2016 ‑ Volume 23 - No. 3 www.spacehistory101.com

THE HISTORY OF QUARTERLY

Betty Skelton Frankman, “The Fastest Woman on ”

Astronaut Salesmen: Dental Care in Space Selling Savings Bonds in the Age of Heroic Space The Lost Film of AV-4 Alternate Paths of Paperclip: he oonwalkers ho Fritz Pauli and T M W ould ave een Transnational Knowledge Transfer C H B Contents Volume 23 • Number 3 2016 www.spacehistory101.com

FEATURES 57 American Astronautical Society History Symposium Proceedings 3 Salesmen: Selling Savings Bonds Book by Various Authors, Review by Scott Sacknoff in the Age of Heroic Spaceflight By Hunter Hollins 58 Legacy: How We Did It and What We Learned Edited by Roger D. Launius, John Krige, and James I. Craig 15 Dental Care in Space Review by Valerie Neal By William Hartel 59 Canadian Spacewalkers Book by Bob McDonald, Review by Christopher Gainor 37 Alternate Paths of Paperclip: Fritz Pauli and Transnational Knowledge Transfer 60 Abandoned in Place: Preserving America’s Space History By Brian Odom Book by Roland Miller, Review by Carolyn Russo

47 The Lost Film of AV-4 62 Enhancing Hubble’s Vision: Service Missions That By Rob Manning Expanded Our View of the Universe The Hubble : From Concept to Success 51 The Moonwalkers Who Could Have Been Books by David J. Shayler with David M. Harland By Douglas W. Oard Reviews by Christopher Gainor

63 How Made America: Geography, ORAL HISTORY Organization and the Cosmic Sublime 21 Betty Skelton Frankman: Aviatrix Pioneer, Book by Daniel Sage, Review by Jennifer Levasseur “The Fastest Woman on Earth” 64 Seeing Like a Rover: How Robots, Teams, and Images Interview by Carol L. Butler Craft Knowledge of Book by Janet Vertesi, Review by Roger D. Launius FROM THE ARCHIVES

54 Photographs FRONT COVER CAPTION 61 50 Years Ago: and The cover photograph of the 2 February 1960 LOOK Magazine shows Betty Skelton in a standing by a Mercury capsule II’s T-38 Accident mockup and asking, “Should a Girl Be First in Space?” Credit: Bob Sandberg, LOOK Magazine, staff photographer, 5 October 1959, and published in the 2 March 1960 issue. The LOOK Magazine BOOK REVIEWS Photograph Collection was donated in 1971 to the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division. 55 Go For Book by ISSN 1065-7738 Review by Valerie Neal The editorial office of Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly (ISSN 1065-7738) is located at the ISBC, 6615 Hillandale Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6424. E-mail quest@spacehisto- 56 Into the Black: The Extraordinary Untold ry101.com for information regarding submission of articles or letters to the editor. Story of the First Flight of the Shuttle Quest is published quarterly, four times per year by the International Space Business Council Columbia and the Who Flew Her LLC, 6615 Hillandale Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6424 USA. Periodical postage paid at Bethesda, Maryland, and additional offices. Book by Rowland White Postmaster: Send all inquiries, letters, and changes of address to Quest: The History of Review by Amy Paige Kaminski Spaceflight Quarterly, P.O. Box 5752, Bethesda, MD 20824-5752 USA. ©2016 International Space Business Council LLC, All Rights Reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. Printed in the of America.

Quest Magazine * P.O. Box 5752 * Bethesda, MD 20824-5752 * United States * Phone: +1 703-524-2766 FEATURE THE MOONWALKERS WHO COULD HAVE BEEN

