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News in Botswana by Richard Rooney NEWS IN BOTSWANA NEWS IN BOTSWANA Themes in contemporary journalism By Richard Rooney SMC Online Publishers 0 NEWS IN BOTSWANA NEWS IN BOTSWANA Themes in Contemporary Journalism By Richard Rooney Published by: SMC Online Publishers 2018 Copyright license Thank you for downloading this no-cost ebook. You are welcome to share it with your friends. This book may be reproduced, copied and distributed for non-commercial purposes. You may copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format, but you must give appropriate credit and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material. You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits. For details of the copyright license, click here. Suggested citation: Rooney, R. (2018) News in Botswana, Themes in Contemporary Journalism. SMC Online Publishers [Internet] plus details of URL where it was downloaded (if applicable). 1 NEWS IN BOTSWANA CONTENTS 1 Introduction 4 2 Overview 14 3 Law 39 4 Ethics 61 5 Gender 91 6 LGBTI 112 7 Botswana Television 144 8 Coverage of elections 165 9 Sports pages 186 10 Contribution to governance 201 2 NEWS IN BOTSWANA ABOUT THE AUTHOR Richard Rooney was associate professor and head of the Department of Media Studies at the University of Botswana, Gaborone, until August 2017. Previous to that in a career spanning 40 years he taught in universities in the United Kingdom, Papua New Guinea, Swaziland and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. He was the founding head of the Department of Journalism at Liverpool John Moores University (UK); the founding head of the Department of Journalism and Mass Communications at the University of Swaziland; and the founding director of the Academic Quality Assurance Division at Divine Word University, Madang, Papua New Guinea. His research that centres on media and governance, media freedom, and tabloid journalism has appeared in books and academic journals across the world. In a parallel career he is an advocate for human rights in Swaziland. Since July 2007 he has published the website Swazi Media Commentary that provides information and commentary on human rights in that kingdom where King Mswati III rules as sub-Saharan Africa’s last absolute monarch. The website and associated social media platforms has attracted millions of views. The All Africa Dot Com news aggregator distributes his work to a range of websites globally as diverse as the Washington Times, the Times of India and Humanitarian News. His work has been cited in a variety of publications, including those from The World Bank, Freedom House, Chatham House and the Media Institute of Southern Africa. Since September 2010 he has compiled a weekly electronic newsletter on human rights in Swaziland distributed by Afrika Kontact, an NGO based in Denmark. Before becoming an academic he was a journalist working on newspapers and magazines in his native United Kingdom. He holds a Ph.D in Communication from the University of Westminster, London, UK. He now works as an independent writer, researcher and publisher. 3 NEWS IN BOTSWANA 1 Introduction This book is about news and journalism in Botswana, which is an under- researched topic. It is aimed at students of journalism or media studies but is also useful to media practitioners interested in learning about the environment in which they work. The idea for the book came to me after I left the University of Botswana where I had taught and researched for six years. During that time I amassed a large amount of information that I used in lectures and research seminars that were delivered to relatively small numbers of people. I have taken that information and repackaged it, added to it, and produced this book. There are nine chapters covering a broad range of topics including history; law and media freedom; ethics; gender; how media contribute to good governance; election coverage and representations of LGBTI people. In this book I examine the “news media” in Botswana. It would be useful from the start to define what I mean by this. It is important to do so because in the modern age anyone can set up a blog or website or make a Facebook page to share information and opinion like never before. I am not interested in that so-called “social media”. This book is about established news media or “mainstream media”, such as newspapers, radio and television. I only venture onto the Internet where these mainstream media also have established webpages. The news media is where journalism takes place and journalism is a distinctive form or writing that is different from other types of writing such as a school essay or a novel. The definition of journalism changes overtime 4 NEWS IN BOTSWANA and in recent years we have been introduced to the concept of “citizen journalism” which according to Stuart Allan (2011) is a range of first-person accounts, mobile and digital camera snapshots generated by ordinary citizens who happen to find themselves accidentally on the scene of an event which they post through social media. I stick to the more traditional definitions of the journalist that has been used in textbooks for decades. They agree that journalism is a type of factual writing (or broadcasting) that tells people the truth about things that really happened, but that they might not have known about already. Journalism is meant for publication and is often the direct presentation of facts or description of events without an attempt at interpretation. Journalism is the job of reporting, writing, editing, photographing, or broadcasting news. It is about investigating and reporting events, issues and trends to a broad audience (McNair, 1998; Hodgson, 1996; Keeble, 1998; Wainwright, 1982). Journalism comes in many forms: writing (in newspapers, magazines and Internet); speech and sound (on radio and TV); in visual forms of photography, film and video, which can all be edited to tell stories by themselves or combined with writing and speech to form accounts and depictions of events which have actually happened and of the social, economic and political implications of those events. The people who produce journalism are called journalists. In media houses in Botswana and across the world journalists perform a number of different tasks. In large organisations, the journalists may specialise in only one task. In small organisations, each journalist may have to do many different tasks. These tasks could include being a reporter, features writer, sub editor (known as a copy editor in some countries), photographer, as well as the editor of the publication (Ingram & Henshall, 2008). It is impossible to give a short definition of news and there is no “one” definition. It is different from newspaper to newspaper or from place to place. Often the choice of what makes news depends on the type of reader or audience the media house is trying to attract. If it wants educated readers with money to spend who will be attractive to advertisers with expensive goods and services to sell, it might go for serious stories about politics and economics. In Botswana, the Sunday Standard newspaper is like this. At the other end of the scale the newspaper might want a larger number of readers who would be attractive to advertisers with goods aimed at a mass market. In 5 NEWS IN BOTSWANA this case the stories might be more of a general interest about people rather than politics. Often such newspapers, for example the Voice in Botswana, have exciting, even sensational stories, that go for readers’ emotions rather than their intellects. So the “news agenda” of the two newspapers are quite different. Graham Greer in a textbook for aspiring journalists gives some definitions of “news” (Greer, 1999, pp. 29-44). News is anything published or broadcast; news is an account of an event, or a fact or an opinion that interests people; news is a presentation of a report on current events in a newspaper or other periodical or on radio or television or the Internet; news is anything that is timely that interests a number of readers, and the best news is that which has the greatest interest for the greatest number of people; news is accurate and timely intelligence of happenings, discoveries, opinions and matters of any sort which affect or interest the readers; news is everything that happens, the inspiration of happenings and the result of such happenings; news comprises all current activities of general human interest, and the best news is that which interests the most readers. My book is divided into ten chapters, including this introduction. For the convenience of students each has been written as a “stand-alone” so they can be read separately and this has inevitably resulted in some duplication of background information but this has been kept to a minimum. Chapter 2 is an overview of Botswana and a survey of the news media landscape. Most importantly Botswana has been a stable (but not perfect) democracy since it gained Independence from Great Britain in 1966. It has had a relatively prosperous economy, based on diamond extraction for most of that time. This economy has supported a private media sector. The news landscape is dominated by media that is both government owned and government controlled. In broadcasting there are two state- controlled radio stations and three are privately owned. Botswana TV (BTV) dominates the television sector and the only other TV station eBotswana is a subsidiary of a South African company.
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