magnen­ Figure 8-Decentius (351-353). Bronze Cen­ Figure 6- Magnentius (350-353), Bronze tiu s. The upper classes that had tenionalis, Aries mint, struck 351-353, Centenionalis, Amiens mint, struck 350-353, actively supported the rebel re­ SALVS 00 NN AVG ET CAES, Chi-Rho VICTORIAE DO NN AVG ET CAE, two vic­ gime suffered most, with the flanked by A and W (RIC 202; Bridgnorth tories (RIC 5; Bridgnorth Report #127). seizure of property and the Report #284).

imprisonment and torture of the ac­ cused, often the innocently accused. It is in this climate that th e Bridgnorth Hoard was buried and not recovered by its owner. While it is tempting to speculate that the owner met an unpleasant death at the hands of imperial agents because of his or her supposed allegiance to the rebel regime, simply monetary policy llar.5 ([01n.5 might also explain its non-recovery. Your Source for the Best in Ancient Coins. Eager to eliminate any vestige of the rebeilion, the Magnentian coinage was Over 25 years of experience in rapidly removed from circulation, as supplying exquisite, sought-after, evidenced by s ligh tl y later hoards of and rare ancient coins the fourth century that very rarely con­ to discerning collectors ta in coins of the rebels. Whi le in part and dealers worldwide. inspired by political reality, the remov­ al of the Magnentian coinage from cir­ www.parscoins.com culation was also part of a wider cur­ [email protected] rency reform that took place around PO. Box 9667 AD 354 and that removed the larger San Jose, CA 95157 module coinage from circulation. In ­ Tel.: (408) 590.4815 credibly, the legal text that authorized Fax: (408) 867.0950 the demonetization of these denomi­ nations still survives today (CTh 9.23.1.), having been preserved in the later Codex Theodosianus compiled around AD 438.

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32 The Gelator UK Treasure Act

Discovered in 2007 and promptly reported to the Local Finds Liaison Officer of the Portable Antiquities Scheme, the hoard was legally pro­ NumisMall cessed under the UK 1996 Treasure Act. Following a coroner's inq uest, the Quality coins from quality dealers hoard was declared 'treasure' in terms of law and was examined and cata­ loged by the British Museum , T he Looking to access a huge selection of ancient and medieval coins Treasure Trove Valuation Committee arrived at a fair market value for the from high-quality stores? hoard. The British Museum and the local Shropshire County Museum then got to select items they wished to re­ Welcome to NumisMali. the new online coin mall! tain fo r their collections, the finder bein g financially compensated fo r these coins. The balance of the hoard NumisMall has coins for every collector. Visit our new internet was then returned to the finder who coin mall containing a huge selection of ancient and medieval subsequently released it onto the mar­ ket. York Coins Inc. coins offered ONLY by professional ancient coin dealers! (www.yorkcoins.com) has acquired Our knowledgeable and professional dealers guarantee the over [800 coins of the roughly 2000 released onto th e open market. The authenticity and quality of their coins. coins have now been legally imported into the United States with a UK I EU ex port license in place. www.NumisMall.com Sources, Further Reading, Email: [email protected] and Web Links:

L6pez-Sanchez, F. & Abdy, R., Bridgnorth Hoard Official Report EM ref: 2007 T664, British Museum Re­ port. Portable Antiquities and Treasure Antlllal Report 2007, Department of ~1]JmI1~m£cu~® Po rtable Antiq ui ties and Treasure, British Museum: Uhttp://finds.org.uk/ INTERNATIONAL COIN FAIR W~i,tl; documents/treasurereportsl2007.pdfU Sutherland, C. H. v., The Ramal! in the capital of the former A Imperial Coinage, Volume Vlll, Lon­ don. Spink and Son Ltd, 1981. Habsburg Empire De La Bedoyere, G. , Defying Rome, The Rebels of Roman Britain, London, Tempus, 2003. Together with the International Portable Antiquities Scheme web­ Stamp Fair Vienna site (information on the find) : Uhttp:l I fi n d s. o rg. u kl dat abas el a rt e fac t sl reco rdlid/199900 Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Ges· April 14/15 tae (A.D. 353-78) : Uhttp:// www.tertul l ian .o rglfathers/ ammianu s_OI _intro.htm 20I2 The Theodosian Code (CTh): Uht­ tp :11 anci en trome. ruli usll i brary /codexl Saturday: 9:30 am - 5:00 pm theodll i ber09. h tm#23 Sunday: 9:30 am - 3:00 pm