By Douglas W. Oard LMP seat on the prime crew for : Haise was the LMP on , with com- Apollo 13, planned as the third lunar In the three-and-a-half years manding the mission.3 Slayton said landing mission, which failed to land between July 1969 and December that McDivitt declined the offer. due to an oxygen tank explosion. He 1972, twelve people walked on the McDivitt, in his NASA oral history, commanded the backup . That fact is well known. What said that he could have had com- crew, and was in line for command is less well known is that there were mand of Apollo 13 if he had wanted of Apollo 19 prior to its cancellation at least twelve others who could it. Despite the inconsistency regard- due to budget reductions.6 Haise quite possibly have visited the sur- ing which seat was offered, it is clear subsequently commanded a Shuttle face of the Moon. Most people know that McDivitt declined an opportuni- Approach and Landing Test (ALT) the story of Apollo 13, which was ty for a moonwalk. The Apollo 13 crew, but he never flew in space sent to the Moon with the intention and 14 crews were swapped prior to again after Apollo 13, his first and of landing. But that accounts only for their official assignment, so the mis- only mission. two of the possible moonwalkers. sion McDivitt turned down is today Who were the others, and what basis known as . McDivitt never Joseph Engle: According to Slayton, do we have for saying that they were flew in space again after , he had nominated Engle as Apollo 17 possible moonwalkers? his second mission. LMP but that choice was turned down by NASA Headquarters in People Who Said No to a Moonwalk Michael Collins: According to both order to provide an LMP slot for 4 5 7 Three astronauts could likely Slayton and Collins, while train- Harrison “Jack” Schmitt. This have had a moonwalk just by saying ing as Command Module would not have been necessary if yes when asked if they would be Pilot (CMP) Collins was offered Schmitt, who was the interested in being assigned to one of command of the Apollo 14 backup backup crew LMP, had replaced the lunar landing crews as command- crew upon his return from the Apollo to fly as LMP on the er or as lunar module pilot (LMP). 11 mission. This would have been Apollo 15 crew. That option that had However, when they were asked, expected to lead to command of been considered (but rejected) at the they said no. Apollo 17. He declined that opportu- time as a way of getting Schmitt to nity, and never flew in space again the Moon, for which there was con- 8 : According to after Apollo 11, his second mission. siderable political pressure. Engle Borman, he elected to retire rather eventually commanded two Shuttle than train in seven months for Apollo Others Who Might Have Had a missions. 11.1 He informed Donald K. “Deke” Moonwalk Slayton, director of Flight Crew Seven astronauts lost a good Richard Gordon: Gordon com- Operations, of his intentions before chance at a moonwalk due to some manded the Apollo 15 backup crew, commanding , so he was not single event that was beyond their and he was in line for command of actually offered the Apollo 11 mis- control that might reasonably have Apollo 18 prior to its cancellation sion. Slayton said that he would have come out the other way. due to budget reductions. According considered sending the Apollo 8 to Apollo 17 commander Eugene crew on Apollo 11 if Borman had James Lovell: Lovell commanded Cernan, Slayton also threatened to been willing.2 Borman never flew in Apollo 13, which had been planned assign Gordon’s entire Apollo 15 space again after Apollo 8, his sec- as the third lunar landing mission. backup crew to Apollo 17 if Cernan would not accept Schmitt as his ond mission. That mission failed to land due to an 9 oxygen tank explosion. Lovell never LMP, an outcome that Slayton said James McDivitt: According to flew in space again after Apollo 13, had at least one advocate. Gordon Slayton, McDivitt was offered the his fourth mission. never flew in space again after serv-

