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Joint Force Quarterly 91 Issue 91, 4th Quarter 2018 JOINT FORCE QUARTERLY Complementary Engagement A Smarter Approach to Cyber Attack ISSUE NINETY-ONE, 4 ISSUE NINETY-ONE, Authorities 2018 Essay Competition TH QUARTER 2018 Winners Joint Force Quarterly Founded in 1993 • Vol. 91, 4th Quarter 2018 http://ndupress.ndu.edu Gen Joseph F. Dunford, Jr., USMC, Publisher VADM Frederick J. Roegge, USN, President, NDU Editor in Chief Col William T. Eliason, USAF (Ret.), Ph.D. Executive Editor Jeffrey D. Smotherman, Ph.D. Production Editor John J. Church, D.M.A. Internet Publications Editor Joanna E. Seich Copyeditor Andrea L. Connell Book Review Editor Frank G. Hoffman, Ph.D. Associate Editors Patricia Strait, Ph.D., and Jack Godwin, Ph.D. Art Director Marco Marchegiani, U.S. Government Publishing Office Advisory Committee COL Michael S. Bell, USA (Ret.), Ph.D./College of International Security Affairs; Col James D. Dryjanski, USAF/Air Command and Staff College; Col David J. Eskelund, USMC/Marine Corps War College; RADM Janice M. Hamby, USN (Ret.)/College of Information and Cyberspace; RADM Jeffrey A. Harley, USN/U.S. Naval War College; MajGen John M. Jansen, USMC/Dwight D. Eisenhower School for National Security and Resource Strategy; MG John S. Kem, USA/U.S. Army War College; LTG Michael D. Lundy, USA/U.S. Army Command and General Staff College; Brig Gen Chad T. Manske, USAF/National War College; Col William McCollough, USMC/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; LtGen Kenneth F. McKenzie, Jr., USMC/The Joint Staff; RDML Jeffrey Ruth, USN/Joint Forces Staff College; VADM Kevin D. Scott, USN/The Joint Staff; Brig Gen Jeremy T. Sloane, USAF/Air War College Editorial Board Richard K. Betts/Columbia University; Stephen D. Chiabotti/School of Advanced Air and Space Studies; Eliot A. Cohen/The Johns Hopkins University; COL Joseph J. Collins, USA (Ret.)/National War College; Richard L. DiNardo/Marine Corps Command and Staff College; Aaron L. Friedberg/Princeton University; Bryon Greenwald/ Joint Forces Staff College; Douglas N. Hime/Naval War College; Col Jerome M. Lynes, USMC (Ret.)/The Joint Staff; Kathleen Mahoney- Norris/Air Command and Staff College; Thomas L. McNaugher/ Georgetown University; Bert B. Tussing/U.S. Army War College Cover 2 images (top to bottom): Naval Aircrewman embarked aboard USS Wasp prepares patient’s family for evacuation during relief efforts in wake of Hurricane Maria, St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, September 21, 2017 (U.S. Navy/Levingston Lewis); Sailor gets baptized in hangar bay aboard USS Harry S. Truman, Atlantic Ocean, July 8, 2018 (U.S. Navy/Rebekah A. Watkins); World War II veteran Claude Cawood, former section chief on M105 Howitzer who served 3 years in Philippines, gives high-five after firing M777 Howitzer, August 9, 2018, at Camp Grayling, Michigan (U.S. Army National Guard/Sara Robinson) About the Cover In This Issue Marine with 3rd Battalion, 7th Marine Regiment, 1st Marine Division attached to Special Purpose Marine Forum Air-Ground Task Force, Crisis 2 Executive Summary Response–Central Command, prepares to board MV-22 Osprey at 4 Complementary Engagement: Fire Base Um Jorais, July 6, 2018 An American-Led Response (U.S. Marine Corps/Carlos Lopez) to Rising Regional Rivals By Stephan J. Pikner 14 Beyond the Third Offset: Matching Plans for Innovation to a Theory of Victory By James Hasik 67 A Smarter Approach to 111 Joint Publication 4-0, Essay Competitions Cyber Attack Authorities Joint Logistics 22 Winners of the 2018 By Michael P. Carvelli By Andrew Keene Essay Competitions 74 Military Transformation: 112 Joint Doctrine Update 24 Coercive Gradualism Through Applying the Kotter Eight- Gray Zone Statecraft in Step Methodology for Change the South China Seas: in the U.S. Armed Services Joint Force Quarterly is published by the National China’s Strategy and Defense University Press for the Chairman of the Potential U.S. Options By Hassan M. Kamara Joint Chiefs of Staff. JFQ is the Chairman’s flagship joint military and security studies journal designed to By Kapil Bhatia inform members of the U.S. Armed Forces, allies, and Recall other partners on joint and integrated operations; 34 Political Warfare with national security policy and strategy; efforts to combat 82 Air Force Strategic Bombing terrorism; homeland security; and developments in Other Means: 2017 Cyber and Its Counterpoints from training and joint professional military education to Attacks on Qatar transform America’s military and security apparatus World War I to Vietnam to meet tomorrow’s challenges better while protecting By Edwin Y. Chua By Michael M. Trimble freedom today. All published articles have been vetted through a peer-review process and cleared by the 37 Peacekeepers in the Donbas Defense Office of Prepublication and Security Review. By Michael P. Wagner Book Reviews