About the author- Anton y Wi l­ in the Congress Center of the Reed Fair Vienna son, a native of Yorkshire, Eng land , has a degree in archaeology from Austria Un ivers ity College London's In sti ­ Organizer: Miinzen Modes tu te of Archaeology. He joined Reichenbachstr. 17, 0-80469 Miinchen, Germany Tel. +49 (0)89-26 83 59 · Fax +49 (0)89-260 90 60· Internet: www.numismata.de continued 011 page 37 . February 2012 33 Kolbe & Fanning's NYINC Book Sale Brings Stellar Results GAHANNA, OH-Kolbe & Fanning's and Goins of the United States, a foun­ • A delightful 1720 manuscript on coin characterization of their January 7, 2012 dational document in Ameri can numis­ co llecting by David Jennings sold for New York Book Sale as "Small but matics, which realized $16,100; $5 ,462 ; and Mighty" has turned Quito be qu ite apt. • A nice example of the first printed • Rare wo rks and manuscripts on Of the 350 lots in the sale, 305 sold for book, Guillaume Bude's landmark 1514 American colonial numismatics, sever­ a lolal of $514,000, or an average price De asse et partibus eius, which was al from the library of George C. Perkins, per lot of nearly $1700 (all prices cited hammere d at $13,800; generally produced strong results. herein include the 15% buyer premium). • A spectacular Bureau of Engraving Full color illustrated catalogues are still Prices achieved ran from $14410 $40.250, and Printing Vignette Book, in a deluxe available and may be obtained by send­ the latter amount realized by two consec­ binding featuring well over 200 steel­ ing $35 to; Kolbe & Fanning Numismatic utive lots, the inventory of the Colonel plate printed BEP portraits and vignett es, Booksellers LLC, 141 W. Johnstown Road , E.H.R. Green coin collection and a set of which sold for $13,800; Gahanna, OH 43230-2700. three volumes of photographs depicting • An exceptional, complete set of Vis­ Plans are already being made for his fab led collections of U.S. gold quarter conti and Mongez's massive and "g lori­ Kolbe & Fanning's January 2013 New eagles. half eagles, and eagles. ous" 1808-26 Iconographie grecque et York Book Sale, to be held at the Wal­ Other sale highlights include: romaine, wh ich realized $11,500; doti Astoria Hotel in conjunction with the • Dr. Jacob Hirsh's unique annotated • Over mo dozen original plated Chap­ 41 " New York Internati onal Numismatic set of 164 proof plates depicting the orig­ man brother sales, mostly in excellent con­ Convention. It is not too soon to consid­ inal Pozzi collection of ancient Greek dition, generally produced excellent results; er consig ning outstanding works to the coins, wh ich sold for $11 ,500; • A small selection of rare Russian 2013 New York Book Sale or to oth er • Thomas Jefferson's remarkable numismatic works by and large brought Kolbe & Fanning sales, currently sched­ 1790 Report on the Weights, Measures prices well in excess of their estimates; uled for June 7t ~ and October 4.... , 201 2. Contact details are provided at www.numislit. com or interested parties may call (61 4) 41 4- 0855. !lroftIe% in Morton & Eden October 24th jf!umi%matic% Sale Brings Over £4 Million Arnold Spaer LONDON- Morton & Eden's sale of 1919-2011 Exceptional Ancient Greek Coins on October 24th , 2011 was 100 per cent Arnold Spaer was born to Mark and Ada Spaer in sold and ra ised £4,07 1,156/ the Free State of Danzig on March 28. 1919, In 1933, 4,676,136/$6,518,842. Speciali st in the local Nazi party achieved dominance in the city charge Tom Eden said he was delight­ government and demanded the return of Danzig to ed by the response to the coins in this Germany. This development convinced many Jewish fam ilies to leave the city. The Spaer single-owner private collection, many family arrived in Tel Aviv in 1934, and young Arnold enrolled in the Ben-Yeh uda Gym­ of which we re of exceptional quality nasium. In 1937 , he started to study law at the Government School of Law in Jerusalem. and rarity. While still a student, he began an internship in the office of Bcrnard (Dov) Joseph. later Eden stated; "This collection was a prominent statesman and mi nister. Spaer settled in Jerusalem , whcrc he remaincd for the rest of hi s life. During World War II , Spaer joined the British war effort . He served formed over the last 50 years and many as a VCO (V iceroy's Commi ssioned Officer) with the Second Indian Division. and trav­ of the most significant examples had eled around the Middle East 10 work on censorship. He served in Baghdad, Damascus, been purchased in the 1960s and 70s. Cairo and Tripoli (Libya). [n 1944, he was call ed 10 the Bar, an d from that year on he Since then, the owner has researched practiced law, enjoying a long, su(;cessful career as a lawyer. Spaer bought hi s fi rst and recorded the provenance of each anc ient coins when he was about eight-years-old and still living in Danzig. He became coin, many of which were until now pre­ a specialist in SeJeucid coins, Jew ish coins, an d olher material objects of th e ancient viously unavailable to present-day col­ world. His collection of Seleucid coinage was published as Syflo ge NIIIIIIIIO rlllll Grae­ lectors. These factors added greatly to corum lIme/I, The Arnold Spaer Collection of Seleucid Coins (Jcrusalem. 1998). Re­ their desirability. The response from vered as both a schola r and a gentleman. Arnold Spaer di ed on March 4, 20 J I in Jerus­ bidders, both in the room and on the alem. (Tcxt courtesy of David Hendin, photo courtesy of Boaz Zissu.) Internet, was extremely pleasing, while This feature is provided courtesy of Kolbe & Fanllillg the resu lts speak for themselves, re­ Numismatic Booksellers, Gahanna, OH 43230 cording a total of almost double our top estimate." 34 The Gelator 1:::::::~~~~!1!~:~~~~!~::::::] Summary of CPAC Meeting on Renewal of Cypriot Memorandum of Understanding ------77% 01 the comments recorded on the clesiastical material. He also suggest­ by Peter K. Tompa regulations.gov website either opposed ed that US law enforcement pursue the MOU or their extension to coins. bener coordination with Cypriot law The United States Cultura l Proper­ Carmen Biucchi (Harvard) indicated enforcement, and other countries with ty Advisory Committee (CPAC) melon that coins provide important documen· strong Greek cultu ral influence, includ­ January 18, 2012, to discuss the Cyp­ tation of early Cypriot history because ing Greece itself and Bulgaria. riot Memorandum of Understanding there are few written sources. Even low Nathan Elkins (Baylor) indicated (MOUl, Once again, CPAC Chair Prof. value bronze coins are important be­ that Cyprus' cultural prop erty is in jeop­ Patty Gerstenblith (PG, DePaul, Pu b­ cause they frequently appear at archae­ ardy as proven by a recent large sei­ lic Representative) began by thanking ological sites. We need to all work to­ zu re of artifacts, which included bronze all speakers or those who had provid­ gether to preserve the past. Cypriot and silver coi ns. There is a large mar­ ed comments to CPAC. PG was joined coins are rel atively un common. In re­ ket in the US as demonstrated by the by the following CPAC members: sponse to a question, Biucchi indicat­ fact that 200 Cypriot coins are currently Katherine Reid (KR. Cleveland Muse­ ed that it is re latively easy to trace listed on the VCoin s website . Most um [re tired). Museum): Nina Archabal expensive coins due to their appear· Cypriot coins circulated locally. If you (NA , Minn. Historical Society, Muse­ ance at auction, but this is not the add together a list prepared by Wayne um); Marta de la Torre (MT, Florida in­ case for less expensive coins. She Sayles of coins found outside of Cy­ ternalional University, Public); James also indicated that metal detectors prus and a list Elkins compiled of coins Willis (JW, James Willis Tribal Art, are the problem. from Cypriot contexts, that shows thai Trade); Nancy Wilkie (NW·Carlton Col· Brian Daniels (U. Penn. Cultural lege, Archaeology); Barbara Bluhm Center) argued for the extension of reo Kaul (BK, Trustee, Art Institute 01 Chi· strictions 10 post-Byzantine period ec- continued on page 36 .... cago, Public) ; Jane Levine (J L, Sothe­ by's Compliance Department lex-pros­ ecutor], Trade); and Rosemary Joyce (RJ, University of California, Berkley, ~ ~c !!&lbc C/Curiositic i>boppc Anthropology). Two slots, one in ar· (a divisioll ofRCCA Ltd.) located at chaeology and the other a trade rep­ CI!HL resentative, remain vacant. KA , NW 111 South Orange A venue · South Orange, NJ 07079 and JW also served under the Bush administration. Th e others are Obama A complete collectors gallery buying & selling: appointees th ough PG and MT also U.S., ancient, & foreign coins, U.S. & foreigll stamps, served during the Clinton administra­ paper money, tokens & medals, Classical Antiquities tion. There was also staff present in­ of Greece, Rome, Egypt, & Iudaea, Prc-Coltlmbian, cluding CPAC Executi ve Director Maria Kouroupas, a Committee lawyer, and Americatllndian, African, & Ethnographic objects Committee archaeologists. & artifacts, along witll IIistorical and popular autographs The following individuals spoke at & manuscript material, Revolutionary War & earlier Americana. the meeting in support of the MOU: Carmen Biucchi (Harvard); Brian BUYING & SELLING - FREE APPRAISALS Daniels (U. Pennsylvania Cultural Her­ "You'd be amazed at what we will buy & how much we will pay" itage Center); Nathan Elkins (Baylor); Jane Evans (Temple); Raymond Ew­ ing (CAAAI-Cyprus American Archae­ ological Research Institute) ; Ellen Her­ Prop.: Dr. Arnold R. Saslow she r (CAAAI); Anne Marie Knobloch (Virginia Tech); Laetitia La Follette (U. Phone (973) 762·1588 · Fax (973) 761·8406 MassI AlA) ; Andrew McCarthy (CAAAI); Joanna Smith (Princeton); Email: [email protected] Chris Shaegel (University of Cyprus); Gallery hours: Monday to Saturday 10:00 - 6:00 Tom Kline (And rews Kur th); Josh Kner­ Iy (AAMD). The following individuals Visa, MasterCard & American Express Accepted spoke against the MOU: Peter Tompa Gift Certificates Issued (IAPN/PNG); Wayne Sayles (ACCG); ------and Eloise Ullman (lCTA). In add ition,

