2016 ‑ Volume 23 ‑ No. 3 www.spacehistory101.com THE HISTORY OF SPACEFLIGHT QUARTERLY BETTY SKELTON FRANKMAN, “THE FASTEST WOMAN ON EARTH” ASTRONAUT SALESMEN: DENTAL CARE IN SPACE SELLING SAVINGS BONDS IN THE AGE OF HEROIC SPACE FLIGHT THE LOST FILM OF AV-4 ALTERNATE PATHS OF PAPERCLIP: HE OONWALKERS HO FRITZ PAULI AND T M W OULD AVE EEN TRANSNATIONAL KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER C H B Contents Volume 23 • Number 3 2016 www.spacehistory101.com FEATURES 57 American Astronautical Society History Symposium Proceedings 3 Astronaut Salesmen: Selling Savings Bonds Book by Various Authors, Review by Scott Sacknoff in the Age of Heroic Spaceflight By Hunter Hollins 58 Space Shuttle Legacy: How We Did It and What We Learned Edited by Roger D. Launius, John Krige, and James I. Craig 15 Dental Care in Space Review by Valerie Neal By William Hartel 59 Canadian Spacewalkers Book by Bob McDonald, Review by Christopher Gainor 37 Alternate Paths of Paperclip: Fritz Pauli and Transnational Knowledge Transfer 60 Abandoned in Place: Preserving America’s Space History By Brian Odom Book by Roland Miller, Review by Carolyn Russo 47 The Lost Film of AV-4 62 Enhancing Hubble’s Vision: Service Missions That By Rob Manning Expanded Our View of the Universe The Hubble Space Telescope: From Concept to Success 51 The Moonwalkers Who Could Have Been Books by David J. Shayler with David M. Harland By Douglas W. Oard Reviews by Christopher Gainor 63 How Outer Space Made America: Geography, ORAL HISTORY Organization and the Cosmic Sublime 21 Betty Skelton Frankman: Aviatrix Pioneer, Book by Daniel Sage, Review by Jennifer Levasseur “The Fastest Woman on Earth” 64 Seeing Like a Rover: How Robots, Teams, and Images Interview by Carol L. Butler Craft Knowledge of Mars Book by Janet Vertesi, Review by Roger D. Launius FROM THE ARCHIVES 54 Sputnik 3 Photographs FRONT COVER CAPTION 61 50 Years Ago: Elliot See and The cover photograph of the 2 February 1960 LOOK Magazine shows Betty Skelton in a Mercury spacesuit standing by a Mercury capsule Charles Bassett II’s T-38 Accident mockup and asking, “Should a Girl Be First in Space?” Credit: Bob Sandberg, LOOK Magazine, staff photographer, 5 October 1959, and published in the 2 March 1960 issue. The LOOK Magazine BOOK REVIEWS Photograph Collection was donated in 1971 to the Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division. 55 Go For Orbit Book by Rhea Seddon ISSN 1065-7738 Review by Valerie Neal The editorial office of Quest: The History of Spaceflight Quarterly (ISSN 1065-7738) is located at the ISBC, 6615 Hillandale Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6424. E-mail quest@spacehisto- 56 Into the Black: The Extraordinary Untold ry101.com for information regarding submission of articles or letters to the editor. Story of the First Flight of the Shuttle Quest is published quarterly, four times per year by the International Space Business Council Columbia and the Astronauts Who Flew Her LLC, 6615 Hillandale Road, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-6424 USA. Periodical postage paid at Bethesda, Maryland, and additional offices. Book by Rowland White Postmaster: Send all inquiries, letters, and changes of address to Quest: The History of Review by Amy Paige Kaminski Spaceflight Quarterly, P.O. Box 5752, Bethesda, MD 20824-5752 USA. ©2016 International Space Business Council LLC, All Rights Reserved. Reproduction in whole or in part without permission is prohibited. Printed in the United States of America. Quest Magazine * P.O. Box 5752 * Bethesda, MD 20824-5752 * United States * Phone: +1 703-524-2766 FEATURE THE MOONWALKERS WHO COULD HAVE BEEN By Douglas W. Oard LMP seat on the prime crew for Fred Haise: Haise was the LMP on Apollo 13, with Alan Shepard com- Apollo 13, planned as the third lunar In the three-and-a-half years manding the mission.3 Slayton said landing mission, which failed to land between July 1969 and December that McDivitt declined the offer. due to an oxygen tank explosion. He 1972, twelve people walked on the McDivitt, in his NASA oral history, commanded the Apollo 16 backup Moon. That fact is well known. What said that he could have had com- crew, and was in line for command is less well known is that there were mand of Apollo 13 if he had wanted of Apollo 19 prior to its cancellation at least twelve others who could it. Despite the inconsistency regard- due to budget reductions.6 Haise quite possibly have visited the sur- ing which seat was offered, it is clear subsequently commanded a Shuttle face of the Moon. Most people know that McDivitt declined an opportuni- Approach and Landing Test (ALT) the story of Apollo 13, which was ty for a moonwalk. The Apollo 13 crew, but he never flew in space sent to the Moon with the intention and 14 crews were