Raoul Curiel (1913-2000)

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Raoul Curiel (1913-2000) RAOUL CURIEL (1913-2000) PAR GÉRARD FUSSMAN Bien que Raoul Curiel ait été très heureux de se voir offrir un volume de mélanges en 1982 (Studia Iranica, tome 11) et plus heureux encore du repas amical qui, à cette occasion, réunit ses parents et amis, je ne suis pas sûr que cet homme discret aurait apprécié le dernier hommage d’une nécrologie résumant une œuvre scientifique et administrative re- marquable, mais que sa modestie et l’admiration qu’il avait pour ses maîtres lui faisaient tenir pour insignifiante. C’est pourquoi je ne me contenterai pas de l’éloge académique obligé que je dois au maître, au collègue et à l’ami et je me permettrai d’évoquer à son propos ce que la France doit à deux catégories d’intellectuels aujourd’hui disparues dont il était un exemple achevé: celle des amateurs à la jeunesse fortunée qui furent de vrais professionnels de la science et de l’érudition; l’intelli- gentsia juive cosmopolite de la Méditerranée orientale qui aima tant la France, lui donna tant et ne lui demanda rien en retour. Raoul Curiel naquit le 23 juin 1913 au Caire. Son père était un ban- quier juif de lointaine origine stambouliote, l’un des plus riches du Caire, très cultivé quoique devenu aveugle à onze mois à la suite d’une méningite cérébro-spinale. La famille était francophile. On parlait le français chez les Curiel et les deux fils Raoul, l’aîné, et Henri, son cadet d’un an, firent leurs études en français. Raoul, plus tard si britannique d’aspect et si anglophile, bien que vivant dans un pays sous administra- tion britannique, parlait à peine l’anglais en 19351. Son père, qui voulait en faire son successeur, l’envoya faire son droit à Paris en 1933. Le ca- det, Henri, fit son droit au Caire. Pour des raisons différentes, ils décidè- rent très tôt tous les deux de ne pas entrer dans la banque paternelle. 1 George BLAKE, No Other Choice, Jonathan Cape, London 1990, 39. Journal Asiatique 288.2 (2000): 239-253 240 G. FUSSMAN Riche et séduisant, n’ayant malgré la crise économique aucune raison de se préoccuper de son avenir, le jeune Raoul Curiel aurait pu profiter de son long séjour à Paris pour jeter sa gourme. Grand lecteur, il préféra fréquenter les sombres salles de la Sorbonne, de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études et du Collège de France, et quelques arrières-salles de bistrot où l’on discutait politique. Le système des licences libres à quatre certificats, disparu en 1969, laissait alors aux étudiants des loisirs et une assez grande possibilité de choix. R. Curiel passa une licence de droit et une licence de philosophie. Il suivit les cours de sociologie de Marcel Mauss, mais aussi d’avestique d’Émile Benveniste, de sanskrit de Jules Bloch et de Louis Renou, de bien d’autres encore. Bien qu’il ait eu la plus grande admiration pour Benveniste2 et que sa carrière scientifique ait été, dans l’ensemble, celle d’un iranisant, il garda toujours un atta- chement particulier pour le sanskrit, en partie parce qu’il noua à l’Insti- tut de Civilisation Indienne, avec Anne-Marie Esnoul, Paul Levy, Solange Thierry et d’autres3, des amitiés auxquelles il resta toujours fi- dèle. Car c’était un homme fidèle autant que discret dans ses amitiés. C’est au hasard d’une conversation qu’on apprenait, presqu’à son insu, qu’à cette époque il avait beaucoup fréquenté Marcel Mauss et Léon Blum, Georges Dumézil et Jean Cassou. Son père, inquiet des menaces de guerre en Europe, le fit revenir au Caire en 1938, après les évènements de Munich. R. Curiel entra à regret dans les affaires, mais fit très vite comprendre à son père qu’il préférait la science à la banque. Il devint professeur d’histoire et géographie (ad- joint d’enseignement) d’abord au Lycée français d’Héliopolis, la ban- lieue chic et moderne du Caire (1941), puis au Lycée français de jeunes filles du Caire (1942). Son père et lui-même estimaient en effet impensa- ble qu’on pût vivre sans personnellement gagner sa vie, même lorsqu’on en avait les moyens financiers, et le professorat était la seule façon qu’il ait eu de monnayer ses deux licences. Ce qui le préoccupait surtout, dans ce Caire menacé par Rommel, près d’Alexandrie où rouillaient les navi- res de la flotte française qui refusaient de se rallier à la France Libre, c’était la guerre contre l’Allemagne conçue à la fois comme défense de 2 On a retrouvé ses notes de cours dans ses papiers. Il n’avait conservé aucune note des autres cours qu’il avait pu suivre. 