Q U E S T 23:3 2016 51 www.spacehistory101.com ing as CMP on , his second People Who Could Have Walked on the : According to mission. Moon Had They Lived Slayton, at the time of Cooper’s There were two astronauts who, selection to command the backup Jerry Carr: According to Slayton, at the time of their death, were in line crew for Apollo 10 he had an “out- Carr was internally selected as LMP for a good chance at a moonwalk. side chance” of being selected to for Apollo 16 backup crew, which command Apollo 13, but that he had would have put him in line for LMP Virgil “Gus” Grissom: Grissom not done well in that position.15 on Apollo 19.10 Carr was moved to commanded , and according According to Cooper, he was instead the program upon cancella- to Slayton he would have been an offered command of the Apollo 13 tion of Apollo 19, which occurred excellent candidate for command of backup crew, which he declined. prior to the announcement of the the first lunar landing mission.13 He Apollo 16 backup crew. Carr later died in the Apollo 1 fire after flying Charles Bassett: According to commanded , his only mis- two missions, Mercury-Redstone 4 Slayton, had Bassett not died he sion. and . would have been CMP on Apollo 8.16 This was the slot actually filled : Anders could have C.C. Williams: Williams was the by Lovell, who later flew as com- landed on the Moon if Borman's backup LMP on Apollo 9, and was in mander on Apollo 13 as a result of crew had been assigned to Apollo 11 line to fly as LMP on Apollo 12, as the normal rotation of CMPs from upon their return from the Apollo 8 actually did after Bean early Apollo missions to a later land- mission, since he was the LMP on replaced Williams on the Apollo 9 ing mission as Commander. Bassett that crew. Anders did serve as the backup crew. Williams died in a T-38 died in a T-38 crash in 1966 while backup CMP for Apollo 11, and crash before Apollo 9 flew, and he assigned to the Gemini 9 crew and according to his oral history inter- never flew in space. never flew in space. view he was slated for the CMP posi- tion on Apollo 13, but he chose to Some Others Edward White: White was assigned take a non-flying job rather than fly Beyond those twelve, there as CMP on Apollo 1, but there were as a CMP because he felt it unlikely were also at least six other astronauts no specific plans at the time of the that there would be enough future who might reasonably have been fire for a follow-on mission for him. missions for him to fly Apollo 13 and considered for a moonwalk had He was a member of the 1962 astro- then to train for a landing mission naut class, for which four of the 11 things worked out differently, but for after that. whom specific plans that would have seven members who survived walked led to a moonwalk were not actually on the Moon (and the other three : According to made: who survived were all possible Slayton, Schweickart would have moonwalkers). It therefore seems been considered as backup LMP for unlikely that White would not have 12 Thomas Stafford: According to Apollo 12, which would have put multiple sources, some consideration been offered a moonwalk at some him in line to fly as LMP on Apollo was given to assigning the first lunar point. He died in the Apollo 1 fire 15. Because of a serious incident of landing to Apollo 10, which Stafford after only a single Gemini mission. motion sickness during Apollo 9, this commanded.14 This would have did not seem to Slayton to be a viable required having the Apollo 10 crew John Bull: According to Slayton, option. Little was known about wait until the Apollo 11 Lunar Bull would have been one of his Space Adaptation Syndrome at that early picks from the 1966 astronaut Module (which was the first one light 17 time; it is now known that about one enough to land) was ready. It was class as an LMP. Bull was trained third of all astronauts will experience ultimately decided that flying Apollo as an LM specialist, but he was med- similar effects during their first few 10 without landing would achieve ically disqualified prior to assign- days in space. Schweickart later important objectives and the mission ment to a backup crew and never trained for Skylab missions, but he was flown as planned. Stafford later flew in space. never flew in space again. flew again as commander of the Apollo- Test Project, his fourth : Mattingly was orig- mission. inally assigned as CMP on Apollo 13, making him the first CMP from his