February 2012 35 CPAC Cont. from page 35

Cypriot coinage is much more preva· lent in Cyprus than outside of Cyprus. Jane Evans (Temple) also indicat· ed that it was important to continue re­ strictions on coins because it is impor­ tant that their context not be lost. Raymond Ewing is a former ambas­ sador to Cyprus. He now serves a CAARl's President. CAARI receives funding from the US Department of State, Bureau of Educational and Cui· tural Affairs, and the National Endow· ment for the Humanities. Import restric· tions should be as closely conformed to Cypriot law, which covers artifacts up to 1850, as possible. Ellen Hersher is a scholar and ar­ chaeologist associated with CAARI. Cyprus has been her specialty for over 40 years. Looting is a historical prob­ lem in Cyprus. Looting still goes on until today. Looting only declined du ring the periods of WWI and WWI I and during the 1950's when British forces were in· volved in anti-insurgency operations. Wealthy Cypriots have collected Cyp· riot antiquities since the 19th century. There is no shame in looting in Cyprus. Increasing efforts are being made to educate the populace. There is a great need for a new museum (the current one dates back to Victorian times) to encourage youth to respect their past. Metal detectors continue to be a seri­ ous problem; more legislation is need­ FINE GREEK, ROMAN, PERSIAN, ed . The major collections are grandfa­ PARTHIAN & SASSANIAN COINS the red in. II is Ms. Hersher's opinion Specializing in BIBLICAL COINS & ARTIFACTS that they are no longer adding much material, but most Cypriots don't think WWW.ZUZIMJUDAEA.COM that looting is wrong. We shouldn't See our n ew website with expanded categories point fingers at Cyprus, but try to fix WWW.ZUZIMCOINS.COM the problem. We buy and build fine collection s Anne Marie Knobloch is a CAARI board member, who teaches at Virgin· 1',,""'« Go'd,""". Numiltmatilt ia Tech . She is also an AlA member. Box 101003, Brooklyn NY I 1210 Cyprus has important religious sanc­ 1. 118-951-1310 I' tuaries that need to be studied. Virgin­ ia Tech offers students the opportunity to excavate in Cyprus and would like to do more with Cypriot students. Laetitia La Fol lette is the AlA's VP for profeSSional responsibility. She is associated with the Un iversity of Mas· Ancient Coins Coin Specials at: sachusetts. Looting remains a problem, VComs.coml World Coins including fo r coins. Because ancient Ancientlconniescoins coins are handmade, they are all dif· Shipwreck Coins Conn:iti. ., :s\ '.Coins Medieval Coins Com) fn"'t>Arou,!d the World World/conniescoins ferent and may be traced. The AlA can help draft the designated list. The laws Odd & Curious ' $ TZ' ~ ' -' Monev in the Greek Cypriot area need to be Or a\ . h o p in Ric hmond, VA Tokc~s 8l\OI Patterson Ave. tightened. The laws in the North are NGC & peGS Deal er nmnie379S@ vcrizon.nct actually stronger. Submissions 804-651-2536 continued on page 44 ... 36 The Celator Bridgoorth Coot. from pg. 33 New Titles Spink and Son Ltd in London in Numismatic Literature 1993 as a specialist in British For Sale coins, tokens, and medals. Dur­ in g this time, he contributed to & the yearly revision of the ",'pink Roman Coins Thei r Values Standard Catalog of British Volume IV, 284-337 Coins, in particular the ancient $80.00 British section, which he fully revised. He was also a specialist advisor to the Treasure Trove Val­ Figure 10-Magnentius (350-353), Bronze uation Committee. In 1998, Ant­ Centenionalis, Trier mint, struck 350-353, ony was appointed Senior Vice SALVS DO NN AVG ET CAE$, Chi-Rho President of Spink America in flanked by A and W (RIC 6; Bridgnorth Re­ New York , where as sen ior spe- port #247).

cialist he ran and managed the former numismatic and philatel­ ic retail and auction division of Christie's Inc. In 2002, foll owing Christie's sale of the Spink d ivi ­ sion, he founded York Coins to provide a high level of profes­ sional and personalized service to collectors in the areas of numis- matics that as Antony notes, " I Figure 9-Magnentius (350-353), Bronze know and love best." Centenionalis, Amiens mint, struck 350-353, SALVS DD NN AVG ET CAES, Chi-Rho flanked by A and W (RIC 35; Bridgnorth Report #238). British Commemorative Medals NYINC Room Block COlli. from pg. 56 & Their Values $125.00 event. That fact alone confirms the level with shoppers converging on the cily of activily laking place al Ihe NY INC to take advantage of post-Christmas belterlhan anylhing I might have 10 say." sales and promotions. The Waldorf al­ The sleeping room block is now ways seems to sell out over most of open to accept reservations. Rates of the nights of our convention, especial­ $299 or $320 are available, depend­ ly the Wednesday through Saturday ing on the type of accommodations overlapping the bourse area dates. selected. Guests should call the hotel People would be well advised 10 make directly at (212) 355-3000 and mention their reservations well in advance to be rate code "NYZ" in order to obtain the assured of having accommodations." special rates. Foley also said, "New Additional details about the NYINC York City and the Waldorf are a bee­ are available at the event's web site, hive of tourist activity during January, www.nyinc.info.

Each plus S6.00 shipping

Charles Davis p.o. Box 547 Wenham, Mass'" 01984

Tel: (918) 468 2933 Fax: (978) 468 7893 Numislit@aoLcom hllp:llwww.vcoins.com/ancient/charlesdavis

February 2012 37 LETTERS COlllinuedfrom page 4

LONDON AN CIENT C OINS LTD minted a series of five coins. A large 8- prutot (.IE 23, Hendin 481) and a small­ er 4-prutot (.IE 20, H-482), each in­ scribed in Hebrew with "Mattatayah the High Priest " on the obverse and BAr[i\Enr ANTlrONOY in Greek on the reverse, and two typically Hasmo­ nean prutahs-H-483 and H-484. ~ACl.O N D ON A NC I ENT CO I NS LT D The fifth and almost certainly last coin being the famous "Menorah" coin, H-48S. The only ancient Jewish coin to depict the sacred symbols of the meno­ ONLINE COIN SH O P AND A UCTIONS rah or seven-branched candle stick surrounded by BAI:JAEnr ANTI­ rONOY, and on the reverse the show­ bread table surrounded by"Mattatayah the High Priest" in Hebrew. The co ins WWW.LACOINS.NET are bronze prutot struck on the usual cast strip planchet, which was then bro­ ken into individual coins. Meshorer [email protected] noted Ihat the dies used were invari­ ably too big for the planchet, resulting in coins with incomplete legends or designs. Jewish law forbade the use of such symbols, which may have re­ sulted in the destruction of the coins by the temple authorities after Herod's victory. Whatever the reason, of the thousands if not hundreds of thousands of prutot discovered, only a handful of BECOME A MEMBER OF THE authentic "Menorah" coins have been found , of which 26, about two-thirds of THE SWISS NUMISMATIC SOCIETY the known specimens, are portrayed on th e Menorah Coin Project website The Swiss Numismatic Society was founded in 1879; since 1891 it has (www.menorahcoinproject). published its annual journal, the Revue Suisse de NlIInismafiquc (RSN)/ The coin I had the opportunity to Schweizerische Nwnismatische RUlldschau (SNR), and since 1949 its quar­ ho ld and examine is one such coin, yet terly, the Schweizer Miinzbliitter (SM). at the time shrouded in mystery, hav­ The Society promotes all branches of numismatic science, not only those ing been purchased by a colleague as concerned specifically with Switzerland: articles on classical, medievaL and a Herodian piece. While the showbread modern coins, medals and paper money all appear in the Society's journals, table reverse is quite distinct, the ob­ and are written in either English, French, German or Italian. verse shows just the two Greek letters Membership is open to anyone interested in numismatics, whether they are AN with no discernable hint of the fa­ mous menorah. The coin had been collectors, dealers, or scholars: the Society sponsors lectu res and meetings purchased in a small lot at one of the where its members and friends can discuss their interests in a fruitful and auctions that dispersed the J. Maltiel­ collegial way- including a yearly Numismatische Tage Schweiz, with lec­ Gerstenfeld collection. This collection tures, visits, and a festive dinner. is illustrated in the book 260 Years of For more information, please refer to our website www.numisuisse.ch. Ancient Jewish Coinage (Tel Aviv, which will be expanded in the very near future. 1982), which included an illustration of Becoming a member is easy, just contact us- we will help you to join our the collection's "Menorah" coin (page numismatic community and further your numismatic knowledge and enjoy­ 124), but showing a coin with a beauti­ ment. fully clear and complete obverse meno­ M embership costs CHF 130 a year for overseas members (120 for Europe rah. This prompted the purchaser to and 11 0 for Switzerland), but only CHF 70 a year for those under 30 (60 conclude he had a different coin, which indeed was the case for the obverse for Europe and 50 for Switzerland). of the coin pictured. What had not been Please contact us at contact@numisuisse .ch, or write our Secretary, Mr. realized until having had the coin in my Pierre-A. Zanchi. Chemin Cure 6 B, CH-JO08 Prilly, Switzerland. or send hand but moments before, I pointed out him a fax at +41 2 1 728 65 61 , or an email to pmzanchi@bluewin .ch . that the reverse pictured was in fact the

38 The Gelator coin I had just held. There was some disbelief until the image and the coin THE PROFESSIONAL NUMISMATISTS GUILD, INC. were compared and the truth revealed. The photos in the book were from two 0,,, 55 YEARS of different coins, the true obverse not KNOWLEDGE, INTEGRITY & RESPONSIBILITY having been illustrated for the obvious Founded in 1955, the PNG i.l· a non-profit organization, comprised reason that no menorah was visible. 0/ the top rare coil! and paper money experts/rom all around the world. A lillie detective work followed, and it was determined that the obverse pho­ For more illformation on the PNG, please contacl: to used was from Plate III, No. 23 (list­ ed as the reverse) in A. Reifenberg's Robert Brueggeman, Executive Director Ancient Jewish Coins (Jerusalem, 2844 1 Rancho California Rd., Sui tc 106 1965). This coin is also pictured on the Temecula, CA 92590 Menorah Coin Project ATGe (Obverse Tel. (951) 587-8300 Fax (95 1) 587-8301 die 11 , Reverse die 9), where the fact www.plllJdealers.co/l! email: ill[o@vlI¥dealer.l".com that two coins had been illustrated had already been realized but that the ob­ verse die was not otherwise recorded. I did offer to purchase the coin at cost, however this was declined, and Kenneth W. Dorney the coin, which was then in the Macleay Collection, was subsequently sold in CNG Auction 78, lot 931, for consider­ Classical Numismatist ably more than I cou ld afford. Howev­ Since 1988 er, I can stili say that I have held a P",,;d;ogwllklew" and dealers with ancient coins and antiquities "Menorah" coin, albeit one without a nearly a quart~r u ntur),. Our current inventory can be viewed al: menorah. Rev. Peter R. Dunstan Sydney, Australia www.coolcoins.com Special for Celator read ers: Entcr the discount code of 'celator' on checkout and receive a 20% discount on your order.