3 Studia Iranica, 11, 1982, 9. Journal Asiatique 288.2 (2000): 239-253 RAOUL CURIEL (1913-2000) 241 la France et combat contre le nazisme. En septembre 1939, Henri et Raoul Curiel s’étaient présentés à l’Ambassade de France au Caire pour s’engager pour la durée de la guerre. On leur fit savoir qu’on ferait appel à eux si nécessaire et lorsque ce serait nécessaire. Heureusement pour eux, la France officielle ne fit pas appel à leurs services. Alors les frères Curiel, à qui leur expérience politique, française pour l’un, égyptienne pour l’autre, avaient appris qu’on pouvait et qu’on devait souvent agir en dehors des organismes officiels, se lancèrent dans la résistance. Ils entrè- rent en contact avec la France Libre et, entre autres, essayèrent sans beaucoup de succès de rallier les marins français d’Alexandrie au géné- ral De Gaulle. Ils se lièrent aussi avec beaucoup de jeunes intellectuels britanniques, devenus soldats ou officiers de Sa Majesté. Au cours de l’été 1942, lorsqu’il apparut que les troupes de Rommel pouvaient prendre Le Caire, les Britanniques organisèrent le départ de la communauté juive pour la Palestine alors sous mandat. Six mois durant, Raoul Curiel y fit des émissions de radio pour la France Libre. En 1943 il fut envoyé à Radio-Brazzaville, un des principaux émetteurs de la France Libre. Il y fit la connaissance de Daniel Schlumberger, alors ad- joint du directeur de Radio-Brazzaville. Lorsque Daniel Schlumberger fut nommé en 1944 chef du Service d’information de la France Libre au Liban et en Syrie, il l’y suivit et y fut jusqu’en 1945, sous ses ordres, Directeur de la Radiodiffusion Française au Levant (Damas et Bey- routh)4. D. Schlumberger lui fit connaître un autre Français Libre de la première heure, Henri Seyrig, Directeur des Antiquités du Levant et grand collectionneur. Il devint son ami et, grâce à lui, se découvrit une passion pour les monnaies et intailles. En 1945 D. Schlumberger, nommé Directeur de la Délégation Ar- chéologique Française en Afghanistan, lui demanda de l’y suivre pour y étudier et publier les monnaies et inscriptions. Il y resta jusqu’en 1953. Le gouvernement du Pakistan cherchait alors un Directeur des Antiqui- tés pour succéder à Sir Mortimer Wheeler et ne voulait pas qu’il fût bri- tannique. Il s’adressa au gouvernement français qui proposa le poste à R. Curiel. De juillet 1953 à juin 1959, il fut ainsi Directeur du Service des 4 Sur Daniel Schlumberger, voir G. Fussman, «Daniel Schlumberger (1904-1972)», Bulletin de l’École Française d’Extrême-Orient, LX, 1973, 411-422. Journal Asiatique 288.2 (2000): 239-253 242 G. FUSSMAN Antiquités du Pakistan, nommé et payé par le Ministère des Affaires Étrangères français. Cette période de sa vie où il devint par nécessité anglophone au point de tout écrire en anglais, même ses notes personnel- les, fut sans doute l’une des plus heureuses de sa vie5 parce qu’elle lui donna l’occasion de connaître le continent indien et de contribuer à construire, à partir de presque rien, les institutions d’un pays nouvelle- ment indépendant. Il revint en Afghanistan pour un bref séjour (juin 1959 à mars 1960). C’est alors qu’Henri Seyrig, nommé Directeur des Musées de France, le prit pour adjoint. Il l’aida dans son effort de réorganisation. Henri Seyrig aurait voulu qu’il lui succédât dans ce poste. Son élégance naturelle, sa grande courtoisie, sa capacité à se faire des amis, sa grande culture et ses connaissances juridiques, l’expérience acquise comme di- recteur-adjoint recommandaient ce choix qu’approuvaient André Mal- raux, alors Ministre de la Culture, et son directeur de cabinet Gaëtan Picon, qui était devenu l’ami de R. Curiel. Mais celui-ci ne voulait plus faire d’administration. Il fut nommé en 1962 sous-directeur d’études à la 6ème section de l’École Pratique des Hautes Études, devenue par la suite École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales, où, au lieu de lui confier l’enseignement espéré, on lui demanda surtout des travaux administra- tifs. En 1965, il accepta avec reconnaissance la proposition que lui fit Georges Le Rider de devenir conservateur des monnaies orientales au Cabinet des Médailles6. Il y resta jusqu’à sa retraite en 1978. D’autres que moi diront ce que lui doit le Cabinet des Médailles, les dons qu’il lui fit, ceux qu’il persuada ses amis de lui faire, les acrobaties financières qui lui permirent de faire acheter des pièces rares et l’acquisition de la superbe collection d’Henri Seyrig à laquelle Georges Le Rider, qui fut son élève, ne fut pas non plus étranger. Il joua aussi un rôle non négli- geable à l’UNESCO dont il était l’un des experts. Sa retraite fut loin d’être inactive.
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