Q U E S T 23:3 2016 52 www.spacehistory101.com 1966 astronaut class to be assigned ing the first lunar landing by Astronaut’s Journeys, (New York: Farrar, to a mission. He would also have Grissom and Chaffee, or the last Straus and Giroux, 1974), 343. been the first astronaut without lunar landing by Collins and Bull. 6 Slayton, 262. prior rendezvous experience to have 7 Slayton, 271. flown solo on an Apollo mission if About the Author 8 Slayton, 273. Apollo 13 been flown as planned. Douglas W. Oard is a professor in Normal rotation would have then 9 Eugene Cernan and Don Davis, The the College of Information Studies Last Man on the Moon (New York: St. made him eligible to command the and the Institute for Advanced Martin’s Press, 1999), 274. Apollo 16 backup crew (which Fred Computer Studies at the University 10 Slayton, 262. Haise from Apollo 13 actually did), of Maryland, College Park. which would have put Mattingly in 11 William A. Anders, Oral history inter- line for command of Apollo 19 (had view with Paul Rollins, NASA Johnson Acknowledgments Space Center Oral History Project, 8 it not been cancelled for budget rea- October 1997, 8. sons). This set of possibilities This work has been supported in unraveled early when Mattingly part by National Science 12 Slayton, 230. was removed from the Apollo 13 Foundation grant 1218159. 13 Slayton, 223. mission because he had no docu- 14 A.C. Merritt, “Review of Apollo Test mented immunity to measles, to Notes Objectives Remaining after Mission D,” which he might have been exposed Bellcomm Memorandum NASA-CR- 1 Frank Borman with Robert J. Serling, shortly before the launch of Apollo 103929, 19 February 1969, 1; Slayton, Countdown (New York: Silver Arrow Books, 223; Arthur L. Slotkin, Doing the 13. He flew as CMP on Apollo 16 1988), 222. Impossible: George E. Mueller and the and commanded two Shuttle mis- 2 Donald K. Slayton with Michael Cassutt, Management of NASA’s Human sions. Deke!–U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury Spaceflight Program, (New York: Springer- to the Shuttle (New York: Tom Doherty Praxis, 2012), 230. Chance and Choice Associates, 1994) 191, 223. 15 Slayton, 236; Gordon Cooper with 3 Slayton, 236; James A. McDivitt, Oral Bruce Henderson, Leap of Faith: An No list of possible moonwalk- Astronaut’s Journey into the Unknown ers would attract universal agree- history interview with Doug Ward, NASA Oral History (New York: Harper Collins, 2000), 178. ment for the simple reason that what Project, 29 June 1999, 71. 16 Slayton, 167. we are listing are things that did not 4 Slayton, 238. happen, and there’s no limit to what 17 Slayton, 212. didn’t happen. Other names might 5 Michael Collins, Carrying the Fire: An be mentioned, among them Roger Chaffee (who died in the Apollo 1 fire), (who was trained as an LMP, but who did not fly again after ), and (who was killed in a T-38 crash before being assigned to a crew). Indeed, almost anyone trained as an astronaut might have eventually flown on Apollo had the program continued long enough. But the mere act of asking what might have happened serves to illustrate that what actual- ly did happen was not foreordained. Rather, the outcomes we see are the process of a chain of events, a few changes to which might equally Charles Bassett (left), CC Williams (above) well have resulted in us remember- Credit: NASA

Q U E S T 23:3 2016 53 www.spacehistory101.com www.spacehistory101.com

Volume 20, Number 2 2013 www.spacehistory101.com

THE HISTORY OF SPACEFLIGHT QUARTERLY

ON WINGS OF FIRE; SEEKING INDEPENDENCE JOHN F. K ENNEDY SPACE SUPPORT TO HOMER BOUSHEY AND THE IN SPACE: AND THE OPERATION FIRST -POWERED 6287+ .25($·6 63$&( “RIGHT STUFF” ENDURING FREEDOM PROGRAM (1958-2010)

Mailing Address Published since 1992, Quest is the only journal exclusively focused on Quest preserving the history of spaceflight. Each 64-page peer-reviewed issue P.O. Box 5752 features the people, programs, and politics that made the journey into Bethesda, MD 20824-5752 space possible. Written by professional and amateur historians along with United States people who worked in the programs, Quest is designed to bring you the Tel: +1 (703) 524-2766 stories and behind-the-scenes insight that will fascinate and captivate. [email protected]

Quest on the Internet Preserving the history of space... www.spacehistory101.com TM One Story at a Time ISSN: 1065-7738

Publisher: Scott Sacknoff Editor: Dr. Chris Gainor

Subscribe/Renew online at: Yes! I Want to Help Preserve the History of the Space Industry. www.spacehistory101.com Please send me the next: __ 4 issues (1 year) or __ 8 issues (2 years) of Quest!

Name: ______United States Address: ______4 issues / 1 Year: $29.95 City: ______8 issues / 2 Years: $50.00 State: ______Zip: ______Country: ______Canada / Mexico Phone: ______4 issues / 1 Year: $34.95 E-mail: ______8 issues / 2 Years: $65.00

___ I’ve enclosed a check*. ____ Please charge my credit card. Outside North America Credit Card #: ______4 issues / 1 Year: $44.95 Exp Date: ______8 issues / 2 Years: $75.00 Signature: ______

* In U.S. dollars drawn on a U.S. bank