The Maltiel-Gerstenfeld Menorah Bronze Prutot. Photo courtesy of CNG, Inc.

Enjoyed the "Supernova" Article

I am writing to te ll you how much I enjoyed the article by Robert S. Mcivor entitled "A Supernova on Anc ient Coins· in the December 2011 issue of The Celator. The article expounds on just two sentences in Ignatius of Antioch's let­ ter to the Ephesians .. J have read all. seven of Ignatius' lellers from a reli­ gious viewpoint-not a numismatic one. Mr. Mcivor's article provided a new and interesting perspective. Reginald Nizol Livonia, Michigan

~ Say that you read it ill ~ The Celator

February 2012 39 CPAC Cont. from pg. 36 has admitted that "It is true that Cypri­ approximately 50,000 serious ancient ot coins shared the same destiny as coin collectors in the United States. An drew McCarthy is a CAAAllrust­ aft other coins of the ancient world. As The ACCG is interested in fa ir and eq­ ee. Looting has increased since the a standard media of exchange they cir­ uitable application of US law, The CPIA 1960s. There is a famous incidenl culated all over the ancient world due was meant to protect significant ar­ where a tomb was set aside as a dow­ to their small size, which facilitated their tifacts, not everyth ing under the su n. ry. The Department of Antiquities is easy transport ... " Moreover, this view In response to a question from PG, doing its best to light againsl looling. A has substantial scholarly support; (4) Wayne Sayles indicated that it is un­ site where McCarthy works ha s not The CPIA requ ires less drastic reme­ realistic to ask the small busi nesses suffered looting from 2007-2011 . There dies to be tried lirst before import re­ of the numismatic trade to provide was one incident where looters struck strictions are imposed, but Cyprus has provenance info rmation for every the site, presumably looking for coins. no coherent regulatory scheme for coin they import. CAARI gives all documentation creat­ metal detectors and even allows Brit­ Eloise Ullman indicated that most ed from archaeological investigations ish tourists to bring them to the Island; ICTA members have under 5 employ­ to the Department of Antiquities. MOU's and (5) Restrictions imposed on un­ ees. She also noted that President can help educate Cypriots about the provenanced "coins of Cypriot type" Obama recently recognized that it is importance of their heritage. on ly discriminate against American col­ important not to overburden small busi­ Joanna Smith of Princeton is a past lectors and the sma ll businesses of the nesses with paperwork when his ad ­ CAARI Trustee. Cyprus is an academ­ numismatic trade: such coins may be ministration signed onto an effort to end ic cro ssroads. Cypriot children are be­ shipped from abroad to anywhere out a burdensome req uirement that coin ing taught about their history and Cy­ the USA, including Cyprus. dealers prepare 1099 forms for every prus sends exhibits ab road , Moreover, he stated that there is no pu rchase over $600. Chris Shaegel is from the Univer­ good reason to renew the MOU for yet Tom Kline disclosed that he previ­ sity of Cyprus. He works closely with another 5 years. Cyprus has already ously represented Cyprus. He stated CAARI. Because t her e are few had the benefit of re strictions since that Cyprus is a leader in protecting its manuscripts that predate 1600 , the 1999 on ethnological artifacts and 2002 own cultural property, out takes a rea­ preservation of Cypriot ma terial cu l­ on archaeological artifacts. Yet, a sonable approach in doi ng so. The tu re is important. Coins should be Swiss scholar reports most looted Turkish Republic is an illegal regime protected and the restrictions should material goes to wealthy Greek Cyp­ so he disputes that DOS look to their be extended further in ti me. Icons riot collectors, and not as has been laws on antiquities as models. We also need protection. There is no in­ maintained to collectors abroad. In need higher ethical standards from ternal marke t in Cyprus. addition, all this appears to be done collectors. The import restrictions on Peter Tompa spoke for IAPN and with the full knowledge and acquies­ coins should be no big deal because PNG , two trade associations that rep­ cence of Greek Cypriot authorities. the restrictions only date from 2007. re sent the small business of the numis­ Thus, restrictions only discriminate Collectors only have themselves to matic trade. Each Committee member against American co llectors. blame if they do not keep adequate must ask themselves whether they can In response to a question from JW, documentation. do so in good conscious after consid­ Tompa indicated it was wrong to so bur· Josh Knerly spoke on behalf of the ering these undisputed facts: (1) Coins den the small businesses of the numis­ AAMD, which supports th e MOU with were evidently placed on the designat­ matic trade just so archaeologists Cypru s with some limited provisos. ed list on the orders of former Under­ might occasionally get some relevant First, th e AAMD would like to know secretary Nicholas Burns as a "thank information about dating sites from a more about a proposal to extend re ­ you" to Cypriot advocacy groups, which coin. He also disputed th e claim by JL strictions to new types of ecclesiasti­ had given him an award; (2) Jay Kislak, that import restrictions are easy to com­ cal objects. It appears members of the CPAC's former chair, has stated under ply with . He noted that US Customs will archaeological community know details oath that the State Department misled not allow entry of coins and other an­ of the re quest, but these have not been Congress and the Public about CPAC's tiquities unless th ey are pictured in a shared with the public at large. KR vote against import restrictions on catalogue that predates restrictions. asked why no Museum Director was coins: (3) In 2007, the AlA claimed that Thus, even the difficult to obtain certi­ present. Knerly indicated he would de­ Cypriot coins ~ ra r ely circulated" to jus­ fications are not enough for Customs. te rmine if some curators with special­ tify restrictions on ·coins of Cypriot Wayne Sayles indicated that the ized knowledge would be able to testi­ type.- However, a top Cypriot official ACCG represents the interests of the fy in the future.

~, Send us your • ne~sand views The Celator P.O. Box 10607 Lancaster, PA 17605-0607 Kerry@Celator_com

