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The Geopolitics of Tourism: Mobility, Territory, and Protest in Taiwan and China

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The Geopolitics of Tourism: Mobility, Territory, and Protest in Taiwan and China The Geopolitics of Tourism: Mobility, territory, and protest in Taiwan and China by Ian Rowen BA, University of California, Santa Cruz, 2001 MA, University of Colorado, Boulder, 2012 A thesis submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Geography 2016 ii This thesis entitled: The Geopolitics of Tourism: Mobilities, territory, and protest in Taiwan and China written by Ian Rowen has been approved for the Department of Geography __________________________________ Tim Oakes __________________________________ Emily Yeh __________________________________ John O’Loughlin Date The final copy of this thesis has been examined by the signatories, and we find that both the content and the form meet acceptable presentation standards of scholarly work in the above mentioned discipline. IRB protocol # : 13-0695 iii Rowen, Ian (PhD, Geography) The Geopolitics of Tourism: Mobility, territory, and protest in Taiwan and China Thesis directed by Tim Oakes ABSTRACT This dissertation analyzes outbound tourism from the People’s Republic of China to Taiwan to unpack the geopolitics of the state and the everyday, to theorize the mutual constitution of the tourist and the nation-state, and to explore the role of tourism in new forms of protest and resistance, including the 2014 Taiwan Sunflower and Hong Kong Umbrella Movements. It presents a theoretical argument that tourism should be viewed as a technology of state territorialization; that is, as a mode of social and spatial ordering that produces tourists and state territory as effects of power. Based on ethnographies of tourism practices and spaces of resistance conducted between 2012 and 2015 and supported by ethnographic content analysis, this dissertation explores the engagement of PRC tourists with Taiwanese hosts, political representations of Taiwan and China, the territorializing effects of tourism, the production of multiple sensations of stateness, and the ways that tourism is aggravating contradictions between the different territorialization programs of China and Taiwan. It demonstrates that tourism mobilities are entangled with shifting forms of sovereignty, territoriality, and bordering. This dissertation argues that embodied, everyday practices such as tourism cannot be divorced from state-scale geopolitics and that future research should pay closer attention to its unpredictable political instrumentalities and chaotic effects. In dialogue with both mobilities research and borders studies, it sheds light not only on the vivid particularities of the region but on the cultural politics and geopolitics of tourism in general. iv Acknowledgements Copious gratitude to my adviser Tim Oakes, and committee members Emily Yeh, John O’Loughlin, Shu-ling Chen Berggreen, and Kira Hall for their insight and insistence. Many thanks to my xuejiemei, Yang Yang, Amelia Schubert, and Sarah Tynen, for support throughout the production and review of the dissertation. Major thanks are also due to Even Chen for generous and creative linguistic help. At Academia Sinica, Mau-kuei Chang, Wu Jieh-min and Stephane Corcuff provided continuous encouragement and wise counsel. Great thanks to Gunter Schubert, Ek-hong Lvajakaw Sia, and Andre Beckershoff at the European Research Center on Contemporary Taiwan (ERCCT) for an excellent writing environment and exciting conversation in beautiful Tubingen, Germany. Much is owed to Taiwan and China scholars Yi-ling Chen, Shu-mei Huang, Jeff Wasserstrom, Dafydd Fell, Frank Muyard, Mark Harrison, An-ru Lee, Jon Sullivan, Tom Gold, and Scott Writer, for insight, friendship, coffee, opened doors, and more. Respect is due to Taiwan bloggers and writers in the trenches, including Chieh-ting Yeh, James Smyth, Michael Turton, Brian Hioe for fighting the good fight and sharing seemingly endless new data sources. Critical funding support was provided by the National Science Foundation, the Fulbright Program, the Taiwan Foundation for Democracy, ERCCT, the US Department of Education FLAS Fellowship, the US Department of State Critical Language Scholarship, the Gilbert F. White Fellowship and other grants from the University of Colorado Department of Geography and Graduate School. Finally, thanks and blessings to family, and in particular to Wanyu and Fantuan for the home stretch. v Contents Contents .......................................................................................................................................... v List of Figures .............................................................................................................................. viii List of Tables ................................................................................................................................. ix 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Tourism and territoriality .................................................................................................... 9 1.2 Taiwan, tourism, territory and protest............................................................................... 16 1.3 Methods .............................................................................................................................. 22 1.4 Structure of dissertation..................................................................................................... 27 2 Tourism as a technology of state territorialization ................................................................... 30 2.1 Governmentality and the state as an “imagined collective actor” ................................... 37 2.2 State territory, sovereignty, citizenship and the modern inter-state system ...................... 39 2.3 Borders as processes, everywhere ..................................................................................... 44 2.4 Performativity and the state ............................................................................................... 46 2.5 Border performances and the production of (inter)national subjects ............................... 52 2.6 Tourist performance and border performativity ................................................................ 57 3 A political history of cross-Strait travel and tourism ................................................................ 62 3.1 Taiwan: From frontier to colony to contested nation-state ............................................... 64 vi 3.2 The development of cross-Strait tourism ........................................................................... 72 3.3 Tourism as diplomatic weapon and technology of PRC state power ................................ 82 3.4 Hong Kong as a comparative example of the PRCs deployment of tourism and zoning technologies .................................................................................................................. 87 3.5 Tying together the threads ................................................................................................. 94 4 The heterotopia of Taiwan’s tourist sites and territorial languages .......................................... 99 4.1 Taiwan’s airports as heterotopia within a heterotopia .................................................... 104 4.2 Sun Moon Lake as both a Chinese scenic spot and national treasure of Taiwan ........... 108 4.3 Taipei 101: A convergence of contradictory states ......................................................... 113 4.4 The National Palace Museum, the “umbilical cord” of Chinese nationalism in Taiwan 120 4.5 Shilin Night Market .......................................................................................................... 122 4.6 Dulan, a cosmopolitan aboriginal counterpoint to group tourism .................................. 123 4.7 Producing Taiwan as a touristed part of China .............................................................. 126 4.8 The language of touristic territorialization ..................................................................... 129 4.9 The life and virtual worlds of a non-Chinese Taiwan ..................................................... 133 4.10 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 135 5 Ethnography and analysis of a Chinese group tour of Taiwan, August 2014......................... 137 5.1 Itinerary as both product and performative script of Taiwan as a Chinese tourist space .................................................................................................................................... 141 vii 5.2 The management structure of the tour ............................................................................. 143 5.3 Chronological account of the tour ................................................................................... 144 5.4 Analysis ............................................................................................................................ 171 5.5 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 179 6 From xiaoqingxin to Spring Scream: The varieties and ambiguities of independent tourist experience ....................................................................................................................... 181 6.1 Taiwan as “small, fresh, and new”—and Japanese?
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