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Effect of Land Use on Diversity of Macrofungi in Kereita Forest, Kikuyu Escarpment and the Potential of Cultivation of Selected Species

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Effect of Land Use on Diversity of Macrofungi in Kereita Forest, Kikuyu Escarpment and the Potential of Cultivation of Selected Species EFFECT OF LAND USE ON DIVERSITY OF MACROFUNGI IN KEREITA FOREST, KIKUYU ESCARPMENT AND THE POTENTIAL OF CULTIVATION OF SELECTED SPECIES SUSAN NJUGUINI KABACIA MWAI (BSC. MED MICROBIOLOGY) I56/67430/2013 A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MYCOLOGY UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI 2018 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this research is my original work and has not been previously submitted in this or any other university or institution of higher education. Signature …………………………. Date……………… Susan Njuguini Kabacia Mwai Reg. No.: I56/67430/2013 This thesis has been submitted for examination with our approval as the supervisors. Signature ……………….. Date…………………. Dr. Peter Wachira School of Biological Sciences University of Nairobi Signature ……………………….. Date………………………… Prof. Sheila Okoth School of Biological Sciences University of Nairobi Signature…………………………….. Date……………………………. Dr. Mary Nyawira Muchane Botany Department National Museums of Kenya ii DEDICATION First and foremost I dedicate this study to God who is the giver of all knowledge and wisdom. Secondly, to my family members for their encouragement, unwavering support and strong belief that I can make it. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT My sincere gratitude goes to my supervisors Dr. Peter Wachira, Dr. Mary Nyawira and Professor Sheila Okoth from whom I have received immense support and guidance for this study. I truly acknowledge Dr. Muchai Muchane for his valuable ideas, wise guidance and advice especially during the field work and throughout the entire project. I also thank Dr. Halima Saado, (KWS) and Stephene Kamau, Kijabe Environment Volunters (KENVO) for their immeasurable support during the data collection. I acknowledge the National Museums of Kenya for giving me the opportunity to further my studies. I am grateful to Tropical Biology association (TBA) for funding this work through the Small Grant Scheme. I cannot thank AWARD (African Women in Agricultural Research and Development) enough for giving me an opportunity to train as a 2015 AWARD Fellow. I appreciate Patel Muiruri, Henry Ndithia, Hillary Koros and Stephene Muriuki for helping me during the data analysis. I also thank Dr. Joyce Jefwa through whom I have been able to acquire the mycological skills which have been a platform to my career development. I further acknowledge my colleague Victor Otieno, who has given me support in identification of some species and in the processing of the samples after collection. I acknowledge CropNuts Laboratory team for carrying out the mineral content analysis of the macrofungi in this study. I thank INQABABiotec East Africa Ltd for the full sequence analysis of my samples. Finally, to all my friends who have been my source of inspiration. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION ................................................................................................................ ii DEDICATION ................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ................................................................................................. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .....................................................................................................v LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................x ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Statement of the problem ...............................................................................................4 1.2 Justification ....................................................................................................................5 1.3 Main objective ...............................................................................................................5 1.3.1 Specific objectives ............................................................................................... 6 1.4 Hypothesis..................................................................................................................... 6 CHAPTER TWO ................................................................................................................ 7 LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Macrofungi characteristics and classification ................................................................7 2.2 Importance of macrofungi..............................................................................................8 2.3 Effect of land use, seasonality and diversity of macrofungi ..........................................9 2.4 Taxonomy challenges ..................................................................................................10 2.5 Morphological characterization of macrofungi ...........................................................10 2.6 Molecular characterization of macrofungi ...................................................................11 2.7 Mineral composition of wild edible macrofungi .........................................................12 2.8 Domestication of wild edible macrofungi ....................................................................13 CHAPTER THREE .......................................................................................................... 15 MATERIALS AND METHODS ...................................................................................... 15 3.1 Description of the study area .......................................................................................15 3.2 Experimental design.....................................................................................................16 3.3 Collection and documentation of macrofungi ..............................................................18 v 3.4 Identification of the specimens ....................................................................................19 3.4.1 Morphological characterization of collected macrofungi .................................. 19 3.4.2 Molecular characterization ................................................................................. 20 3.4.3 Amplification ..................................................................................................... 21 3.5 Selection of the wild edible macrofungi for culturing and mineral composition analysis .........................................................................................................................22 3.6 Media preparation and inoculation on the culture media .............................................22 3.7 Mineral content analysis ..............................................................................................23 3.8 Data analysis ................................................................................................................24 3.8.1 Diversity data analysis ....................................................................................... 24 3.8.2 Phylogenetic analysis ......................................................................................... 25 3.8.3 Mycelial growth analysis ................................................................................. 25 CHAPTER FOUR ..............................................................................................................26 RESULTS ..........................................................................................................................26 4.1 Macrofungi community within Kereita forest .............................................................26 4.2 Distribution of macrofungi by biotrophic groups ........................................................28 4.3 Effect of season and land use on macrofungi diversity ...............................................29 4.4 Macrofungi species composition .................................................................................30 4.5 Macrofungi species with potential for utilization ........................................................35 4.6 Molecular characterization of macrofungi .................................................................. 36 4.7 Mineral content of wild edible macrofungi .................................................................38 4.8 Mycelial growth of Macrolepiota dolichaula, Auricularia polytrica and Pleurotus djamor ..........................................................................................................................40 CHAPTER FIVE .............................................................................................................. 42 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATIONS ......................................... 42 5.1 Discussion ....................................................................................................................42 5.2 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................59
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