40 The Celator brew script that was also used by the Ph oe ni cians. M oabites, Arameans, etc. The language is mostly Hebrew or Aramaic. Al ­ though many simply bear in scrip­ tions, some bear symbols such as winged scroll s, lions , g ri ffo ns, cherubs, and even figures of de i­ ties, although these may have be­ longed to foreigners li ving in the are a. These seals are al way s scarce, highly pri zed by collectors, and command lllrge sums at au c­ The Hebrew Seals of tion when they appear. Because the Iron Age most collec to rs are nOI famil iar with th e language o f th ese seals, forgeries are diffi cult to detect. The Hebrew seals o f the Iro n Age Many good forgeries wi th correct in ancient ISnlcl and Judaea were in sc riptions are also to be found on part of the larger class of Hebraeo­ the market, and the perspective Phoenician seals that began to ap­ A rare Hebrew seal, discovered in 2008 In pu rc hase r should be extreme ly pear in the 91h _8 1h centuries Be. about the northwestern part of the Western Wall cautious. Whenever possible, ex­ the lime of the un ited monarchy and plaza in Jerusalem, which dates to the lat­ pert opin ion should be consulted the early Prophetic Period. Many of ler part of the First Temple period. Photo before purchase, these seals bear private names, which courtesy of the Israel Antiquities Authority. was unusual in Egypt and Babylonia. Olhers bear the names of government VISIT THE CELATOR offi cial s. some of which are known from the Bible. Many kn own examples ANCIENT COIN RESOURCE CENTER at were for official use to mark produce and bore the legend .. to t.he king He­ bron" and the like. www.celator.com A large number of jar hand les for information that is useful to the collector! with the impression of these seals have been found and oft en appear on th e antiquities market. Most seals were used, however. for sealing doc­ uments writte n o n papyrus rathe r than clay tablets a nd so cy linder seals arc rare, with the stamp seal being the norm. Many are scarab or scnraboid in shape, as were the con­ temporary Phoenician seals. Under eastern in fl uence, many conoid and other stamp seals also appear, as th ey do in Assyria and Babylonia. Most we re pi erced longitudinall y so as to be worn on a string or set in a ring. Some had gold mounts thaI hnve survived. While most of the common scar­ abs imported into the Levant or im­ itated there were made of a soft ma­ terial such as faience or fri t, Hebrew seals were mostly made in stone, usually semi precious hard stones Our new 9G-page catalog, Our 96-page catalog, One ThouulIId s uch as carnelian, chalcedony, jas­ Art of the Ancimt World, vol. XX I I Years ofAnci ent Greek VauJ per, and agate. Other materials in ­ ill ustrating 207 objects in full color. illustrating 195 vases in full colo r. cluded limestone. rock crystal, he­ matite, ivory, j adeite. steatite. gl ass. and metal among others. ~ royal-athena galleries In contrast to neighboring areas. jUQmt M. Eiunbtrg, Ph.D .. DirulQr, A NA Lift Mt mbtr 277 in sc ribed seals were in widespread 153 Eas, 57,11 S,,,",, Ntw York, NY 10022 use by the common people as well 212-355-2034 Fax 212,688-0412 anc;mtarr@Ifl'Jl.rDm as the nobility and wea lthy classes. Visit our website fiaturing over 1200 flntiquities: www.roy(darhma.com The insc riptions arc in the o ld He- February 2012 41 find-spot. It was also an illustra­ tion of trade rela­ ti ons between East and West," Shachar notes. Persiall peri­ od. In 1989, dur­ ing excavations at Ascalon, a hoard of 3 I fourth century BeE obols of the 50 Years ofNlImismatic Athena/owl type was discovered . DIscoYeries in Israel "The significance Probably millions of coins have lies in the fnet been found in the ancient land of Isra­ that only a total el over the past fifty years. Some of of 51 Phi list ian the coins were found by local people coins, including combing the soiL some were discov­ thi s hoard, arc ered in excavations, and still others known to have came into the market from unknown come from con­ sources. Recently Israeli archaeologist troll ed archaeo­ and numismatist lIan Shachar pub­ logical excava­ Figure I-One hoard, including gold coins, shown in situ and li shed a wonderful an icle entitled lions." Also from discovered in the Cave of the Te 'omim by Boaz Zissu and -'The Coin s of Ancient Israel- Dis­ this period , a colleagues in 2009. Photo courtesy of Boaz Zissu. hoard of 18 Sa- coveries of the Last 50 Yc,lrs," in the Ellcavmions during the 1980s on Bulletin of the Anglo-Iuael AI'c}weo­ marian coins and two single coins MI. Gerizim "proved beyond doubt log ical Sociery (29). were found during the 1980s in exca­ that John Hyrcanus [ was the first Has­ Shachar is the first to admit that his vations at Mt. Gerizim in ancient Ne­ rnonean ruler to strike coins, in the 2nJ Jist is subjective and some may disagree apolis (Nablus), and these are the only century BCE, and that all th e coins with hi s selections. Overall, however, he Samarian coins known to have been with the name Yehohanan mu st be as­ found in a controlled ellcavation. did a superb job of combing theesscncc cribed to him, th us seuling very long­ of the discoveries, and here is a summ;!­ Hellellistic alld HasmOlleall peri­ standing argument on both subjects:· ods. Shachar points out that the tiny ry of his findings by period. Shachar notes. This period from around silver Yehud coins were unknown un­ Iroll fl ge. He also points to an assemblage of the I '~ to 1ll cenluries was of til around the 1960s, and many have 1 7 BeE '"more than 1,700" coins from the course prior to coinage. However, Sha­ been di scovered since then. reign of Alexander Jannaeus, whi ch chur points to the 1995 discovery at A remarkable hoard of around was found on the shore of the Dead excavations at Dor (Dora) of ajar con­ 4,500 si lver coins was discovered in Sea in 2002. There may have been it taining almost 19 pounds of Phoeni ­ 1960 near 1sfiya on MI. Carmel in the dock for Jannaeus' royal use in the area, cian cut pieces of silver, dating to the north. Most of the coins were Tyre and one hoard of more than 300,000 early Iron Age. "This Hacksilber. the shekels and half shekels from the first coin s of lannaeus is reported to have precursor of coined money, had been century BCE to the first century CE. been excavated by local Bedouins. subdi vided into units of weight and. " It was speculated (by Leo Kadman) I'm pleased to say that one of my although nOl unique, this find was im­ that they represented dues collected discoveries made the cut , and in fa ct, portant for its earl y dating and fo r its for the Temple in Jerusalem:' il was a coin I published together with Sh:lc har: " An un usual Hasmonean coi n wh ich had been triple struck, en­ f.DH. D. RAUCH GmbH Vienna abling the final determination of a de­ RAUCH Numismatist and Auctioneer si nc e 1969 cades-old discussion in favor of Alex ­ ander Jan naells as the identity of the rul­ For Ancient, World Coins & Historical Medals er Yntn (Yontan), whose name appears Next E-A~ uction: March 22 nd -23 rd on Hasmonean overstruck coins." . I. 'h Shachar also highlights Shraga Qe­ Next Auction 90: June 4 -6 dar's 1992 identification of Mari sa, a Bid Jive I,om your 10catiOll by cOllllnlter! Prill ted previously unknown mint that operat­ catalog ll e also available. ed in the middle of the firSI century during the governorsh ip of A. O .. bin­ Please contact us: 01143 1533 3312 ius in Syria. E-mail: rauch@ hdrauch.com Iferodiall period, Large numbers of Visit our shop: www.hdrauch.com Herod i,lIl coins found in the last 50 years Write to: A-I 01 0 Wien, Graben 15 (Europe) has allowed Donald Ariel of the Israel Antiquities Au thority to write a wonder-

42 The Celator ful new study of the Herodian coins. (I will review Ariel 's new book on this top­ ic in a futu re issue of The Celutor.) Tim WHlkes First Jewish Revolt. Masada exca­ Specialist in Medi;;eval and Islamic Coins vations from 1963 to 1965 yielded three hoards, which included 32 Jew­ ish War shekels and 34 half-shekels . Shachar points out that "These, togeth­ er with the lack of any such finds in the fortress of Simon Maccabeus at Beth Zur, provided the final unequiv­ PO Box 150 ocal determination that none of the Battle coins presently identified as coins of e-mail: [email protected] East Sussex the first Jewish revolt against the Ro­ www.wilkescoins.com TN330FA mans in the I" century CE could be at­ www.vcoins.com/ancient/timwilkes UK tributed 10 Simon ... , as some scholars had continued to maintain despite accu' mulating evidence to the contrary." Furthermore, excavations at Gam­ la in the north from 1976- 1989 pro­ duced more than 6,200 coins- most­ Early ly Hasmonean. "But the most interest­ ing are undoubtedly thc few specimens Islamic & Oriental of thc 'Gamla coin,' struck locally in imitation of the si lver shekels of the Coins first Jewish revolt." Bar Kokllba Revolt. Shachar points 10 excavations at Herodian in 1967, which yielded a hoard of 770 Bar www.vcoins.com/najafcoins Kokhba bronze coins. This hoard al ­ lowed the beginning of theories re­ www.najafcoins .com garding the chronology of coins of Bar Kokhba as well as Dan Barag's early observation about the probable exist­ ence of two mints. Shachar does not mention. but 1 will, several huge hoards of Bar Kokh­ ba coins that were found by Arab fie ld Guide to BIBLICAL COINS workers. One of the largest, contain­ ing several thousands of coins was, ac­ cording 10 slOries, literally stumbled FIFTH EDITION into by an Arab woman walking through a field. These hoards, known by David Hendin as EI Fawar, Dahariyah. etc., allowed the massive study of Bar Kokhba coin­ age by Leo Mildenberg. MOST POPULAR REFERENCE EVER WRITTEN In 2009, three Bar Kokhba period FOR BIBLICAL AND JEWISH COINS hoards were discovered in the Cave of the Te'omim in the Judaean hills. "The 640 pages; S6 pages of high-quali ty plates; significance of the find lies in the fact st urdy hardcover; dust jacket that it is one of the few hoards of Bar Kokhba issues that was found with as­ Order from your favorite numismatic book dealer, sociated material in a controlled archae­ Amazon. com, or direct from the publisher ological excavation," writes Shachar. at $85 plus $6 shipping. It is also highly important that one of these hoards was the first time in history that coins of Bar Kokhba were found together with coins of the Jew­ www.AmphoraCoins.com ish War, thus establishing a connection that had been suspected but never pre­ viously proven. AMPHORA Roma ll p eriod. "Excavations at 2:,j.. PO. Sox 805 Shu'afat between 2003 and 2007 pro­ '"'l.... If': Nyac k. NY 10960 duced about 800 coins. "A high pro- fj~~ • V>',J 845.358.7364 [email protected]