NDU Press is the National Defense University’s cross-component, professional military and academic 90 On Grand Strategy publishing house. Commentary Reviewed by Peter Dombrowski The opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are those of the 40 Additive Manufacturing: 91 Directorate S contributors and do not necessarily reflect the views Shaping the Sustainment of the Department of Defense or any other agency of Reviewed by Thomas F. Lynch III the Federal Government. Battlespace Copyright Notice By Michael Kidd, Angela 93 Allies That Count This is the official U.S. Department of Defense edition of Joint Force Quarterly. Any copyrighted portions Quinn, and Andres Munera Reviewed by Kathleen J. McInnis of this journal may not be reproduced or extracted without permission of the copyright proprietors. JFQ 47 The U.S. Air Force and Army 95 Staying the Course should be acknowledged whenever material is quoted in Korea: How Army Decisions Reviewed by Erik B. Villard from or based on its content. Limited Airpower Effectiveness Submissions and Communications By Price T. Bingham JFQ welcomes submission of scholarly, independent Joint Doctrine research from members of the Armed Forces, security policymakers and shapers, defense analysts, 97 The U.S. Government’s Approach academic specialists, and civilians from the United Features States and abroad. Submit articles for consideration to Civilian Security: Focus to ScholarOne, available at https://mc04. 60 Beyond the Gray Zone: on Campaign Activities manuscriptcentral.com/ndupress, or write to: Special Operations in By George E. Katsos Editor, Joint Force Quarterly Multidomain Battle NDU Press 260 Fifth Avenue (Building 64, Room 2504) By James E. Hayes III 105 Building Joint Personnel Fort Lesley J. McNair Recovery Through Washington, DC 20319 Multinational Collaboration Telephone: (202) 685-4220/DSN 325 Email: [email protected] By David Gayvert JFQ online: ndupress.ndu.edu/jfq 4th Quarter, October 2018 ISSN 1070-0692 U.S. Air Force Academy Class of 2017 marches toward their seats during graduation in Colorado Springs, Colorado, May 24, 2017 (DOD/James K. McCann) Executive Summary s a student of leadership in many effect on how I viewed leadership, and give commands in such a manner settings, I have long sought especially as a follower. It came back to and such a tone of voice as to inspire in A to see it from the position of me instantly when I read about a senior the soldier no feeling, but an intense desire those who are being led. They know officer who was being disciplined for to obey, while the opposite manner and best what good leadership looks like not following the letter of the law while tone of voice cannot fail to excite strong and how it feels, as they are the ones in command. resentment and a desire to disobey. The one who help leaders succeed. At the U.S. The passage is from West Point mode or other of dealing with subordinates Air Force Academy, first-year cadets graduate, Civil War hero of the Western springs from a corresponding spirit in the are given a small book that contains campaign and Sherman’s March to breast of the commander. He who feels quotations and other basic facts about the Sea, and Medal of Honor winner the respect which is due to others cannot the Service that they must memorize Major General John M. Schofield, as fail to inspire in them respect for himself. and recite on command by upper-class he gave the graduation address at West While he who feels, and hence manifests, cadets. As cadets, my classmates and I Point in 1879: disrespect toward others, especially his were taught that followership was the subordinates, cannot fail to inspire hatred basis of good leadership. The theory The discipline which makes the soldiers of against himself. was if we learn how to follow, then a free country reliable in battle is not to be it would be easier to see how to lead. gained by harsh or tyrannical treatment. This set of ideas seemed quite at odds One of the longest quotations I had to On the contrary, such treatment is far with the treatment a “doolie” like myself memorize was not from an Airman, or more likely to destroy than to make an typically received in those days at the about airpower, but it had a profound army. It is possible to impart instruction Academy, but in the end, those words 2 Forum / Executive Summary JFQ 91, 4th Quarter 2018 and their value to me stuck. I recently Chiefs of Staff Essay Competitions, held adapt or transform have been constant, read of a senior officer who was relieved here at National Defense University in but an accepted approach has been allu- for what I gather was a leadership style May 2018. Twenty-nine senior faculty sive. Hassan Kamara suggests we look at that embodied the darker side of what members from 15 participating profes- Kotter’s Eight-Step Methodology as a Schofield warned against.
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