swapped prior to again after Apollo 13, his first and of landing. But that accounts only for their official assignment, so the mis- only mission. two of the possible moonwalkers. sion McDivitt turned down is today Who were the others, and what basis known as Apollo 14. McDivitt never Joseph Engle: According to Slayton, do we have for saying that they were flew in space again after Apollo 9, he had nominated Engle as Apollo 17 possible moonwalkers? his second mission. LMP but that choice was turned down by NASA Headquarters in People Who Said No to a Moonwalk Michael Collins: According to both order to provide an LMP slot for 4 5 7 Three astronauts could likely Slayton and Collins, while train- Harrison “Jack” Schmitt. This have had a moonwalk just by saying ing as Apollo 11 Command Module would not have been necessary if yes when asked if they would be Pilot (CMP) Collins was offered Schmitt, who was the Apollo 15 interested in being assigned to one of command of the Apollo 14 backup backup crew LMP, had replaced the lunar landing crews as command- crew upon his return from the Apollo James Irwin to fly as LMP on the er or as lunar module pilot (LMP). 11 mission. This would have been Apollo 15 crew. That option that had However, when they were asked, expected to lead to command of been considered (but rejected) at the they said no. Apollo 17. He declined that opportu- time as a way of getting Schmitt to nity, and never flew in space again the Moon, for which there was con- 8 Frank Borman: According to after Apollo 11, his second mission. siderable political pressure. Engle Borman, he elected to retire rather eventually commanded two Shuttle than train in seven months for Apollo Others Who Might Have Had a missions. 11.1 He informed Donald K. “Deke” Moonwalk Slayton, director of Flight Crew Seven astronauts lost a good Richard Gordon: Gordon com- Operations, of his intentions before chance at a moonwalk due to some manded the Apollo 15 backup crew, commanding Apollo 8, so he was not single event that was beyond their and he was in line for command of actually offered the Apollo 11 mis- control that might reasonably have Apollo 18 prior to its cancellation sion. Slayton said that he would have come out the other way. due to budget reductions. According considered sending the Apollo 8 to Apollo 17 commander Eugene crew on Apollo 11 if Borman had James Lovell: Lovell commanded Cernan, Slayton also threatened to been willing.2 Borman never flew in Apollo 13, which had been planned assign Gordon’s entire Apollo 15 space again after Apollo 8, his sec- as the third lunar landing mission. backup crew to Apollo 17 if Cernan would not accept Schmitt as his ond mission. That mission failed to land due to an 9 oxygen tank explosion. Lovell never LMP, an outcome that Slayton said James McDivitt: According to flew in space again after Apollo 13, had at least one advocate. Gordon Slayton, McDivitt was offered the his fourth mission. never flew in space again after serv- Q U E S T 23:3 2016 51 www.spacehistory101.com ing as CMP on Apollo 12, his second People Who Could Have Walked on the Gordon Cooper: According to mission. Moon Had They Lived Slayton, at the time of Cooper’s There were two astronauts who, selection to command the backup Jerry Carr: According to Slayton, at the time of their death, were in line crew for Apollo 10 he had an “out- Carr was internally selected as LMP for a good chance at a moonwalk. side chance” of being selected to for Apollo 16 backup crew, which command Apollo 13, but that he had would have put him in line for LMP Virgil “Gus” Grissom: Grissom not done well in that position.15 on Apollo 19.10 Carr was moved to commanded Apollo 1, and according According to Cooper, he was instead the Skylab program upon cancella- to Slayton he would have been an offered command of the Apollo 13 tion of Apollo 19, which occurred excellent candidate for command of backup crew, which he declined. prior to the announcement of the the first lunar landing mission.13 He Apollo 16 backup crew. Carr later died in the Apollo 1 fire after flying Charles Bassett: According to commanded Skylab 4, his only mis- two missions, Mercury-Redstone 4 Slayton, had Bassett not died he sion. and Gemini 3. would have been CMP on Apollo 8.16 This was the slot actually filled William Anders: Anders could have C.C. Williams: Williams was the by Lovell, who later flew as com- landed on the Moon if Borman's backup LMP on Apollo 9, and was in mander on Apollo 13 as a result of crew had been assigned to Apollo 11 line to fly as LMP on Apollo 12, as the normal rotation of CMPs from upon their return from the Apollo 8 Alan Bean actually did after Bean early Apollo missions to a later land- mission, since he was the LMP on replaced Williams on the Apollo 9 ing mission as Commander.