contillued Oil page 46. February 2012 43 and would be ad vised by the Senate. Un like today, the praetors/consuls had a lot of consolidated power in the fo rm of administrative, legislative. and ju­ dic ial capacities during times of peace, and like today, held the highest mili­ ta ry command during times of war. They also had additional religious du­ l ies and included cert ain rites Ihat Figure 1- P. Licinius Nerva, Roman could on ly be carried out by the high­ Republic, AR Denarius, 113-112 BG. est state offi cial s. The two consuls Three citizens voting on comitium, one were elected each year, served togeth­ voter receives ballot from attendant er. and had velo power over the other. It's An Election Year! below, another voter places ballot in cista - the process for the voting pro· Roman " Legislative Urlmch" We ll. at least here in the United cedure of the Comilia Tributa. Image States of America irs another election courtesy of eNG, Inc. During the monarchial period o f year. During 20 12, the 235+ mi llion Rome, the Senate was comprised of age-el igible citizens wi ll have the op­ number of representatives is set by law I00 members. When the Republi can portunity to cast their vote for Presi­ at 435 and the office i ~ a two-year period began, the two consu ls expand­ dent. The USA is a constitutional re­ term, currently with no limits. T he ed the Senate to 300 members and publi c by definition (no. it's nOI a de­ Supreme Court Uudicial branch) is the chose them by birth or rank. The Sen­ mocracy, as so many citizens seem to highest CO Url. and its nine lifetime ap­ ate was primarily an advisory board respond when asked), but what does pointment (by the executive branch) and voted as one body. but did have con­ that mean and how docs that compare members are responsible for hearing trol over fi nance, administration, and (Q the ancient Roman Republic? and deciding on cases elevated by the foreign relations. It also served as inter­ Today in the USA, citizens can vote lower courts. A ll of t h i~ i~ at the fe d­ mediary between citizens and the gods, for various offices, positions and pro­ eral level. Each of the 50 states has a as wel l as othcr religious matters. posals at a polling station. determined system of local governments ~e t up to The supreme power in the Roman by where they res ide. If a citizen can­ handle all of the affairs not covered Republic was the assembly, which was not visil their prescribed po ll ing sta­ by fede ral law. made up of all the citizens of Rome. tion during the voting period, they can The system of government during There were two assemblies, the assem­ still cast their vote via absentee bal­ the Roman Republic evolved and be­ bly of centuries (comitia centuriara) and lo!. O ur government is balanced be­ c ame more refined over the -500 the assembly of tribes (comilia Il'i/)lIla). tween three branches-judicial. execu­ years, but I'll go over the essent ials. tive and legislative. Elected offices have varying lengths of term and some Roman " Executive Branch" have term limits. For example. the highest office in our country is the In the ancient Roman Ki ngdom, president (executi ve branch). This of­ four men led a revolution in 509 Be fice has a fo ur-year term and is limit­ and overthrew the monarch. Lucius ed to two terms. Our Congress is com­ Tarquinius Superbu s. Two of the meo, prised of the Senate and the House of Lucius Jun ius Brutus (l nd Publi us Representati ves (legislative branch). Valerius Publicolu, were named the Each of our 50 states has two senators. first consuls (originall y named pra­ Figure 2-L. Cassius Longinus, Roman wh ich serve staggered six-year terms. etors, the office renamed in 305 Be) Republic, AR Denarius, 63 Be. The reo The number of representatives is de­ of what would then be known as the verse celebrates and commemorates termined by that state's popu lation, but Roman Republic. These consuls would the proposal for the Lex Cassia Tabel­ is entitled to al least one. The total be elected each year by the citizens la ria becoming law. Image courtesy of eNG, Inc.

Consuls were elected by the comi­ li(l cell/uriola- originally the assembly of representatives of military units (centuries). The assembly elected se­ nior state offici als, ded ared war, in ­ stituted peace treaties. approved leg­ islation, and, until the fu ncti on was Learn All About Collecting Ancient Coins transferred 10 the courts, had thc fi nal say in cases of execution or exile. The comilia Iribula was made up of www.ancientcoinmarket.com the thirty-five tribes, of which there were four tribes in the city itself, sixteen in New Articles Monthly the immcdiate vicinity, and fifteen in the cO l1til1ued 0/1 page 56.. 44 The Celator At the same ·time. there has been a The place where import restrictions significant rise in the number of ancient will have the most direct effect will be in coin detentions and seizures to include the numismatic tmde where dealers have troubli ng swat-team- li ke raids by feder­ tmditionally found sources of material in al officials and growing attempts to ex­ legitimate internati onal markets. It will tend the Nat ional Stolen Property Act become more and more difficult ovef time and the Archaeological Resources Pro­ to buy coins at European auctions or bours­ tection Act as ve hicles for enforcement esand simply carry them back to the U.S. of nationalist sta te cultural property What seems inevitable to me is the cre­ laws. So far, onl y dealers have reported ation of a system by which coin provc­ issues with importati on of ancient coins. nance, of at least ccrtain ty pes of coins, It re mains to be seen whether this is a pol ­ can be verified. This is a very un popular icy cvolution that eventually leads to re­ subject with both collectors and the trade. Time for Change pression of trade worldwide. In any ca~e. but unless there is a court decision or stat­ it is clear that ancient coin collectors and utory exemption the day will almost ccr­ Last month, I wrote about the na­ the re lated trade in America arc under close to re of bureaucratic ovcrrC:lc h, panic­ tainly come when ancient coin collcctors scrutiny and laws that were designed for in the U.S. will be forced to register their ularly as il affects collectors of ancient coins. Law professors Stephen Vrice other purposes are now being used to con­ holdings and maintain proof of legal title. and Andrew Adler have written exten­ lrol the transfer of cultural property. Many industries have faced regula­ The numismatic trade and the An­ sive ly on the subject and use the term tion and fou ght it: few have succeeded "extralegal" to desc ribe specifically cient Coin Collectors Guild are work­ once government dec ides to move in that ing hard to preserve the rights that col­ what the U.S. State Departmen t is do­ direclion. The most common altern ative lectors in America have long enjoyed is a self-regulating process where the ing as a matter of policy with cultural propert y management. In their most and collectors in most other nations still objectives of regulation are achieved recent paper. "Resolving the Di sjunc­ enjoy. It 's been a long and tedious battl e, through private sector initiatives. The and it likely will not end anytime soon. ti on between Cuttur:! 1 Property Poli­ obvious problem with numismatics is cy and Law: A Call for Reform," the Even though im JXl lt restrictions have been that there are not any lines of authority. unfai rl y and "extralegally" imposed by the University of Miami educators have Consequently, self-regulation would be State Department. we must adhere to those argued that "Cultural property policy exceedingly difficult. St ill. it would be restrictions until we can orchestrate a better for private collectors to develop in the United Siaies has become in­ creasingly law less, for lack of a bet­ change. The fact that our public servants and launch those initiatives and work ter term " and that the "Executive make a mockery of the law does not give through them in a voluntary program us the freedom to ignore il. Branch has aggressively restricted the than to wait fO f oppressive regulation For most collectors, imporl restri c­ from government that would serve no movement of cultural property into the tions have not yet become a major prob­ Uni ted States ... without regard fo r con­ interest other than that of the admini stra­ lem. Purchases from international onl ine tors. The tremendous success of the Por­ straining legal authority." That is a se llers tend to now without interruption. very serious assessment that ought to table Antiquities Scheme in Britain dem­ and there are a considerable number of onstrates that voluntary schemes can and ring loud warning bell s to constitu­ coins already withi n the U.S. that will tionalists and ordinary folks who be­ do work. Of course. the PAS is modeled recycle in legitimate intern al markets. It on the reporting of finds, not the legiti­ li eve that the rul e of law is the foun­ is likely that most small shipments of mization of collector holdings. dation of our society. CO mmon coins will continue 10 fl ow Uri ce and Adler ci te and agree with Over the coming momhs, I hope that a from international sellers into the U. S. constructive dialogue wi ll emerge that the ACCG position that under the Con­ market. They si mply arc not worth the ve ntion on Cultural Propert y Imple­ leads to some plausible opti ons for veri­ mentat ion Act (CCPIA) ..... restrictions effort to confiscate. nor are they of much fy ing legitimacy of the mi llions of ancient concern to anyo nc but ,I few ideologues. may be applied only to 'archaeologi­ coi ns currentl y in circulation among col­ However, the threshold o f interest is lectors. Change is going to hap~n. we can calor ethnological materials. ' which. bound 10 increase as the notion spreads by definition, are limited to certai n bank on that, so it is in our best interests that coins are generally restricted items. to create it ourselves. objects that are 'first di scovered with­ in,' and [arel.subject to export control by, the [requesting} Stale Pany."· They al so raise till! often-cited arguments Ancient IV ..,. that coin s ca:nnot conceivably be re­ stricted by type alone since they cir­ Research culated widely in antiquity through trade a nd more recently through worldw ide collector markets . The con­ "advancing clusion of Urice and Adler is that statu­ o",vaN tory reform of the CCPIA is necessary to "realign law and policy, thus mini­ • Resident Semina., mizing the damage cUrTCllI ly being done 10 the democratic process and the rule • Independent of law." The bottom line is that the U.S. State Department is not fo llowing the law that they arc sworn to uphold. February 2012 45 Hendin ConI. from pg. 43 Shachar adds thaI "One of the larg­ BYW1lti1le period. The highlight of est hoards evcr fou nd in I s r ae l~so me the Byzantine coins was the discovery portion of th e~c are from the first and 26,000 coins-was discovered in du ring 2008 excavalions in a parking lot second centuries CE, many with the 1998 during a sal vage dig at Tel Mal­ outside the Dung Gate of the Old Ci ty countcrmark of the Ten th Legion, of­ ot north of Kibbutz Hulda. Based on of Jerusalem. A cache of 264 gold solidi fering a rare glimpse of coinage circu­ a bo ut 5,000 examples al read y of Heraclius ( 610~64l CE) was di scov ~ lating between the two Jewish revolts," cleaned, 90% are from the 5'~ century ered. ;'This hoard is a unique find in con ~ Shachll T exp lai ns . CEo The nature of the hoard and the text, the evidence strongly suggesting In [966, a hoard of mo rc than ci rcumstances of its deposit could not that it was part of an emergency issue 10,300 Roman silver coins were dis­ be determined." minted in Jerusalem, which would be covered at Mapsis in the eastern Ne­ More th an 14,000 bronze coins the onl y time that gold coins were ever gev, hidden in the ruins of a Nabatae­ have been fou nd by archaeologists at minted in the province of Palestine an house. Other than a few Nabatacan Capemaum. "T he im portance of the du ring the Roman and Byzant ine pe­ coins. "the hoard consisted of drac hms find," Shachar explains. " lies clearly riods. It also has provided strong evi­ and tct radrachms from the 1"-3nJ ce n­ in the relation between such fo und a~ dence for the dating and destruction of turies CEo About 75% were issued by tion deposits and the chronology of the Byzantine compl ex \ 0 the Persian thc Severan dynasty." the structure." invasion in 614 CE." Shac har also reviews discoveries from the later Umayyad, Fatimid, Cru­ $ildcr, and Mamluk periods. Perhaps the <7Ta, p.. S 5'_. .. most remarkable of them was a hoard of 751 Byzantine gold solidi that was found at Beit Shean. the ancient Nysa­ Scythopolis. This was "Ihc largest gold hoard from the 7'" century found in an archeological excavation in Israel. II was probably sequestered during {he unsta­ ble decade preceding the monetary re­ form of 'Abd al~Malik in 696/697 CE." Shachar has provided us with a won­ derful SUlllmmy of a remarkable half-cen­ tury of numismatic discoveries in Isroel.

..,o Copyright © 2012 by David Hendin

• .. Do it the Easy Way­ III 11 11111 1111 11111111111111111111111111111 1111111, 11111111111111111111111111 11111111 11111111111111 RENEW ONLINE! Figure 2- A second hoard discovered in the Cave of th e Te'omim, notice a Jewish War silver shekel discovered together with Bar Kokhba coins struck at www.vcoins.comJ more than 60 years later. Photo courtesy of Boaz Zissu. celator

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46 The Gelator Professional Directory

( Antiquities & Coins) ( Antiquities & Coins) C Antiquities & Coins )

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48 The Celator Professional Directory

( Coins ) ( Coins ) ( Coins )

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( Coins ) ( Coins ) ( Coins )

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Aspen Park Rare Coins Kenneth W, Dorney I!l:lassical j}umismatist IIya Zlobin Numismatic and Antique Expert For High Quality PhOIOS of Authentic Ancient OUf Entire Inventory of NGC Greek Biblicll Roman Byuntine Certified Ancients, go to: Coins and Antiquities www.aprci.com with Certificates of Authenticity and On the Web Since 1995: Click on · World Coins" lifutim. Guar.mtee of Authenticity www.coolcoins.com [email protected] APRC . 1 (917) 776-7363 P.o. Box 493362 PO Box 2811. Littieton, C080161 . I~cdding, CA 96049-3362 Toll Free: 888-686-2646 Mobile: 303-807-99 16 www.TrustedCoins.com (530) 222·8207 Email: [email protected] for selection of over 5000 Items February 2012 51 Professional Directory

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The FREE collaborative PenelopeCoins.com numismatic research website Alfredo De La Fe Display Adver­ Hobby numismatics, Telephone (917) 287-5512 places and databases [email protected] tising Rates Targeted directly Professional Directory Ad Rates: to collectors of ancient and 1x3 size = 2·3/16"w x 2·7/8"h = only $30 medieval coins 1x2 size = 2·3/16"w x 1·7/8"h = only $23 and antiquities, Signature ads only, no direct sale offerings. 10% Discount on annual contracts. 1/6 Page - $100 Professional Directory ads get results! 1/3 Page - $175 The Celator 1/2 Page - $250 P.O. Box 10607, Lancaster, PA 17605 Full Page - $500 (single insertion prepaid rates) Tel/Fax: (717) 656·8557' E·mail: [email protected] Annual contract & multiple insertion Notes for Authors & Contributors discounts available All contributions to The Celalor leases and rights are submitted at Call or write for more are welcome and encouraged. As the time of publication. information or a copy of a popular journal, it is our goal to Manuscripts should be submit­ our current rale card! serve asa venue to educate and en­ ted in Microsoft Word format, and tertain our readers, and to provide can be sent as an e-mail attach­ a forum fo r the interchange o f ment. Please contact the editor for ideas. The editor does reserve the additional information about pho­ right to edit and/or modify any tographs and other illustrations. submission to insure comp liance Please do not send photographs as 1/1 with our editorial policies. We can­ e-mail attachments before contact­ not guarantee the publication of ing the editor fi rst. The Celator any submission. Preference w ill be Manuscripts and ill ustrations P.O. Box 10607 given to original, previously un­ can also be sent to the Edito r c/o published material, but previously The eelator, P.O. Box 10607, Lan­ Lancaster, PA 17605-0607 published articles, etcetera are caster, PA 17605-0607 or Tel/Fax (717) 656·8557 welcome provided the proper re- [email protected]. Email: [email protected]

February 2012 53 Club & Society Directory

Ancient Coin Club Twin Cities Orange C ount,Y 01 Chicago Ancient Coin Club Meets the 4th Thursday of the OCACC the ),~l;l(~S:o::fr at month at 7:30PM at Immanuel Ancient Coin Club Lutheran Church , 104 Snelling the , J ibD'ry of' Hail,,, J. The: OCACC mcom"" tbe 4th Satuffiayoflhc Ave., one block south of Grand month Berk, Ltd. at WasHington, (ftIm 1::J0.4:10PM atlhe Fountain Valley Public 13'h Floor, in downtown G:hi ­ Ave. in 5 1. Paul, MN. For more Library. The libnory is locatm Ii>< write: l\C£ C website at www.tinyurl.com/ details "" fuMe mecli ..... w5wkn. www.socalcoi ....«om.OCACC .hlm P.O.!!o 933 . www.anc i ent-d5in :.du~{..l.go . com DAWN 71nci eIlI Xumismalic Pl ease ~our monthl y dis­ Denver Area World Ooc,elyojWasbn'l/on, 7)0 cussion of Greek, Roman and Numi smatists Usually meets the 3,,) SW1day of each Biblical coins and antiquit ies. Meets Ihe p t Friday of each month join at 7PM at Calvary Chapel localed month at 2:00pm. Please us for our at 9052 W. Ken Caryl Ave near So. program<; and discussions of ancient nu­ Ancient Co in Club Garrison Street in littleton, Colo­ mismatics and history. For more infor­ rado. For collectors 01Anc ient, Me­ mation, please contact First Consul Mike of Lo sAngel es dieval and World coins. All are wel­ Mchalick at 30 1-552-2214. GENIOA [email protected] Meets the 2nd Sunday of the ~Call Bill Rosenblum at 720- 981-0785 for further information. hltp://answ.ancients.info. month at Ipm at the Com­ muni ty Room in the Sh er­ man Oaks Galleria in Sher­ VANCOUVIRANCIENT man Oaks, CA. For more COIN CLUB information, please vis it 1be Vancoo ver. BC Ancient Coin http://www.accla .org. Club lIsually mec\.~ lhe second Sunday of each month from 2- 4 pm at the McGill Branch of the Burnaby Library_ 4595 San Francisco Ancient Albert Streel. Burnaby. ncar Wittingdon and Hastings. For Numismatic Socletv more informal ion, contacl Pau l Meets the 2nd Saturday of each at 604-314-4976 o r e ma il month at 2: l5pm at Fort Ma­ son, San Francisco. Guests are welcome. For further infonna­ Classical Numismatic Assocl"tj"" of DeNcAtet> tion, please contact the club at Society of the B'1 z">1tj>1e Collectors SF [email protected]. Delaware Volley Meets Saturday at 11 :00 AM at major Meets the 2nd Saturday of each events: January NYINC, Summer ANA, with guest speaker and mutual month at I :OOpm at Camden PAN - The Pacific display of treasures. Annual dues are County Li brary, IS MacArthur $ 10. Contact the Empress at Ancient Numismatists Blvd., Westmont, NJ 08 108. For [email protected]. Dues 10 Meets the 2"" Sunday informatio n, pl ease call D ick ADBC, P.O. Box 585, Okemos, MI of the month at 1 :OOpm Shultz at (85 6) 667·0346. 48805·0585; (517) 349·0799. at the Bellevue Public Library in Bellevue, WA. For further infor- Wayne G. Sayl es. mation write to PAN at Ancient Coin Executive D irector P.O. Box 1384, Langley, WA 4 17·679-2 142 98260. www.pnna.orgJpan Collectors Guild hUp;//www.accg.us P.o. Box 911 Dues are $35 per year. pl ease Join a Club & Enjoy Gainesville, MO 65655 send to ACCG. P.O. Box 911. Your Hobby Even More! Gainesville. MO 656 55

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~------~ February 20 12 55 Internet Coot from page 44 know what was within and outside of the law. Before this time, it was closcly urea beyond. When a vote was taken guarded by the pontifices and the pa­ (in Rome), each tribe had a single vote trician class was able to punish citi­ (Figure I). Those citizens living in the zens by surprise. Roman law devel­ outlying farm areas had more impact oped significantly over time and is the per vote than those living in the dense­ basis of modern day IOrt law and ju­ ly packed urban area, but it was a hard­ risprudence. Tn the courts, the judices (professional jurors) were given three ship to leave the farm to get to Rome. Figure 3-0 Gassius Longinus, Roman This tribal vOling system kept the ur­ tabulae by which to cast their vote­ Republic, AR Denarius, 55 BG. Gurule A . (Absolvo, or acquit), C. (Condell1 - ban dwellers from making decisions chair within circular temple of Vesta; that hurt the farmers upon whose pro­ no, or guilty) and N.L (Non Liquet, or urn to left, voting tablet inscribed AG abstain) (Figure 3). ductivity all Rome depended. to right. Image courtesy of GNG, Inc. On the local level , there was the For those of you that are interested in reading more about this fascinating cone ilium plebis, or meeting of the the old law"), and the citizens placed people. This was the original plebian subject, here are some Internet re­ their tabula vote in a cista to be sources on Roman law, government parliament, served to vote on and counted (Figure 2). make decrees for its own kind. After structure and voting: 287 Be, the decisions were binding for http://ancienthislOry.about.com/li­ Roman "Judicial Branch" brary/bllbl_comitia_tributa.htm the whole community. http:// www.the-romans.co.uk/ Voting was pretty straightforward. A plebeian, Terentil ius, made the pro­ assemblies.htm Each citizen voted in the comilia and posal in 462 BC to end the secret sys­ the courts via a tabula. Citizens were hIt p: I Ipe ne lope. u eh ic ago. ed ul tem so an official legal code could be Thayer/E/Roman/Tex Is/secondary I given two tabulae- one inscribed published. In 449 BC, the "Laws of the SMIGRA * rrabella.html V.R. (Uti Ragas, or " I vote for the Twelve Tables" was created and was http://www.un rv.com/govern men tl law") and A. (Antiquo, or " I am for the basis for law for the plebeians to index-of-roman-laws.php NYINC Room Block Open for Reservations MILWAU KEE, WI-The sleeping room with the Professiona l Preview, during world . A substantial number of our reg­ block for the 41"' Annual New York Inter· which dealers without booths as well as istrants come from outside the United national Numismatic Convention (NY· col leclors, have access to the bourse States, while our U.S. based collectors INC) is now open to accept reservations, dealers in advance of the general public attend knowing thai they will have ac­ according to Convention Chairman for a $100 registration fee. Public hours cess to dealers they will not find at any Kevin Foley. The NYINC has events tak­ will be held the immediately fo llowing other num ismatic gathering anywhere in ing place over a nine·day period, from Friday and Saturday from 10AM·7PM the United Stales. The dealers with Saturday, January 5'", 2013 through and on Sunday from 10AM·3PM. The booths respond to this by holding back Sunday, January 13'" at the bourse area includes roughly 120 deal­ special items to specifically unveil at the Waldorf=Astoria Hotel, located at 301 ers from throughout the world specializ­ NY INC. Th is combination of fresh ma· Park Avenue, site of the event since ing in foreign and ancient numismatic terial, a wide range of booth holders, and 2002. Auction lot viewing opens on Sat­ items. Registration during the Friday­ an even wider range of attendees, urday, January 5'" and concludes on Sunday public hours is $10 for a three­ makes for a truly electric atmosphere Sunday, January 13'", with auction ses­ day pass. with the excitement being palpable." sions sponsored by nine different com­ Kevin Foley, Bourse Chairman since Foley added, "The bourse area for panies held from Sunday, January 6'" 1999, said of the Professional Preview, the 2013 NY INC was totally sold out through Sunday, January 13'". "The NYINC Professional Preview is one before the conclusion of our recent 2012 Bou rse activities get underway from of the most commercially active facets 2PM-7PM on Thursday, January 10'h, of any numismatic event anywhere in the contillued Oil page 37. .

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56 The Gelator WWW.CNGCOINS.COM

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Classical Numismatic Group, Inc Post Office Box 479 • Lancaster, Pennsylvania 17608-0479 Tel: (717) 390-9194 • Fax: (717) 390-9978 [email protected] 178th BUY OR BID SALE The Closing Date is March 15, 2012 "Thusly: this graceful and beautiful figure is among the finest creations of Greek coin engraving" MFA Boston 1902

Lot 35

Double-Signed by Artist "r"

Collections: Baldwin Prospero Sale, New York #112 Sotheby Sir E. Bunbury 1896 #246 Catherine Page Perkins Literature Guide to the Caterine Page Perkins Collection Museum of Fine Arts Boston 1902 Museum of Fine Arts Boston Catalogue of Greek Coins 1955 #213 Agnes Baldwin Brett

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